LEILA, Višja strokovna šola, d.o.o.
HAVING FUN WITH
ENGLISH GRAMMAR (With exercises and answers)
Z VESELJEM NAD ANGLEŠKO
SLOVNICO (Z vajami in rešitvami)
Vesna Marinko
Ljubljana, avgust 2009
KAZALO
UVODNA BESEDA ...................................................................................................... 1
ANGLEŠKA ABECEDA .............................................................................................. 2
ENOSTAVNI SEDANJIK GLAGOLA „BITI‟ ............................................................. 4
ENOSTAVNI SEDANJIK GLAGOLA „IMETI‟ ......................................................... 5
DOLOČNI IN NEDOLOČNI ČLEN............................................................................. 6
MNOŢINA SAMOSTALNIKOV ................................................................................. 7
OSEBNI IN SVOJILNI ZAIMKI .................................................................................. 8
ENOSTAVNI SEDANJIK OSTALIH GLAGOLOV ................................................... 9
SESTAVLJENI SEDANJIK ........................................................................................ 11
TAM JE, TAM SO ....................................................................................................... 13
MODALNI ALI NAKLONSKI GLAGOLI ................................................................ 14
ENOSTAVNI PRETEKLIK ........................................................................................ 15
SESTAVLJENI PRETEKLIK ..................................................................................... 17
TVORJENJE VPRAŠANJ........................................................................................... 19
ENOSTAVNI PRIHODNJIK ...................................................................................... 20
PRIHODNJIK „GOING TO‟ ....................................................................................... 21
ČASOVNI STAVKI .................................................................................................... 23
VPRAŠANJA Z VPRAŠALNICAMA........................................................................ 24
KDO IN KAJ ................................................................................................................ 24
ENOSTAVNI PRESENT PERFECT .......................................................................... 26
SESTAVLJENI PRESENT PERFECT ....................................................................... 28
ENOSTAVNI PREDPRETEKLIK .............................................................................. 31
SESTAVLJENI PREDPRETEKLIK ........................................................................... 32
ODVISNI GOVOR ...................................................................................................... 34
TRPNI NAČIN ............................................................................................................ 38
DOMAČE NALOGE ................................................................................................... 40
REŠITVE ..................................................................................................................... 53
ANGLEŠKI NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI ...................................................................... 59
1
HAVING FUN WITH ENGLISH GRAMMAR
(With exercises and answers)
Z VESELJEM NAD ANGLEŠKO SLOVNICO
(Z vajami in rešitvami)
UVODNA BESEDA
Učbenik je namenjen vsem, ki bi se radi naučili, ponovili in utrdili angleško slovnico.
Na začetku je slovnica razloţena na enostavnejši način. Kasneje pa je zahtevnost
slovnice večja. Učbenik vsebuje tudi veliko vaj in se ne dotika le slovnice in
slovničnih pravil, pač pa tudi splošno uporabnih tem in nekaterih drugih pravil.
Skupaj z zahtevnostjo slovnice raste tudi zahtevnost vaj.
Na koncu učbenika je pod rubriko 'domače naloge' še veliko dodatnih vaj, ki bodo
vsem, ki se učijo angleščine, pomagale izboljšati znanje, hkrati pa bodo v rešitvah
lahko sami preverili ali so vaje rešili pravilno.
Pravila in navodila so napisana v slovenščini, tako da so uporabnikom laţe
razumljiva.
V učbeniku je poudarek predvsem na angleških časih, ukvarja pa se tudi z drugimi
slovnično zanimivimi poglavji, kot je angleška abeceda, mnoţina samostalnikov,
stopnjevanje pridevnikov, modalni glagoli, trpnik, premi govor, pogojni stavki in
drugo.
2
ANGLEŠKA ABECEDA (THE ENGLISH ALPHABET)
What goes zzub, zzub, zzub?
A bee flying backwards.
Pri vsakem jeziku je zelo pomembno, da znamo črkovati posamezne besede, saj nam
je to lahko v pomoč, ko ne vemo, kako se beseda zapiše ali kadar nas naš sogovorec
ne razume. Največkrat pa nam pride prav, ko moramo črkovati ime in priimek ali pa
elektronski naslov. Če imamo v svojem imenu in priimku črke č, š, ţ, jih
nadomestimo kar s črkami c, s, z.
Aa
ei
Bb
bi:
Cc
si:
Dd
di:
Ee
i:
Ff
ef
Gg
dЗi:
Hh
eit∫
Ii
ai
Jj
dЗei
Kk
kei
Ll
el
Mm
em
Nn
en
Oo
ou
Pp
pi:
kju:
Rr
a:
Ss
es
Tt
ti:
Uu
ju:
Vv
vi:
Ww
dΛbl ju:
Xx
eks
Yy
wai
Zz
zed
SIMBOLI IN ČRKE
@ = at
. = dot
_ = underscore
– = dash
/ = slash, stroke
\ = backslash, backstroke
velike črke = capital (block) letters
velika začetnica = capital letter
male črke = lowercase letters
PRIMER
JOHN SMITH
dЗei-ou- eit∫-en es-em-ai-ti:-eit∫
dЗei-ou- eit∫-en-es-em-ai-ti:-eit∫-æt(ei-ti)- dЗi:-em-ei-ai-el-dot (di:-ou-ti:)-si:-ou-em
3
VAJE
1. Črkujte svoje ime in priimek. (Spell your name and surname.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Vprašajte svoje sosede, kako jim je ime in kakšen je njihov elektronski naslov.
(Ask your neighbours what their names are and what their e-mail addresses are.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Črkujte naslednje besede. (Spell the following words.)
friend, post, grass, way, Mary, table, business secretary, accountant, acquire
4. Črkujte še naslednje elektronske naslove. (Spell the following e-mail addresses.)
tinchy/[email protected]
5. Zdaj si sami izmislite 3 besede in 1 elektronski naslov. Naj jih vaš sosed črkuje.
(Now choose your own three words and an e-mail address. Let your neighbour spell
them.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
‘Imagination is more important than knowledge.
Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.’
Albert Einstein
4
ENOSTAVNI SEDANJIK GLAGOLA ‘BITI’ (THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE OF THE VERB ‘TO BE’)
Never take life seriously. Nobody gets out alive anyway.
Glagol „biti‟ je v večini jezikov eden najpomembnejših glagolov, zato je nujno, da ga
dobro poznamo. Nedoločniška oblika glagola „biti‟ je v angleščini „to be‟. Prisoten je
v večini osnovnih stavkov in je hkrati tudi eden najbolj zahtevnih glagolov, saj ima
več oblik kot drugi glagoli. Glagol se lahko pojavi v trdilni, nikalni in vprašalni
obliki. Lahko se pojavi tudi v kratki ali dolgi obliki. Običajno se dolga oblika
uporablja v pisnem sporočanju, kratka pa v ustnem.
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna
oblika
dolga oblika kratka oblika dolga oblika kratka oblika
I am I'm am not I'm not Am I?
you are you're are not you're not Are you?
he
she
it
is
he's
she's
it's
is not
he's not
she's not
it's not
Is
he?
she?
it?
we
you
they
are
we're
you're
they're
are not
we're not
you're not
they're not
Are
we?
you?
they?
PPRIMER
I am Mojca.
He is a teacher.
We are all very happy.
VAJE
Dopolnite stavke tako, da uporabite pravilno obliko glagola „biti‟ (to be). (Fill in the
gaps using the verb „to be‟.)
1. It ____ not my fault that the car doesn't work.
2. Hi. I ___ Mary.
3. He ___ a mechanic.
4. Ms Thompson ____ very busy.
5. They ____ not my colleagues.
6. You ____ my best friend.
7. Anne and Mary ____ sisters.
8. We _____ happy.
9. Mr Baker _____ good at tennis.
10. We ____ tired of exercises.
5
ENOSTAVNI SEDANJIK GLAGOLA ‘IMETI’ (THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE OF THE VERB ‘TO HAVE’)
All of us could take a lesson from the weather.
It pays no attention to criticism.
Tudi glagol „imeti‟ („to have‟) igra v angleščini pomembno vlogo, saj se velikokrat
uporablja kot pomoţni glagol, na primer za tvorbo drugih časov. Tukaj je razloţeno,
kako se glagol sprega v svojem osnovnem pomenu (imeti). Glagol „to have‟ se od
glagola „to be‟ razlikuje po tem, da za tvorbo nikalne in vprašalne oblike potrebuje
pomoţni glagol „do‟ oziroma „does‟.
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I have (I‟ve) do not (don't) have Do I have?
he
she
it
has (she‟s)
does not (doesn't)
have
Does he/she/it have?
we
you
they
have (you‟ve)
do not (don't) have
Do we/you/they have?
PRIMER
I have 3 cars and she only has 1.
VAJE
Uporabite glagol „imeti‟. (Use the verb „to have‟.)
1. He ______ four sisters.
2. We only ______ two hours time to finish this.
3. I _____ a lot of homework.
4. _____ you ______ any problems?
5. I ______ nothing to say.
6. She _____ not ______ any money.
7. ______ they ________ 3 or 4 secretaries?
8. The house _____ 2 doors and 20 windows.
9. I ______ many friends.
10. ____ he ______ a good job?
11. They ______ nothing more to lose.
12. _____ we _______ everything we need?
6
DOLOČNI IN NEDOLOČNI ČLEN (DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'THE' AND 'A(N)')
What do you call a sheep with no legs?
