Date post: | 25-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | thomasine-horn |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Have you compared?Have you compared?: : Tense and aspect in Tense and aspect in Philippine EnglishPhilippine English
Ma. Althea T. EnriquezMa. Althea T. Enriquez
National University of SingaporeNational University of Singapore
Philippine English (PE)Philippine English (PE)
Product of a language contact ecologyProduct of a language contact ecology American occupation in the 1American occupation in the 1stst half of the half of the
2020thth century century
““New” EnglishesNew” Englishes No sizable population of original English No sizable population of original English
speakers settledspeakers settled
English through educationEnglish through education
Philippine English (PE)Philippine English (PE)
Transplanted Transplanted importation or introduction of a language to a importation or introduction of a language to a
new environment; new users, new usesnew environment; new users, new uses
IndigenizedIndigenized initially acquired through education, used as initially acquired through education, used as
lingua franca, model for subsequent learnerslingua franca, model for subsequent learners
NativizedNativized transmitted from parent to childtransmitted from parent to child
Research on PEResearch on PE
Standard Philippine EnglishStandard Philippine English Data from written materials and mass Data from written materials and mass
mediamedia Approached from error analysisApproached from error analysis Regular and widespread deviations from Regular and widespread deviations from
SAE are emergent featuresSAE are emergent features
Language contact Language contact approachesapproaches
Universalist – extensive similarities are Universalist – extensive similarities are outcome of the universal aspects of outcome of the universal aspects of languagelanguage
Superstratist – most features can be Superstratist – most features can be traced to lexifier languagetraced to lexifier language
Substratist – influence of dominant Substratist – influence of dominant substrate or L1 languagessubstrate or L1 languages
Substrate approachSubstrate approach
In pidgins and creoles, grammatical In pidgins and creoles, grammatical structure is largely determined by structure is largely determined by grammatical structure of substrate grammatical structure of substrate languageslanguages
Similarity with language learning: Similarity with language learning: Supplementation of grammatical structures Supplementation of grammatical structures
by L1by L1 Some features are retained even after shiftSome features are retained even after shift
Scope (speech Scope (speech community)community)
Adult speakers who have had at least Adult speakers who have had at least some college educationsome college education
Employ English for various Employ English for various communicative purposes with communicative purposes with other other FilipinosFilipinos
Bilinguals who acquire English normally Bilinguals who acquire English normally in the classroom and Filipino in the home in the classroom and Filipino in the home (or in the classroom/in media)(or in the classroom/in media)
Scope and dataScope and data
Spoken, interpersonal or in-group Spoken, interpersonal or in-group communicationcommunication
Philippine component of the International Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE)Corpus of English (ICE)
Subset of the spoken texts: dialogue, Subset of the spoken texts: dialogue, direct conversations (S1A-001 to 020) direct conversations (S1A-001 to 020)
PE TMA emergent PE TMA emergent featuresfeatures
ProgressiveProgressive
Present perfectPresent perfect
AlreadyAlready
Tagalog as dominant Tagalog as dominant substrate influencesubstrate influence
Some phonological but more Some phonological but more morphosyntactic featuresmorphosyntactic features Philippine languages are genetically related Philippine languages are genetically related
and typologically similarand typologically similar
PE is spoken more in the urban areas PE is spoken more in the urban areas especially in Metro Manilaespecially in Metro Manila primary source of influence and locus where primary source of influence and locus where
PE is usedPE is used
Tagalog verb systemTagalog verb system
Verb composed of root with affixes Verb composed of root with affixes corresponding to FMAcorresponding to FMA
Time relations is expressed by adverbs; in Time relations is expressed by adverbs; in SAE, verb tense markersSAE, verb tense markers
Overt aspect markers: perfective, Overt aspect markers: perfective, imperfective, contemplativeimperfective, contemplative
PanahunanPanahunan: : pangnagdaanpangnagdaan (past), (past), pangkasalukuyanpangkasalukuyan (present), (present), panghinaharappanghinaharap (future)(future)
The ProgressiveThe Progressive
Dynamic action in the process of Dynamic action in the process of happeninghappening
Dynamism is the crucial difference Dynamism is the crucial difference between states and activitiesbetween states and activities
Only one viewpoint may be available for Only one viewpoint may be available for statives:statives: In SAE, it is the perfectiveIn SAE, it is the perfective In Tagalog, it is the imperfective In Tagalog, it is the imperfective
NagNagbasa ako ng libro.basa ako ng libro.
I read a book.I read a book. NagbaNagbabasa ako ng libro.basa ako ng libro.
I am reading a book.I am reading a book. MagbaMagbabasa ako ng libro.basa ako ng libro.
I will read a book.I will read a book.
I am going to read a book.I am going to read a book. Nagbabasa ako ng libro (araw-araw).Nagbabasa ako ng libro (araw-araw).
I read a book (everyday).I read a book (everyday).
