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Basic Chemistry
Chapter 2
Part 1
Matter and Energy• Matter
• Anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
• Give some examples of matter
• Energy
• The ability to do work
• What are some energy sources?
Types of Energy• Chemical
• Stored in chemical bonds (such as food or gasoline)
• Electrical
• Movement of charged particles (electricity in your house)
• Mechanical
• Moving matter (legs moving bike pedals)
• Radiant
• Travels in waves (light energy)
Matter is the substance, energy is the mover of the substance
Quick Quiz
• What is the difference between Matter and Energy?
• Give an example of a source of Chemical Energy
• Give an example of mechanical energy
Composition of Living Matter• Elements
• Fundamental units of matter
• Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, etc
• Found on the Periodic Table
• Each elements has a unique structure and chemical properties
• Atoms
• All Elements are made of Atoms
• Cannot be broken down into smaller substances
Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
• Protons (p+)
• Positive Charge
• Neutrons (n0)
• Neutral (no charge)
• Outside of Nucleus
• Electrons (e-)
• Negative Charge
Draw an Atom and Label its parts
Quick Quiz
• What is the negatively charged particle in an atom called?
• Protons are ________ charged
• The nucleus of an atom consists of _________ and ________
Composition of Living MatterComposition of Living Matter
• 96% of the body is made from four elements
• Carbon (C)
• Oxygen (O)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)
Identifying Elements
• Atomic Number
• Equal to the number of Protons in the atom
• Atomic Mass Number
• Sum of Protons and Neutrons
Identifying Elements
Identifying Elements
Quick Quiz
• What four elements make up most of the human body?
• What is Atomic Mass?
Molecules and Compounds
• Molecule
• Two or more of the same atom combined chemically
• O2
• Compound
• Two or more different atoms combined chemically
• H2O
Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
Slide 2.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Atoms are united by chemical bonds
• Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken
Inert ElementsInert Elements
Slide 2.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Have complete valence shells and are stable
• Rule of 8s• Shell 1 has 2
electrons
• Shell 2 has 10 electrons
• 10 = 2 + 8
• Shell 3 has 18 electrons
• 18 = 2 + 8 + 8Figure 2.4a
Reactive ElementsReactive Elements
Slide 2.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Valence shells are not full and are unstable
• Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
• Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence
Figure 2.4b
Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
• Ions
• Charged Particles
• Anions are negatively charged particles
• Cations are positively charged particles
• Either donate or accept electrons
Chemical Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Are formed when two atoms share electrons
Examples of Covalent BondsExamples of Covalent Bonds
Slide 2.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.6a, b
• Blackman’s easy example of each.
• Covalent- sugar
• Ionic- Salt
Chemical Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Weak Chemical Bonds
• Hydrogen is attracted to the negative part of a polar molecule
• Provides attraction between molecules
Quick Quiz
• What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
• What is an Ionic bond?
• What is a Covalent bond?
• What are Hydrogen bonds?
Assignment• Find the info for the following atoms:
• Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, or Nitrogen
• Draw a picture of each atom
• Color and Label the Protons, Neutrons & Electrons
• Draw its Periodic Table Box (p. 542)
• Include the Letter, Atomic Mass, and Atomic Number
• For each atom, draw either an cation or anion of the atom
• Color and Label the Protons, Neutrons & Electrons
• Draw your own unique example of the following bonds:
• Non-polar covalent
• Polar covalent
• Ionic bond