A cloud.
V angleščini se uporabljata dva člena, in sicer določni the in nedoločni a(n). Člen se
uporablja le pred samostalnikom.
Nedoločni člen a se uporablja, kadar o neki stvari prvič govorimo ali kadar mislimo le
eno stvar (in ne več stvari). Če se samostalnik začne na samoglasnik (a,e,i,o,u) se
nedoločni člen spremeni v an. Nedoločni člen se uporablja le pri samostalnikih v
ednini.
Določni člen the se uporablja, kadar je neka stvar (samostalnik) ţe omenjena oziroma
določena ali kadar točno vemo, o čem govorimo. Za razliko od nedoločnega člena
a(n), se določni člen the uporablja pri samostalnikih v ednini ali mnoţini.
PRIMER
This is a pencil. The pencil is red.
These are the best books I have ever read.
Ljubljana has a university.
He is an engineer.
VAJE
Dopolnite z nedoločnim ali določnim členom, lahko pa člen tudi manjka. (Fill in the
gaps with definite or indefinite articles or leave the gap empty.)
1. I have ___ hard-working secretary. ___ secretary is also very intelligent.
2. She wrote ___ letter.
3. There is ___ office and ___ small kitchen in that building.
4. This is Tom. He is ___ engineer.
5. Mary comes from ___ USA.
6. When I grow up I want to have ___ big house with ___ huge garden.
7. Which car do you prefer? ___ black or ___ green one?
8. Would you like ___ big room or ___ small one?
9. I need ___ letter of recommendation.
10. My grandmother likes ____ flowers very much.
11. I like ____ flowers in your garden.
12. See you on _____ Wednesday.
13. I always listen to ____ radio in the morning.
14. Michael goes to school by _____ bus.
15. There is ____ new English book on the table.
16. My mother is _____ honest person.
7
MNOŢINA SAMOSTALNIKOV (PLURAL OF NOUNS)
Sam: ‘Would you punish me for something I didn't do?’
Teacher: ‘No, of course not.’
Sam: ‘Good, because I didn't do my homework.’
Angleščina nima dvojine, zato je samostalnik, ki določa dva (ali več) objekta oz. osebi
v angleščini ţe v mnoţini. V angleščini samostalnik v mnoţini dobi končnico –s.
Samostalniki, ki se končajo na –s, -ss, -x, -sh ali –ch pa dobijo končnico –es. –es
končnico dobijo tudi samostalniki, ki se končajo na soglasnik in y. Y se v tem primeru
spremeni v –i-, vendar samo, če pred njim stoji soglasnik (party - parties).
PRIMER
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
a table tables a boss bosses
a chair chairs a box boxes
a window windows a dish dishes
a girl girls a party parties
a bag bags a family families
Nekateri samostalniki pa so izjeme in imajo v mnoţini prav posebno obliko:
man - men mouse-mice
woman - women child - children
goose - geese wife - wives
tooth - teeth wolf - wolves
foot-feet thief - thieves
VAJE
Spremenite označene besede v mnoţino. Nato spremenite še glagol. (Change the
following into plural. Then change the verbs as well.)
1. My boss is very demanding. _______________________________________
2. His secretary is friendly. __________________________________________
3. I am very tired. __________________________________________________
4. She is always happy. _____________________________________________
5. A woman needs to know how to cook. _______________________________
6. My tooth aches. _________________________________________________
7. My child is the best in her class. ____________________________________
8. She never goes to church. _________________________________________
9. He does not like his new employee. _________________________________
10. I have to go now. ________________________________________________
8
OSEBNI IN SVOJILNI ZAIMKI (PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS)
Q: In what way can the letter ‘A’ help a deaf lady?
A: It can make her ‘hear’.
Osebni zaimki so pomembni kadar hočemo začeti nek stavek. V slovenskem jeziku se
ti zaimki v glavnem opuščajo (Sem zunaj in ne Jaz sem zunaj), v angleščini pa
moramo vsakokrat povedati katera oseba je mišljena, saj angleščina nima spregatev
oz. ima glagol ne glede na osebo večinoma enako obliko. Svojilni zaimki pa so
pomembni pri izraţanju svojine, na primer kadar hočemo povedati, da je avto naš in
ne sosedov (To je moj avto.).
OSEBNI ZAIMKI
(Personal pronouns)
SVOJILNI ZAIMKI
(Possessive pronouns)
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
PRIMER
We live in a three-room apartment.
This is my wife, Mary.
VAJE
Dopolnite z osebnimi ali svojilnimi zaimki. (Add personal or possessive pronouns.)
1. Boss: This is Ms Trachery, ______ secretary.
2. This is _______ (Ms Tony) bag.
3. You can take _______ (I) car.
4. Is this _______ mother, Boby?
5. I want ______ books back.
6. Is this _____ (you) pencil?
7. We are colleagues and this is ______ boss.
8. _______ (they) books are better than _______ (we) books.
9. This is my dog. ______ name is Piki.
10. _____ (Mr Dell) secretary is very nice.
11. Do _____ want another piece of cake, darling?
12. Help me with ______ homework, will you.
9
ENOSTAVNI SEDANJIK OSTALIH
GLAGOLOV (THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE OF OTHER VERBS)
Innkeeper: The room is $15 a night. It's $5 if you make your own
bed.
Guest: I'll make my own bed.
Innkeeper: Good. I'll get you some nails and wood.
Pri ostalih glagolih se v trdilni obliki v 3. osebi pojavi končnica –s. Pri nikalni in
vprašalni obliki pa se prav tako operira s pomoţnima glagoloma do oziroma does. Če
se glagoli končajo na –s, -ss, -x, -ch ali –sh, dobi glagol končnico –es.
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I speak
search
do not (don't) speak
do not (don't) search
Do I speak?
Do I search?
he
she
it
speaks
searches
does not (doesn't) speak
does not (doesn't) search
Does he/she/it speak?
Does he/she/it search?
we
you
they
speak
search
do not (don't) speak
do not (don't) search
Do we/you/they speak?
Do we/you/they search?
UPORABA
Sedanjik se uporablja na več načinov, in sicer:
za splošno veljavne resnice,
za običajna in pogosta dogajanja,
za ponavljajoča se dejanja,
za dejanja povezana s prihodnjimi dogodki.
PRIMER
The Earth turns around the Sun.
I usually wake up at 7.
Mary goes to school every day.
I start my work tomorrow.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: always, usually, every day, twice, weekly …
10
VAJE
Dopolnite z glagoli v sedanjiku. (Use the Present Simple Tense.)
1. We both ______ (speak) English.
2. My uncle _______ (have) a big boat.
3. He _______ (work) in my office.
4. She _______ (come) from Japan.
5. I ____ (be) an engineer.
6. We all _______ (have) good jobs.
7. She ______ (go) to work every day.
8. They often _______ (visit) their friends.
9. He _______ (have) many customers every year.
10. The car keys ______ (be) in the drawer.
11. We all _________ (wake) up at 7 o'clock.
12. Mr Smith _______ (write) letters every day.
13. Ms Orange _______ (clean) her house every Saturday.
14. She ______ (have) three children.
15. They _______ (have) a lot of work to do.
‘Everything is either an opportunity to grow or an obstacle
to keep you from growing. You get to choose.’
Dr. Wayne Dyer
11
SESTAVLJENI SEDANJIK (THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE)
Two muffins were baking in an oven. One muffin turns to the other
and says, ‘O gosh, it's hot in here’ The other muffin says, ‘Holy
ghost, ... A talking muffin!’
Sestavljeni sedanjik se tvori s pomoţnim glagolom „biti‟ (to be) in pomenskim
glagolom s končnico –ing (npr. speaking). Uporablja pa se za dejanja, ki se dogajajo
zdaj, v tem trenutku. Poudarek je na trajanju.
Nekateri glagoli se skoraj nikoli ne uporabljajo v „Continuous obliki‟. To so glagoli
obnašanja in tisti, ki izraţajo pogoj in jih človek ne more strogo nadzorovati, na
primer: videti, slišati, obstajati, ţeleti, verjeti, vedeti, imeti rad in drugi (see, hear,
exist, wish, believe, know, love ).
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I am ('m) speaking am not speaking Am I speaking?
he
she
it
is ('s) speaking
is not (isn't) speaking
Is he/she/it speaking?
we
you
they
are ('re) speaking
are not (aren't) speaking
Are we/you/they speaking?
UPORABA
za dejanja, ki se dogajajo v tem trenutku
za trenutna dejanja, ki se izjemoma dogajajo le danes, ta teden, ta večer …
za dogovor v prihodnosti
za takojšnjo prihodnost
PRIMER
I am speaking on the phone right now.
He's working till 8 pm this week.
We're meeting them in the afternoon.
He is leaving soon.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: now, at present, at this moment, today …
12
VAJE
Postavite glagole v ustrezen sedanjik. (Use Present Simple or Continuous Tense.)
1. We ______________ (learn) English now.
2. He _____________ (sit) on a chair and ______________ (write) a business
letter.
3. Bad students never ___________ (work) hard.
4. It ___________ (rain) in winter. It _____________ (rain) now.
5. I __________________ (wake up) at six and _______________ (have)
breakfast at half past.
6. He generally ________________ (speak) German but today he
_________________ (speak) English.
7. Our assistant _________________ (search) some new books in the bookstore
at present; he always ______________ (search) new books on Fridays.