PE ProgressivePE Progressive
Combines imperfective and present Combines imperfective and present tense through the use of the progressivetense through the use of the progressive
Progressives are used in habitual and Progressives are used in habitual and general stative sentencesgeneral stative sentences
Refers to future events which expresses Refers to future events which expresses intended eventsintended events
1)1) Yeah something like I-, Yeah something like I-, I’m also I’m also playing basketballplaying basketball and I’m trying to and I’m trying to figure out how he does those things and figure out how he does those things and he’s so great, he’s just so good to he’s so great, he’s just so good to become… [S1A-001#95]become… [S1A-001#95]
2)2) Uh, you just have to make some Uh, you just have to make some sacrifices and at the same time, right sacrifices and at the same time, right now, now, I’m just having a positive I’m just having a positive attitudeattitude to enjoy working there because to enjoy working there because at least, what makes it more bearable is at least, what makes it more bearable is I have good officemates. [S1A-006#35]I have good officemates. [S1A-006#35]
3) Yeah, nice. We went to Harvard. It was 3) Yeah, nice. We went to Harvard. It was so cold and so cold and ka-cheap-an namin,ka-cheap-an namin, we-, we-, we were trying to find outwe were trying to find out where where Sharon Cuneta Sharon Cuneta was livingwas living. [S1A-. [S1A-002#39]002#39]
4) I4) I’m leaving’m leaving next-, next-, next, next Mondaynext, next Monday. . It’s on the twenty-sixth. [1]It’s on the twenty-sixth. [1]
5) Uhm, I know. I5) Uhm, I know. I’m watching’m watching on the on the seventhseventh. [73]. [73]
The (present) perfectThe (present) perfect
““Extended now”Extended now” AnteriorityAnteriority
situation prior to speech timesituation prior to speech time occuring at an indefinite or unspecified time occuring at an indefinite or unspecified time
in the pastin the past
Current relevanceCurrent relevance In SAE, current relevance and definite past In SAE, current relevance and definite past
cannot be combinedcannot be combined
6) How about you Candice? I6) How about you Candice? I’ve heard ’ve heard that you like Bacolod so muchthat you like Bacolod so much.. [S1A- [S1A-012#57]012#57]
7) 7) II have writtenhave written insights from planned insights from planned language change and language shift language change and language shift and so on. [S1A-003#163]and so on. [S1A-003#163]
8) Really? So you 8) Really? So you haven’t seenhaven’t seen them them for for a long timea long time. [S1A-002#180] . [S1A-002#180]
9) I9) I’ve been’ve been to Iloilo like to Iloilo like three years agothree years ago. . [S1A-012#69] [S1A-012#69]
Tagalog ‘Tagalog ‘nana’’
Nagluto ng pagkain ang nanay.Nagluto ng pagkain ang nanay.
NAG-NAG-cook cook OBJOBJ food food TOPTOP mother mother ‘Mother cooked/has/had cooked some ‘Mother cooked/has/had cooked some food.’food.’
Nagluto Nagluto nana ng pagkain ang nanay ng pagkain ang nanay (kanina).(kanina).
‘ ‘Mother cooked/has/had (already) cooked Mother cooked/has/had (already) cooked some food (a while ago).’some food (a while ago).’
AlreadyAlready
Used with present perfect but in general Used with present perfect but in general American English, it occurs with simple American English, it occurs with simple pastpast
‘‘has happened before now’ or ‘has has happened before now’ or ‘has happened sooner than expected’happened sooner than expected’
‘‘the situation exists at an earlier time than the situation exists at an earlier time than expected’expected’
WeWe’ve ’ve alreadyalready reached reached the top. the top. [A#297] [A#297]
Probably they came to that point Probably they came to that point alreadyalready and now they’re languishing at and now they’re languishing at the bottom. [A#298]the bottom. [A#298]
Yeah, well. TheyYeah, well. They’re ’re alreadyalready going going downdown. [B#299]. [B#299]
TheyThey’re’re alreadyalready at the bottomat the bottom really. really. [B#300][B#300]
I guess, I guess they I guess, I guess they alreadyalready havehave five five winswins. Just imagine, five wins. [A#305] . Just imagine, five wins. [A#305]
10) Nagluto (na) si nanay ng pagkain.10) Nagluto (na) si nanay ng pagkain. ‘ ‘Mother Mother has alreadyhas already cooked some food.’ cooked some food.’11a) Payat ang babae.11a) Payat ang babae. ‘ ‘The woman is thin.’The woman is thin.’ b) Payat b) Payat nana ang babae. ang babae. ‘ ‘The woman is now thin.’The woman is now thin.’12a) Pumayat ka.12a) Pumayat ka. ‘ ‘You got thin.’You got thin.’ b) Pumayat ka b) Pumayat ka nana.. ‘ ‘You are now thin.’You are now thin.’
PE AlreadyPE Already
WeWe’ve ’ve alreadyalready reached reached the top. the top. TheyThey’re ’re alreadyalready going down going down.. Focusing of the result to the beginning of Focusing of the result to the beginning of
the situation in its new state (inchoative)the situation in its new state (inchoative) Recentness or “now-ness” of the Recentness or “now-ness” of the
situationsituation
Positioning in sentencesPositioning in sentences
But I’ll be working But I’ll be working alreadyalready next month. next month. I think there were others but I forgot I think there were others but I forgot
about them about them alreadyalready. . But because uh it was time But because uh it was time alreadyalready to go to go
and practice and uh it was a suggestion and practice and uh it was a suggestion from my mom and okay we 'll try it and I from my mom and okay we 'll try it and I did. did.