8. The sun __________ (rise) in the east; now it ____________ (set) and night
_________________ (fall).
9. That man in the green pullover who ___________ (walk) past the store
______________ (live) next door.
10. I __________________ (wear) a coat because the sun ___________________
(not shine).
11. He _________________ (be) in the reading room and _________________
(search) for some information.
12. I ________________ (spend) this weekend in London. I _________________
(go) there nearly every week.
13. Where are you? I ____________ (sit) in the library. What
__________________ you (do) there? I _______________ (try) to find out
where Perth is.
14. Where you ________________ (go) now? I _______________ (go) to the
office. I generally _______________ in the field (work).
15. On my way to work I generally _________________ (meet) many children
who ____________________ (go) to school.
16. Look, a man _______________ (run) after the bus. He ______________
(want) to catch it.
17. It __________________ (be) very cold now. _______ you ____________
(think) it ________________ (freeze)?
‘Change the way you look at things
and the things you look at will change.’
Dr. Wayne Dyer
13
TAM JE, TAM SO (THERE IS, THERE ARE)
Beauty is in the eye of the be(er)holder...
Ko v angleščini prvič govorimo o osebku oziroma osebek še ni bil omenjen in bi ga
radi poudarili, ga običajno postavimo za glagol, na prvo mesto pa postavimo there is
ali there are. There is se uporablja, kadar sledi samostalnik v ednini, there are pa,
kadar sledi samostalnik v mnoţini.
V slovenščini rečemo: Na mizi imaš pismo. in V moji pisarni so trije stoli. Če bi to
dobesedno prevedli v angleščino, bi zvenelo takole: On the desk you have a letter. in
In my office are three chairs. Ta dva stavka zvenita res okorno, zato si pomagamo s
frazo there is oz. there are, kot lahko vidimo v primeru.
PRIMER
There is a letter for you on the desk.
There are three chairs in my office.
VAJE
1. Dopolnite s ‚tam je‟ oziroma ‚tam so‟. (Use the phrases „there is‟ or „there are‟.)
1. _________ _______ a vase on the table.
2. _________ _______ some friends waiting for you.
3. _________ _______ a store near our house.
4. _________ _______ some pencils on your desk.
5. _________ _______ many pictures hanging on the walls.
2. Izboljšajte naslednje stavke. (Improve the following sentences.)
1. In the office are 5 big tables. ___________________________________________
2. In the fridge is some milk left. __________________________________________
3. A lot of work is to do. ________________________________________________
4. Some new students are in this class. _____________________________________
5. A big dog is in our garden. _____________________________________________
14
MODALNI ALI NAKLONSKI GLAGOLI (MODAL VERBS)
Everyone has a photographic memory but some don't have the film.
Naklonski oziroma modalni glagoli so glagoli, ki izraţajo določeno mero zanikanja ali
potrditve; prepričanje, ţeljo, obveznost, moţnost, verjetnost itd. Modalni glagoli, ki se
v angleščini najbolj pogosto uporabljajo, so navedeni v razpredelnici.
Modalni glagol Prevod
can znati, moči PRIMER
I can write letters very quickly.
I must finish this as soon as possible.
She should wear a coat. It‟s freezing.
may smeti
must/have to morati
should bi moral
would rad bi
Posebnost pri modalnih glagolih je, da pri zanikanju beseda not stoji takoj za
modalnim glagolom, saj gre za vrsto pomoţnega glagola. 3. oseba ednine v sedanjiku
ne dobi končnice –s.
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I, he, she, it,
we, you, they
can swim
cannot (can‟t)
swim
Can I/he/she/it/we/
you/they swim?
PRIMER
I cannot (can’t) write letters quickly.
You must not (mustn’t) go out so late.
She should wear a long skirt.
VAJE
Dopolnite z ustreznim naklonskim glagolom. (Use modal verbs.)
1. _____ you stand on your head?
2. Dentist: You ______ come again next week.
3. _______ I borrow your umbrella?
4. He _____ wake up at 7 every day.
5. You ______ come to work in time.
6. I ____ not remember the address.
7. _____ you type?
8. _____ I see your passport, please?
9. Cameras, sticks and umbrellas _____ be left at the desk.
10. This car ______ drive up to 200 km/h.
15
ENOSTAVNI PRETEKLIK (THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE)
I used to have an open mind but my brains kept falling out.
The Past Simple Tense je enostavni preteklik in poroča o tem, kaj se je zgodilo v
preteklosti. V angleščini imamo pravilne in nepravilne glagole. Če so glagoli pravilni,
dobijo v pretekliku le končnico –ed, če pa so glagoli nepravilni, se moramo njihove
posebne oblike naučiti na pamet. Tabela angleških nepravilnih glagolov je na koncu
tega učbenika.
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I
we
you
they
he
she
it
worked
spoke
did not (didn't) work
did not (didn't) speak
Did I/we/you/they/he/she/it work?
Did I/we/you/they/he/she/it speak?
UPORABA
Enostavni preteklik se uporablja za dejanja, ki so se začela in končala v določenem
trenutku v preteklosti in nimajo nobene zveze s sedanjostjo.
PRIMER
He worked all day yesterday.
He came home yesterday evening.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: yesterday, the other day, last week, in 1995, 2 hours ago,
during the war, while she was in London …
VAJE
Poglejte ali je glagol pravilen ali ne in dopolnite primere s pravilno obliko. (First
check whether the verb is regular or irregular and then use the correct form for Past
Simple Tense.)
1. I _________ (speak) to her yesterday.
2. _____ you ______ (hear) the sirens yesterday?
3. ______ you ________ (know) he had an accident?
4. She _______ (be) asleep when the burglars came.
5. We ________ (live) in London from 1995 till 1998.
16
6. She ________ _______ (not finish) her work in time.
7. _____ she ________ (wash) the dishes? No, she _________.
8. Why _________ you ________ (not come) earlier?
9. I _______ (be) very busy yesterday.
10. She _______ (want) to come home.
11. My secretary _________ (do) this. She _______ (be) working hard yesterday.
12. They _______ (want) to know who the boss was.
13. Where ____(be) you yesterday?
14. _____ you _____(see) her yesterday or two days ago?
15. I _____ _______ (not know) who he was.
‘Even if you are on the right track,
you’ll get run over if you just sit there.’
Will Rogers
17
SESTAVLJENI PRETEKLIK (THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE)
A man is talking to God.
The man: ‘God, how long is a million years?’
God: ‘To me, it's about a minute.’
The man: ‘God, how much is a million dollars?’
God: ‘To me it's a penny.’
The man: ‘God, may I have a penny?’
God: ‘Wait a minute.’
Sestavljeni preteklik uporabljamo za dejanja, ki so se odvijala v preteklosti. Poudarek
je na dogajanju in trajanju v preteklosti. S tem časom ne povemo, da se je nekaj
zgodilo, ampak hočemo poudariti, da je nekaj trajalo dlje časa oziroma, da se je
dogajalo medtem, ko se je zgodilo nekaj drugega. Ta oblika je zelo uporabna tudi, ko
hočemo izraziti močna čustva (veselje, ljubezen, jezo …).
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I
he
she
it
was speaking
was not (wasn't) speaking
Was I/he/she/it speaking?
we
you
they
were
speaking
were not (weren't
speaking)
Were we/you/they speaking?
UPORABA
za dejanja, ki so se dogajala v določenem času v preteklosti
da pokaţemo, da se je eno dejanje dogajalo, medtem ko se je zgodilo nekaj
drugega
PRIMER
I was having breakfast at 7 o'clock.
I met him when he was crossing the street
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: yesterday, last night, while, between … and …, from … to
…, all the afternoon, the whole day, all last week …
18
VAJE
Postavite glagole v ustrezen pretekli čas. (Put the verbs in the correct Past Tense.)
1. He __________ (sit) in an office when I last _____________ (see) him.
2. When I _____________ (go) out the sun ________________ (shine).
3. The boy ____________ (fall down) while he ___________________ (run).
4. When the recession __________ (begin) we _____________ (live) in a house.
5. The light __________ (go out) while I _____________(write) a contract.
6. Our partners _________________ (stand) up when the boss __________
(come) into the room.
7. While you _______________ (listen) to the radio I ______________ (write) a
letter.
8. When I _____________ (be) at school I ___________ (learn) Latin.
9. He ____________ (eat) his tea when I ____________ (go) to see him.
10. When my secretary _________________ (go) for a walk she always
_________________ (wear) gloves.
11. When it _______________ (rain) she _____________ (carry) an umbrella.
12. She __________ (die) while she _____________(run) after a bus.
13. We ____________ (drink) a glass of wine every day when we _______ (be) in
France.
14. You _____________ (wear) your new suit when I ______________ (meet)
you yesterday.
15. When I ______________ (have) a dog I always ________________ (take)
him out for a walk in the evening.
16. When the phone _______________ (ring), I _______________ (have) a
conversation with our business partners.
17. Large crowds _______________ (wait) at the station when the Prime Minister
____________________ (arrive).
Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again
and expecting different results.’
Albert Einstein
19
TVORJENJE VPRAŠANJ (MAKING QUESTIONS)
Mechanic: ‘I couldn't repair your brakes, so I made your horn
louder.’
Tako kot slovenščina ima tudi angleščina veliko vprašalnic, ki nam lahko pomagajo
pri tvorjenju vprašanj. Vprašalnica vedno stoji na začetku vprašanja in nadomešča
osebek, nato pa sledi glagol. Na primer: Who goes to school every day? Mary.
WHO? KDO?
WHAT? KAJ?
WHERE (FROM)? KJE? (OD KOD?)
WHEN? KDAJ?
HOW LONG? KAKO DOLGO?
WHICH? KATERI?
HOW? KAKO?
WHY? ZAKAJ?
VAJE
Dopolnite z ustreznimi vprašalnicami. (Add the appropriate wh-word.)
1. ____________ do children go to school?
2. ____________ do you like your tee? With lemon or milk?
3. ____________ book do you need?
4. ____________ are you staying here?
5. ____________ did you have an interview?
6. ____________ would you like to go?
7. ____________ do you come _______?
8. ____________ do you do for a living?
9. ____________ is that? Your boss?
10. ____________ were you in your office?
11. ____________ are planning to have a vacation?
12. ____________ colour do you prefer?
20
ENOSTAVNI PRIHODNJIK (THE SIMPLE WILL FUTURE TENSE)
Plumber:
‘We repair what your husband fixed.’
Will Future Tense je prihodnjik in izraţa dejanja, ki se bodo zgodila v prihodnosti.
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
(I‟ll)
(he‟ll)
will speak
(you‟ll)
will not (won't) speak
Will I/he/she/it/we/you/they
speak?
UPORABA
za napovedi prihodnjih dogodkov ali dejanj,
za izraţanje prihodnosti za dejanja, na katera vplivajo zunanji faktorji,
za uganjevanje in predvidevanje,
z glagoli, ki ne morejo stati v 'continuous' obliki (see, hear, like …).
PRIMER
Tomorrow will be Saturday.
You will get wet if you go out in that rain.
I hope he will recover.
I'll remember to post these letters.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: tomorrow, next week, on Sunday, immediately, soon …
VAJE
Sosedu postavite nekaj vprašanj v zvezi z njegovo prihodnostjo in naj vam odgovori.
(Set your neighbour a few questions regarding his future and listen to his answers.)
21
PRIHODNJIK ‘GOING TO’ (GOING TO FUTURE TENSE)
Teacher: Tell me a sentence that starts with an ‘I’.
Student: I is the...
Teacher: Stop! Never put ‘is’ after an ‘I’.
Always put ‘am’ after an ‘I’.
Student: OK. I am the ninth letter of the alphabet.
Ta čas izraţa predvsem nek trden namen, prepričanje ali neizogibnost dogodka.
I am going to speak am not going to speak Am I going to speak?
he
she
it
is going to speak
is not going to speak
Is he/she/it going to speak?
we
you
they
are going to speak
are not going to speak
Are we/you/they going to speak?
UPORABA
za izraţanje trenutnih namenov,
za izraţanje trenutnega prepričanja ali neizogibnost dejanja.
PRIMER
I am going to buy a new car on Sunday.
Look at the dark clouds; it is going to rain.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: soon, tomorrow, next week, on Sunday, immediately …
VAJE
Postavite stavke v prihodji čas. (Put the verbs in the correct Future Tense.)
1. I go shopping every day. __________________________________________
2. We want to go for a walk. _________________________________________
3. I left the baggage here. ____________________________________________
4. She wears jeans for work. __________________________________________
5. They start their work at 8 o‟clock. ___________________________________
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6. He is a good professor. ____________________________________________
7. They went to the cinema. __________________________________________
8. The secretary writes the letters. _____________________________________
9. The boss orders his employees to work hard. __________________________
10. I am a technician. ________________________________________________
11. Every year I paint my room white. ___________________________________
12. I bought a car yesterday. ___________________________________________
‘Those who bring sunshine into the lives of others
cannot keep it from themselves.’
J. Barrie
23
ČASOVNI STAVKI (TEMPORAL CLAUSES)
Lady: Is this my train?
Station Master: No, it belongs to the Railway Company.
Lady: Don't try to be funny. I mean to ask if I can take this train to
New Delhi.
Station Master: No Madam, I'm afraid it's too heavy.
Povedi, ki sledijo, so sestavljene iz dveh stavkov, in sicer glavnega in odvisnega
stavka. Odvisni stavek se vedno začne z vezniško besedo, kot je na primer do, ko,
takoj ko, pred ali po (until, till, when, as soon as, before, after). V tem stavku se nikoli
ne pojavi prihodnji čas, čeprav je v glavnem stavku prihodnjik. Namesto tega stoji v
odvisniku sedanjik.
PRIMER
I will not go out till I finish my homework.
She will go to Spain when she has enough money.
VAJE
Dopolnite naslednje stavke z glagoli v ustreznem času. (Put the verbs in the correct
tense.)
1. You will be amazed when you ________ (see) the view.
2. Let's go to a cafe when the concert ____________ (be) over.
3. You should wait until the police ____________ (come).
4. I ____________ (have) a dress made as soon as I arrive in London.
5. My boss says he won't let me go until I __________ (finish) my work.
6. I won't play bridge with you again till you ____________ (stop) cheating.
7. You won't forget to lock up the office before you ____________ (go) out, will
you?
8. I'll come and see you before I __________ (leave) for Paris.
9. I can't express an opinion until I __________ (know) the facts.
10. We must wait until the girl __________ (bring) the tea.
11. I don't think he __________ (phone) before he arrives.
12. You can stay at home and rest while I __________ (go) shopping.
13. I shall expect it to be ready as soon as I __________ (come) in.
14. I __________ (not move) from here until you get back.
15. You'll know him when you __________ (see) him.
16. Don't get off the bus till it __________ (stop).
24
VPRAŠANJA Z VPRAŠALNICAMA
KDO IN KAJ (QUESTIONS WITH WHO AND WHAT)
Q: What starts with E, ends with E and only has one letter?
A: An envelope.
V angleščini je tvorba vprašanj drugačna od slovenske. Kadar sprašujemo po osebku
je vprašanje zelo enostavno, saj osebek le nadomestimo z vprašalnico (kdo ali kaj).
Ko sprašujemo po predmetu pa vprašalnici sledi še pomoţni glagol do ali does. Paziti
moramo tudi na predloge, ki pridejo na sam konec vprašanja.
OSEBEK (SUBJECT)
Kdo ali kaj?
The boss calls the secretary.
Who calls the secretary?
Miracles happen every day.
What happens every day?
Tom met Mary in a bar.
Who met Mary in a bar?
The stocks grew yesterday.
What grew yesterday?
PREDMET (OBJECT)
Koga ali kaj? Komu ali čemu? ...
The boss calls the secretary.
Who does the boss call?
Barbara likes to talk about politics.
What does Barbara like to talk about?
Tom met Mary in a bar.
Who did Tom meet in a bar?
She saw a turtle.
What did she see?
VAJE
Vprašajte po podčrtani besedi oziroma tako, da bo podčrtana beseda odgovor na vaše
vprašanje. (Make questions so that the underlined word will be the answer to the
question.)
1. Jeffrey went to Germany yesterday. __________________________________
2. They talked to the boss. ___________________________________________
3. He goes to College. ______________________________________________
4. The secretary went out with her friends. ______________________________
5. Boss helped his employees. ________________________________________
6. Mother always looks after her children. _______________________________
7. She plays golf on Sundays. ________________________________________
8. I like spaghetti. __________________________________________________
9. I wrote a letter for you. ____________________________________________
10. She went for a walk. ______________________________________________
11. She works with her dad. ___________________________________________
12. He begged for some money. ________________________________________
25
13. They talked about the latest news. ___________________________________
14. We talked to our manager. _________________________________________
15. My sister and I wanted to study at Oxford. ____________________________
16. She saw me at the party. __________________________________________
17. Andrew still remembers Lisa. ______________________________________
18. My family travels a lot. ___________________________________________
19. I am going out with my best friend. __________________________________
20. Pat walks her dog every day. _______________________________________
21. The Smiths are on friendly terms with the Brams. ______________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. I was worried about her. ___________________________________________
‘I strive to be as good a person as my dog thinks I am.’
Unknown
26
ENOSTAVNI PRESENT PERFECT (THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE)
Student to his teacher: ‘I'm not a complete idiot, some parts are
missing.’
Present Perfect Simple je neke vrste sedanji čas, vendar se navezuje na nekaj
preteklega. Ne zanima nas, kaj se je zgodilo v preteklosti, ampak posledice, ki so
vidne v sedanjosti:
Trdilna oblika Nikalna oblika Vprašalna oblika
I
we
you
they
have spoken
have not (haven't)
spoken
Have I/we/you/they spoken?
he
she
it
has spoken
has not (hasn't) spoken
Has he/she/it spoken?
UPORABA
za dejanja iz preteklosti, ki imajo posledice v sedanjosti,
za dejanja, začeta v preteklosti, ki se bodo nadaljevala v prihodnost.
PRIMER
I have been to Egypt twice.
She has studied English for 8 years and still wants to study further.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: since, for, now, already, yet, not yet, just, so far, till now,
lately, often, seldom, rarely, once, many times …
ZAPOMNITE SI
since se uporablja za določanje časa od trenutka v preteklosti do zdaj (from a point in
the past till now)
for se uporablja za določanje trajanja časa do zdaj (length of time till now)
27
VAJE
Postavite glagol v pravilno obliko. (Put the verbs in the Present Perfect Simple
Tense.)
1. I ________________ (work) here since 1998.
2. She ______ just _______ (finish) her work.
3. They _______ not yet _________ (do) their exercises.
4. Mr Jolly ______________ (not call) yet.
5. _______ you ever _______ (be) to Italy.
6. She _______ _______ (work) there for 5 years.
7. ________ you _______ (wash) the dishes?
8. I _______ just _________ (wash) them.
9. She ______ ______ (have) many medical problems lately.
10. We _______ ________ (be) to the theatre only twice so far.
‘If you want to feel rich, just count all the things
you have that money can’t buy.’
Anon
28
SESTAVLJENI PRESENT PERFECT (THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE)
Wife: Do you want dinner?
Husband: Sure, what are my choices?
Wife: Yes and no.
Present Perfect Contiunous se uporablja za dejanja, ki so se začela v preteklosti in se
nadaljujejo v sedanjosti in torej še vedno trajajo. Zanimajo nas torej posledice, ki so
vidne v tem trenutku in se lahko dogajajo tudi v prihodnosti.
I
we
you
they
have been
speaking
have not (haven't)
been speaking
Have I/we/you/they been speaking?
he
she
it
has been
speaking
has not (hasn't) been
speaking
Has he/she/it been speaking?
UPORABA
kadar se trajajoče dogajanje ravnokar končuje
kadar so se določene stvari zgodile večkrat od preteklosti do sedanjosti
PRIMER
It's been raining for the last three hours but is has just stopped.
I've been knocking at this door for the last ten minutes.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: since, for, continuously, all morning, all day, these three
days …
VAJE
1. Postavite glagole v pravilen čas. (Put the verbs in the correct tense.)
1. I ___________________ (not see) him for a long time.
2. You must tell me what you ____________ (do) since I last saw you.
3. He ____________ (not be) here since August; I wonder where he
____________ (live) since then.
4. I ____________ (try) to learn Japanese for years, but I ____________ (not
succeed) yet.
29
5. We ____________ (live) here for the last six months and just ____________
(decide) to move.
6. You ________ already ________ (eat) three cakes since I __________ (sit)
here.
7. I ____________ (wait) for her since seven o'clock and she ____________ (not
come) yet.
8. He ___________ (not have) a holiday for nine years because he __________
(be) too busy.
9. Since you gave me your number I ____________ (phone) you three times and
____________ (not find) you at home.
10. _________ you ____________ (be) asleep all the morning? I ____________
(ring) the bell for the last twenty minutes.
11. She ____________ (work) so hard this week that she ____________ (not
have) time to go to the hairdresser's.
12. He ____________ (write) a novel for the last two years, but he ____________
(not finish) it yet.
13. I ____________ (not find) a boyfriend though I ____________ (look) for one
ever since I was fifteen.
14. Susan ____________ (stay) in her room all day because she ____________
(have) to read a book.
2. Dodajte since ali for. (Add since or for.)
1. He has been writing books _________ ten years.
2. He has been working here _________ 1970.
3. I've been waiting _________ six o'clock.
4. I've been reading old newspapers on microfilms _________ the last two hours.
5. We've been reading this book _________ last December.
6. We've been studying English _________ two months.
7. He has been writing _________ several hours.
8. He has been working _________ seven o'clock this morning.
9. They've been very busy _________ the last week.
10. I haven't worn this dress _________ two years.
11. We have been climbing _________ an hour and a half.
12. She has been teaching in that school _________ 1995.
13. My friend has been ill _________ a long time.
14. It has been raining _________ yesterday morning.
15. I haven't done any work _________ a month.
16. What have you been doing _________ yesterday?
17. That building has been standing here _________ centuries.
18. He hasn't been here _________ three weeks.
19. She hasn't bought any new periodicals _________ the beginning of the year.
30
3. Postavite glagole v pravilen čas in dodajte since ali for. (Put the verbs in the correct
tense and add since or for.)
1. I _________ (write) ten letters _________ breakfast.
2. _________ last year the streets _________ (become) more crowded.
3. ______ you _________ (see) my boyfriend Mike lately? - Not _________
three or four days.
4. You _________ (take) your girlfriend Mary out to tea recently? - Not
_________ last Friday.
5. I _________ (not see) him _________ more than a week.
6. How long you _________ (wait)? _________ half an hour.
‘Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take,
but by the moments that take our breath away.’
Unknown
31
ENOSTAVNI PREDPRETEKLIK (PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE)
An old man goes to the Wizard to ask him if he can remove a curse
he has been living with for the last 40 years.
The Wizard says, ‘Maybe, but you will have to tell me the exact
words that were used to put the curse on you.’
The old man says without hesitation: ‘I now pronounce you man and
wife.’ Enostavni predpreteklik se tvori s pomoţnim glagolom had in 3. obliko pomenskega
glagola (past participle) oziroma končnico –ed pri pravilnih glagolih. Opisuje
dogajanje, ki se je začelo in končalo pred drugim preteklim dogodkom.
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
had worked
had spoken
had not (hadn‟t)
worked
had not (hadn't)
spoken
Had I he/she/it/we/you/they worked?
Had I/he/she/it/we/you/they spoken?
UPORABA
ko se je nekaj zgodilo pred drugim dogodkom, ki se je zgodil v preteklosti
PRIMER
She had finished her homework before she went out with friends.
ČASOVNI PRISLOVI: before, after …
VAJE
Uporabite Past Perfect Simple. (Use Past Perfect Simple.)
1. I ________________ (finish) my work before I went to the concert.
2. She _____________ (work) in the office for eight hours before going home.
3. First he ___________ (write) the letter and then he disappeared.
4. We ______________ (visit) Rome and then we went to Venice.
5. They ______ not_______ (have) any children before she went to Africa.
32
SESTAVLJENI PREDPRETEKLIK (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE)
When I was young I didn’t like going to weddings.
My grandmother would tell me, ‘You're next.’
However, she stopped doing that after I started saying the same thing
to her at funerals.
Sestavljeni predpretekli čas se uporablja precej redko. Tvori se s pomočjo pomoţnih
glagolov had been in pomenskega glagola s končnico –ing. Poudarek je na trajanju
preteklega dogodka, ki se je zgodil pred drugim preteklim dogodkom.
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
had been
working
had been
speaking
had not (hadn‟t) been
working
had not (hadn't) been
speaking
Had I/he/she/it/we/you/they been
working?
Had I/he/she/it/we/you/they been
speaking?
UPORABA
Ko se je trajajoče dogajanje prenehalo ravno preden se je začel drug pretekli dogodek
PRIMER
He had been studying English for 3 years before he went to England.
PRISLOVNA DOLOČILA: before, after, since, for … VAJE Postavite glagole v ustrezen čas. (Put the verbs in the correct tense.)
1. She told me the price after he __________ (leave). 2. The librarian __________ (do) nothing before he saw me. 3. I thanked him for what he __________ (do). 4. My friend __________ (be) sorry that he had hurt him. 5. After the new director had gone, we __________ (sit) down and
__________ (rest). 6. Did you post the letter after you __________ (write) it? 7. After the journalist had heard the news, he __________ (hurry) to the
computer. 8. Our new colleague told me her name after I __________ (ask) her
twice.
33
9. Before we __________ (go) to the National and University Library, we found that we __________ (lose) our way.
10. I read the book after I __________ (finish) my work. 11. When we arrived, the celebration already __________ (begin). 12. She took the money after I __________ (ask) her not to do so. 13. Why didn‟t you go to your librarian after your teacher __________
(tell) you to write the essay? 14. We had already learnt English before we __________ (leave) for
England.
‘Success is how high you bounce after you hit bottom.’
General George Patton
34
ODVISNI GOVOR (REPORTED SPEECH OR INDIRECT SPEECH)
Customer: Waiter, there's a fly in my soup.
Waiter: That's all right sir, it won't drink much.
Odvisni govor se nanaša na stavek, ki poroča, kaj je nekdo povedal. Kadar je v
angleščini spremni stavek v pretekliku (na primer: je rekel, je povedal), moramo čas v
odvisnem stavku spremeniti, in sicer za en čas nazaj.
PRIMER
They said: “The test is very difficult.” They said the test was very difficult.
She said: “I listen to the radio every day.” She said she listened to the radio every
day.
Lily said: “I will go to school tomorrow.” Lily said she would go to school the next
day.
Čas ostane enak, če je spremni stavek v naslednjih časih: simple present, present
perfectu, future.
PRIMER
They say the test is very difficult.
She has said that she listens to the radio every day.
Lily will say she will go to school the next day.
Prav tako ostane čas enak, če poročamo neko splošno resnico.
PRIMER
The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.
Kadar spreminjamo premi v odvisni govor, se spremenijo tudi zaimki, tako da
ustrezajo stavčnemu osebku.
PRIMER
She said: “I want to go to the cinema.”
BECOMES She said she wanted to go to the cinema.
35
John said: “My wife went with me to the seaside.”
BECOMES John said his wife had gone with him to the seaside.
Pomemebno je, da spremenimo tudi besede, ki določajo sedanji, prihodnji ali pretekli
čas, tako da se ujemajo s časom poročanja.
PRIMER
She said: “I want to go to the cinema tomorrow.”
BECOMES She said she wanted to go to the cinema the next day.
John said: “My wife went with me to the seaside yesterday.”
BECOMES John said his wife had gone with him to the seaside the day before.
Kadar poročamo vprašanja, je zelo pomembno, da pazimo na besedni vrstni red.
Kadar je odgovor na vprašanje „da‟ ali „ne‟, poveţemo stavka z besedo „če‟ (if).
Kadar pa je na začetku vprašalnica, jo ponovimo tudi v odvisnem govoru.
PRIMER
He asked: “Do you want to come with me?”
BECOMES He asked me if I wanted to come with him.
Jonathan asked: “Where did you go last weekend?”
BECOMES Jonathan asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
V naslednji tabeli je prikazano, kako se spreminjajo časi, če je spremni stavek v
pretekliku. Zapomnite si, da se past tense, present perfect in past perfect tense vsi
spremenijo v past perfect tense.
Present Simple
se spremeni v
Past Simple
He said: “I live in Ljubljana.”
He said he lived in Ljubljana.
Present Continuous
se spremeni v
Past Continuous
She said: “I‟m cooking lunch.”
She said she was cooking lunch.
Past Simple
se spremeni v
Past Perfect Simple
He said: “I went to Rome last weekend.”
He said he had gone to Rome the previous weekend.
Past Continuous
se spremeni v
Past Perfect Continuous
He said: “I was listening to music all day.”
He said he had been listening to music all day.
Future Simple
se spremeni v
would + nedoločnik
She said: “I will call Jim.”
She said she would call Jim.
Going to Future
se spremeni v
She said: “I‟m going to find a new job.”
36
was/were going to +
nedoločnik
She said she was going to find a new job.
Present Perfect Simple
se spremeni v
Past Perfect Simple
We asked: “What have you done?”
We asked what he had done.
Past Perfect Simple
ostane enak
He said: “I had already eaten.”
He said he had already eaten. VAJE Postavite besedilo v odvisni govor.
A teacher of English once came to a pet shop. She wanted to buy a parrot. The
salesman told her: “I have got a really great parrot, which can speak two languages.”
The teacher asked him: “Well, how does it work?” The salesman answered: “If you
pull its right wing, it will speak German. If you pull its left wing, it will speak
English. Isn't that great?” The teacher was curious and asked another question: “What
happens if I pull both wings at the same time?” Suddenly the parrot said: “I'm gonna
fall over, you stupid woman!”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
‘If you want to test your memory, try to recall what you were
worried about one year ago today.’
A Rotarian
37
POGOJNI STAVKI (CONDITIONAL CLAUSES)
Q: What did the ocean say to the beach?
A: Nothing, it just waved!
Stavki, ki se začnejo z besedo „če‟ (v angleščini „if‟) izraţajo stopnjo pogojnosti. V
njih nikoli ne smejo stati besede shall, will, should ali would. Namesto njih običajno
stoji glagol v sedanjiku. Ti stavki izraţajo naslednje situacije.
1) Nekaj se bo zgodilo, če bo izpolnjen določen pogoj: She will come if you call her.
To vrsto pogojnika imenujemo Type 1 in ima vedno v glavnem stavku prihodnjik
(Future Tense), v odvisniku pa sedanjik (Present Tense). Pogoj je verjeten ali moţen
(likely to happen or probable).
2) Verjeten rezultat določenega pogoja, ki ga predvidevamo ali si ga zamišljamo
določa vrsta odvisnika Type 2. Odvisnik govori o dogodku, ki se ne dogaja v tem
trenutku, vendar si lahko zamišljamo verjeten rezultat. She would come if you called
her. V glavnem stavku stoji would in nedoločnik, v odvisnem pa preteklik (Past
Tense). Situacija ni verjetna, ampak le namišljena (unlikely or improbable;
imaginary).
3) Type 3 predstavlja ideje, ki se ne morejo zgoditi, ker vemo, da pogoj ni bil
izpolnjen, radi pa si zamišljamo rezultat. She would have come if you had called her
(but she didn‟t come, because you didn‟t call her). Type 3 stavki imajo v glavnem
delu would have in nedoločnik, v odvisniku pa predpreteklik (past perfect).
Unless ima podoben pomen kot if not, ne da pa se ju vedno zamenjati.
VAJE
Dopolnite stavke z glagoli v ustreznem času. (Fill in the gaps with verbs in the correct
tense.)
1. If I come, I _______________ (see) him.
2. You will break it if you _______________ (not be) careful.
3. We would send a message if we _______________ (not be) in a hurry.
4. They will get wet if it _______________ (rain).
5. I would be pleased if you _______________ (come).
6. If I _______________ (know) that, I should not have made a mistake.
7. It _______________ (be) better if you had waited.
8. Will you help me if I _______________ (need) you?
9. He _______________ (tell) me if I had asked him.
10. He would be silly if he ____________ (not take) this opportunity.
11. If it _______________ (be) fine, I will go for a swim.
12. If it _______________ (rain), I would take an umbrella.
13. I‟ll help you if I _______________ (can).
38
TRPNI NAČIN (PASSIVE VOICE)
Why do you take your wife to night clubs only?
By the time she gets ready no other place is open.
Trpnik se uporablja, ko hočemo poudariti osebo ali stvar s katero se nekaj dogaja. V
nasprotju z angleščino se v slovenščini trpnik zelo redko uporablja. V angleščini pa je
ta oblika zelo pogosta in se uporablja predvsem v poslovnem jeziku in povsod, kjer je
predmet dogajanja bolj pomemben kot tisti oziroma tisto, kar dogajanje povzroča.
PRIMER
We produced over 30 different models.
BECOMES: Over 30 different models WERE produced.
Če je akter dogajanja oziroma dejanja pomemben, uporabimo besedo „by‟.
PRIMER
Marlo Morgan wrote „Mutant Message Down Under‟ in 1994.
BECOMES: „Mutant Message Down Under‟ was written in 1994 by Marlo Morgan.
Naslednja tabela prikazuje kako se pri trpniku spremenijo časi. Uporabljamo vedno
glagol biti v določenem času in 3. obliko (past participle) pomenskega glagola
oziroma končnico –ed za pravilne glagole.
Tvorni način Trpni način Čas
They make Fords in Cologne. Fords are made in Cologne. Present Simple
Mary is cooking dinner. Dinner is being cooked by
Mary
Present
Continuous
James Joyce wrote "Dubliners". "Dubliners" was written by
James Joyce. Past Simple
They were repairing the house
when I arrived. The house was being
repaired when I arrived. Past Continuous
They have produced over 30
models in the past five years.
Over 30 models have been
produced in the past five
years.
Present Perfect
They are going to build a new
factory in Ljubljana. A new factory is going to be
built in Ljubljana.
Future Intention
with Going to
39
I will finish it in two days. It will be finished in two
days. Future Simple
VAJE
Spremenite naslednje stavke v trpnik.
1. The teacher has explained the unknown words.
__________________________________________________________________
2. I didn‟t‟ steal that car. It is too old.
__________________________________________________________________
3. They have closed the streets because there was too much snow.
_______________________________________________________________
4. My friend is opening a new restaurant next week.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Did she invite you to her party?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Who opened the blue box?
_______________________________________________________________
7. I gave the book to Peter.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Max will look after him, trust me.
_______________________________________________________________
9. No one has ever beaten me at chess.
_______________________________________________________________
The difference between a boss and a true leader;
a boss says ‘Go!’ - a true leader says ‘Let's go!’
E. M. Kelly
40
DOMAČE NALOGE (Homework)
1. Črkujte naslednje besede. (Spell the following words.)
secretary, library, office, over-head projector, funny, zebra, Christmas, register, sort,
note-book
2. Črkujte naslednje elektronske naslove. (Spell the following e-mail addresses.)
mike/[email protected]
3. Vstavite glagol 'biti' v prazna polja. Ne uporabljajte skrajšanih oblik. (Put the
following forms of the verb ‘to be’ (am, are, is) into the gaps. Do not use
short/contracted forms.)
1. My boss ___ in the firm.
2. The workers ___ not in the office today.
3. My colleague ___ from Great Britain.
4. I ___ a football fan.
5. ____ you British or American?
6. It ___ Tuesday today.
7. They ___ in a boat.
8. His pencil case ___ at home.
9. ____ you from Slovenia?
10. I ____ your best friend.
11. Hey Anne! We ___ here.
12. How ____ you today?
13. ____ this your boss?
14. ____ he fine?
4. Vstavite glagol 'biti' v prazna polja. Ne uporabljajte skrajšanih oblik. (Put the
following forms of the verb 'to be' (am, are, is) into the gaps. Do not use
short/contracted forms.)
Mary ___ from Manchester, but John and Andrew ___ from Leicester. Manchester
and Leicester ___ cities in England. Berlin ___ a city in Germany. Mary ___ at the
office today. John and Andrew ___ her colleagues. They ___ in the same company.
John and Andrew ___ on a business trip to the USA to visit their business partners.
John says: "Our boss ___ in Germay and we ___ in the USA. What time ___ it,
Andrew?" "It ___ 8 o'clock."
41
5. Uporabite pravilno obliko glagola biti (am/is/are). (Choose the correct form of
the verb to be (am/is/are).)
1. It ____ cold today.
2. I ____ at home now.
3. They ____ Englishmen.
4. My name _____ Susan.
5. We ____ from Germany.
6. That ____ right.
7. How ____ you? I ___ OK, thanks.
8. Clara and Steve _____ married.
9. He ____ an English teacher.
10. I think, therefore I ___.
6. Vstavite ustrezno obliko glagola ‘to have’. (Fill in the blanks with the correct
forms of the verb ‘to have’.)
1. She __________ a good guitar.
2. We __________ a soccer game next week.
3. They like to _________ a long conversation.
4. _____ she _____ many animals at home?
5. ____ you __________ any ice cream?
6. ____ you _________ any friends?
7. He _________ a lot of work in the office every day.
8. She __________ regular practice.
9. I _____ a pen.
10. ______ he ______ 2 or 3 children?
11. He _____ two pencils.
12. I _______ many books.
13. You _______ an apartment.
14. He _______ a bicycle.
15. She _____ not ______ any problems with English.
16. We _______ a lot of fun in the sun.
17. They _______ two sleds.
18. She _______ milk in her tea.
19. He ______ not ______ any work.
20. I _______ a warm sweater.
21. We _______ breakfast at eight o'clock.
22. He _______ an alarm clock.
23. They ________ a good sense of humour.
24. He ____ no work tomorrow.
25. _____ he ______ any homework?
42
7. Izberite pravilno obliko sedanjika glagola 'to be' ali 'to have'. (Choose the
correct Present Tense form of the verbs 'to be' or 'to have' for each sentence.)
1. I ______ cold.
2. I ______ a cold.
3. I ______ a little hungry.
4. He ______ a lot of money.
5. These students _______ very smart.
6. John _________ two children.
7. I _______ sleepy.
8. Susie _________ 35 years old.
9. The workers ________ tired.
10. She _______ your purse.
11. I ____ not ______ any problems.
12. ______ you happy?
13. ____ you _____ your own office?
14. ____ this his house?
8. Vstavite a/an/-/the. (Put in a/an/-/the.)
1. Would you like to see ___ movie?
2. ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.
3. He broke ___ glass when he was washing dishes.
4. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!
5. You should take ___ umbrella.
6. Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?
7. This is ___ easy question.
8. Please speak ___ little louder.
9. May I have your ___ phone number?
10. I have never seen ___ UFO.
11. May I ask you ___ question?
12. David is ___ best student in our class.
13. What is ___ name of the next station?
14. He has ___ my car today.
15. I went to ___ sea during my summer vacation.
16. Is there ___ public telephone near here?
9. Popravite, če je to potrebno. (Correct if necessary.)
1) My name is a Pamela.
2) The Drava, the Sava and the Soča are the biggest rivers in Slovenia.
3) Do you often go to a Bled?
4) The Brandenburg Gate is one of the most famous monuments in Berlin.
5) Have you ever been to a Germany?
6) Some day I will go to Africa.
7) The capital of Russia is Moscow.
8) The Triglav is the highest mountain in Slovenia.
43
9) Netherlands is a beautiful country.
10) The Atlantic is colder than the Adriatic sea.
10. Spremenite podčrtane samostalnike v mnoţino. (Put the word underlined
into plural.)
1. Most of woman are afraid of mouse. _________
2. Six man opened a computer service company. _________
3. Even child enjoy learning English on the Internet. _________
4. Most basketball players are 6 foot tall or more. _________
5. Which breed of sheep produces the finest wool? _________
6. The scientists have to do many analysis to prove they are right. _________
7. Our tooth are sensitive to cold. _________
8. There are many wolf in the forests of Kočevje. _________
9. For my birthday I got two watch. _________
10. The boys went fishing and caught 15 fish. _________
11. If she wants to graduate she has to write two thesis not just one. _________
12. The wife keep their knife on the shelf. _________________________
13. There are many different bacterium on our hands. _________
14. Did you buy any milk? _________
15. How many people study German as a second language? _________
11. Uganite, kako se tvori mnoţina pri samostalnikih, ki se končajo na -s, -ss, -x, -
sh, -ch. (Guess how plural of the nouns ending in –s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch is formed.)
A. church – _________
B. bus – _________
C. wax – _________
D. gas – _________
E. loss – _________
F. box – _________
G. dish – _________
H. boss – _________
I. witch – _________
12. Kdaj se -y spremeni v -i? (When does –y change into –i?)
a) play – _________
b) army – _________
c) lady – _________
d) boy – _________
e) family – _________
f) toy – _________
g) key – _________
h) party – _________
44
13. Popravite, če je narobe. (Correct if necessary.)
1. Police have come to catch the thieves.
2. I have had a colds this week.
3. I come from Ljubljana.
4. She bought a bread.
5. She is a king.
6. Would you like a apple pie?
7. I am a professor of French.
8. The books are on those shelves over there.
9. I have a red and a blue pencil.
10. Do you know those woman?
14. Uporabite ustrezni osebni zaimek in upoštevajte besede v oklepajih. (Use the
correct personal pronouns. Pay attention to the words in brackets.)
1. _________ is working. (Mr Smith)
2. _________ likes reading criminal fiction. (Linda)
3. _________ dreams about horses every day. (my friend Eva)
4. _________ is white. (the blackboard)
5. _________ are speaking English.
6. _________ are on the wall. (the pictures)
7. _________ is lying on a sofa. (a cat)
8. _________ are watching TV (you and my friend)
9. _________ are in the garden. (flowers)
10. _________ is a good friend of mine. (Timmy)
11. Have ________ got a computer, Jack?
15. Izberite ustrezen svojilni zaimek. (Choose the correct possessive pronoun.)
______ name is Andrew. This is ______ colleague Tom. He is 35 years old and
______ wife is 2 years younger. ______ son‟s name is Bobby. They chose ______
name together. Tom and I work in the same company. There are 123 workers in
______ company. ______ boss‟ name is Will and ______ wife Sarah woks here too.
______ goal is to grow the production.
16. Poiščite ustrezen glagol in ga postavite v enostavni sedanjik. (Find the
appropriate verb and put it in the Present Simple Tense.)
1. ______ he ______ German?
2. George _________ in a band.
3. I ______ many pencils.
4. Where ______ she _______ from?
5. Please _________ this letter today.
6. We ____ not _____ any bread at home.
7. She sometimes _________ coffee.
8. They _________ football every day.
45
9. ____ you ____ any milk?
10. I usually ________ twice before I say something.
11. I _______ up every morning at 6 o‟clock.
12. _____ you _____ milk or honey in your tea?
13. There _______ a pencil on the desk.
14. You have a lot of money, _________ you?
15. She _______ an English teacher.
16. ______ there any flowers in the garden?
17. ____ you _____ reading interesting books? (like)
18. I ____ not ________ you.
19. How often ____ he ____ to the cinema?
20. ______ you _____ another piece of cake?
17. Tvorite stavke in postavite glagol v Present Continuous Tense. (Build
sentences and put the verbs in the Present Continuous Tense.)
1. Susie/clean/the house.
_____________________________________________________
2. you/do/your homework?
______________________________________________________
3. I/not/learn/English.
______________________________________________________
4. My secretary/write/a letter.
______________________________________________________
5. He/run/to catch the bus.
______________________________________________________
6. she/bake/a cake?
______________________________________________________
7. Mike/dance/in a disco.
______________________________________________________
8. They/drink/water.
______________________________________________________
9. He/not/do/exercises.
______________________________________________________
10. We/talk/on the phone.
______________________________________________________
18. Enostavni ali sestavljeni sedanjik? (Present Simple or Continuous?)
1. He _________ teeth at the moment. (clean)
2. ______ you ______ your homework in the morning? (do)
3. I __________ after her children today. (look)
4. Jimmy never _________ his colleagues. (help)
5. _____ you ________ books in your free time? (read)
6. Excuse me, but you ___________ on my foot. (stand)
7. Where ______ he? It‟s already 6 o‟clock! (be)
8. We _________ to lake Bled every year. (go)
9. ______ you always ________ at night? (work)
46
10. They _____ not _______ their friends very often. (visit)
11. _______ me with my homework, please. (help)
12. He _______ a lot of money. (have)
13. I can‟t go right now. I ___________ dinner. (cook)
14. Anne _________ in Ljubljana. (to be)
15. When _______ he usually __________? (wake up)
19. Izberite med frazama there is in there are. (Choose between the phrases there
is and there are.)
1. _____________ a modern sports centre in Ljubljana.
2. How many pencils _____________ on your desk?
3. _____________ enough air in the lift.
4. _____________ any milk in the glass?
5. How many hard-working colleagues _____________ in your firm?
6. _____________ not much rain in summer.
7. _____________ a famous university in London.
8. _____________ any coffee left?
9. _____________ not any serious problems with this contract.
10. _____________ any banks around here?
11. _____________ a big cloud in the sky.
12. _____________ not anything interesting on TV tonight.
13. _____________ any tired students in the class?
14. _____________ a hard-working secretary in your office?
15. _____________ enough snow to go skiing.
16. _____________ a big dog in the park.
17. _____________ some beautiful flowers in the garden.
18. How many contracts _____________ to be signed?
19. How many days _____________ in one week?
20. ______________ anyone from Italy here?
20. Dopolnite prazna mesta z ustreznimi modalnimi glagoli. (Fill in the spaces
with the right modal verbs.)
1. I have no time. I _______ go now because my friends are waiting for me.
2. I ________ buy a new car. I have no money.
3. How ________ I help you?
4. She _________ study hard for the exam.
5. It ________ rain tomorrow but you can‟t always depend on the weather
forecast.
6. It is very cold. We _______ close the windows.
7. ______ I park here or is it forbidden?
8. _______ you tell me the right solution to this problem?
9. We have finished. You ________ go now.
10. She ________ wake up at 7 o‟clock every day.
11. He ________ be careful about his diet.
12. _______ you speak German?
13. She ________ lift that table. She is too weak.
47
14. Little Bobby says: „I ________ swim now.‟
15. _______ I borrow your dictionary?
16. We __________ watch TV so much.
17. The project ________ be finished in two years time.
18. Sabina looks tired. She ________ go to bed and have a nap.
19. You ________ leave the class before 2 o‟clock.
20. ________ I help you?
21. Postavite glagole v preteklik. (Put the verbs in the Past Simple Tense.)
1. He ___________ (walk) to office yesterday.
2. They ___________ (do) their work last night.
3. You ___________ (be) lazy last Monday.
4. Ms Christie ___________ (buy) a new book this morning.
5. The janitor ______ not ___________ (clean) the blackboard two days ago.
6. I ___________ (cook) food yesterday.
7. This afternoon my teacher ___________ (teach) English.
8. I ___________ (be) hungry yesterday morning.
9. The gardener ___________ (cut) the trees last week.
10. They ___________ (drink) coffee with milk this morning.
11. Last month I ___________ (write) several job applications.
12. Kathy ___________ (go) to London last year.
13. The planes ______ not ___________ (fly) this morning. It was snowing heavily.
14. I ___________ (know) how to blind-type when I was 14.
15. John ___________ (make) tables and chairs yesterday.
16. Two weeks ago the boss ___________ (has) a new car.
17. We ___________ (feel) happy yesterday.
18. We ___________ (work) hard last week.
19. The students ___________ (meet) in the hall and ______ (have) a long
conversation about the exam.
22. Postavite zgornje stavke (iz vaje 21) v Past Continuous Tense, če je to
mogoče. (Put the above sentences in the Past Continuous Tense if possible.)
23. Izberite ustrezen pretekli čas. (Choose the right Past Tense.)
1. Who ______ you ________ for when I arrived? (wait)
2. When he _______ young he wanted to be a director. (to be)
3. What _______ after that? (happen)
4. Someone _________ my car keys when I wasn't looking. (steel)
5. She _______ a beautiful woman. She used to attract a lot of men. (to be)
6. He ________ a new pullover when I saw him. (wear)
7. They _________ on the sofa and watching TV. (sit)
8. _____ they ______ our presents? (get)
9. Mr Smith ________ a conversation when I knocked on his door. (have)
10. She waved at him but he _________. (not look)
11. We turned the radio off because nobody __________ to it. (listen)
48
12. I left the cinema because I _________ the film. (not enjoy)
13. I got up at 6 and then I ________ a little something to eat. (have)
14. We _______ you walking in the park this morning. (see)
15. How much _____ it ______ to fly to London? (cost)
16. When ______ she _______ learning English? Five years ago. (start)
17. ______ you ______ Jack last night? (see)
18. ______ you _______ the door before you left? (close)
24. Tvorite vprašanja za dane odgovore. (Build questions to given answers.)
1. ____________________________? My sister comes from Breţice.
2. ____________________________? She lives in London.
3. ____________________________? She works for a fashion magazine.
4. ____________________________? 2000 pounds per month.
5. ____________________________? Her name is Suzana.
6. ____________________________? My brother's name is Mirko.
7. ____________________________? He lives in Dolenjska.
8. ____________________________? He has a farm with many animals.
9. ____________________________? Nowhere. He does not have a vacation.
25. Tvorite vprašanja za dane odgovore in pazite na čase. (Build questions for
the given answers and pay attention to different tenses.)
1. _________________? I was in the kitchen.
2. _________________? I went to Peru because it is a beautiful country.
3. _________________? I live in Great Britain.
4. _________________? He comes from Belgium.
5. _________________? They come from the USA.
6. _________________? He will stay here for two weeks.
7. _________________? I work in an office.
8. _________________? She only has one friend but the best one.
9. _________________? She wants to travel to Russia.
10. _________________? I was relaxing.
11. _________________? I have to go at 10 o'clock.
12. _________________? She will go there by plane.
26. Uporabite ustrezen čas. Pazite na časovne stavke. (Use the correct tense and
pay attention to temporal clauses.)
1. Peter __________ fifty next Friday. (be)
2. Oh no! I've broken a glass. What __________? (say)
3. Stephen __________ a dinner party next Sunday. (have)
4. By the time you arrive, I __________ in London. (be)
5. Tom hasn't eaten. - Don't worry I __________ him something to eat. (make)
6. We'll go out for supper when he __________. (come)
7. Unless she arrives soon, we __________ to the theatre. (go)
8. __________ at 10 tomorrow morning. (study)
49
9. I __________ my work by 9 o'clock. (finish)
10. Look at that old house! Its roof ___________! (collapse)
27. Ugotovite za kateri čas gre in postavite naslednje tri stavke v vse ostale čase,
ki jih poznate. (Define the tense and put the next three sentences in all other
tenses you know.)
She wrote letters in her office.
They will not be learning English.
Do you want another piece of cake?
28. Postavite glagole v pravilni čas. (Put the verbs in the correct tense.)
1. Mr Black has a fever, he will have to stay home until he __________ well.
(be)
2. She _________ in Australia last month. (be)
3. You __________ visit the lessons more often. (shall)
4. He __________ to his office, as soon as he gets better. (return)
5. ______________ all these letters in the morning by yourself? (you write)
6. His wife will take good care of him when she _________ from the
supermarket. (return)
7. When I finish this college I _______ for a vacation. (go)
8. _______ I really go to the doctor next week? (must)
9. I _______ you the secret unless you tell me yours. (tell)
10. __________ you tell me what day it is today, Sir? (can)
11. I _________ ready in a minute. (be)
29. Tvorite vprašanja tako, da bo odgovor podčrtana beseda. (Build questions so
that the answer will be the word underlined.)
23. We went for a walk yesterday. _________________________________
24. She talked to her friend. ______________________________________
25. He never went to school. ______________________________________
26. Our boss went out with his business partners. _____________________
27. Boss helped his secretary. ____________________________________
28. We played volleyball on Thursday. _____________________________
29. I like to eat good food. _______________________________________
30. She goes to office by car. _____________________________________
31. She talked about her accident. _________________________________
32. They talked to their manager. __________________________________
33. She saw me when I was crossing the street. _______________________
34. Matthew still thinks of Susie. __________________________________
35. He walks his dog every day. ___________________________________
50
30. Tvorite trdilne in nikalne stavke iz danih besed in pazite na pravilni vrstni
red v stavku. (Form affirmative or negative statements using the given
words/phrases and be careful about the right word order.)
1. do not Wednesday like she
2. reading the adults not books are
3. usually not we do during the day sleep
4. she a song now new singing is
5. the computer seldom the afternoon on is in
6. goes Mondays lab to he 7. late the boss on weekdays not do stay up
8. is to the car reporter running the 9. not my golf play do friend
10. goes secretary his never skating 11. I cannot dogs see two
12. in kitchen the Sally has always breakfast
31. Postavite glagole v Present Perfect Simple ali Conitinuous. Pazite na ločila in
tvorite trdilne in vpašalne stavke. (Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use
the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous. Watch the punctuation and form
sentences or questions.)
1. _______ she ________ tennis for half an hour now? (play)
2. Peggy _____________ in the country. (not live)
3. How long ____________ your friend ________ this car? (drive)
4. They _________. (not cycle)
5. John ________ this book, but Jenny has. (not read)
6. How long _______ you ___________ for them? (wait)
7. __________ Oliver ___________ on the black car? (work)
8. My friend _________ hard enough. (not study)
9. How long _________ he ____________ for a flat? (look)
10. I __________ my homework yet. (not do)
11. ________ you __________ the whole morning? (sleep)
32. Postavite glagole v pravilni čas. (Put the verbs in brackets in the correct
tenses.)
1. The weather ______ nice at the weekend. (be)
2. I _______ to the theatre yesterday. (go)
3. Our director ________ 52 next week. (be)
4. My boyfriend always _________ to music before he goes to bed. (listen)
5. They ________ their car. It looks new again. (clean)
6. Listen! The radio _______ on. (be)
7. He _______ his right leg two weeks ago. (break)
8. She ________ to become a doctor when she _______ up. (decide, grow)
9. We _______ a test soon. (write)
10. He ______ all his money yesterday so I _______ him mine. (lose, lend)
51
33. Tvorite odvisni govor. (Use the Reported speech.)
1. She remarked: “The weather is beautiful today.”
______________________________________________________________
2. I said to my secretary: “I‟m going away tomorrow.”
______________________________________________________________
3. “I‟ll come with you as soon as I‟m ready,” he replied.
______________________________________________________________
4. He pointed out: “It was very important to win this battle.”
______________________________________________________________
5. The boss told us: “You are my greatest asset.”
______________________________________________________________
34. Tvorite odvisni govor. Pazite na različne vrste vprašanj. (Finish the sentences
by using the Reported speech. Pay attention to different kinds of questions.)
1. He asked: "Does Jennifer clean the brown shoes every day?"
__________________________________________________________________
2. Richard said: "Do you want to dance?"
__________________________________________________________________
3. Father asked: "When did you come?"
__________________________________________________________________
4. Mark asked me: "Has John arrived?"
__________________________________________________________________
5. Will asked: "Where does she park her car?"
__________________________________________________________________
6. Elisabeth wanted to know: "Did you watch the latest film in Kolosej?"
__________________________________________________________________
7. The waiter asked: "Can I help you?"
__________________________________________________________________
8. My Mother asked: "Will Mandy have lunch with us?"
__________________________________________________________________
9. Michael asked: "What are you doing?"
__________________________________________________________________
10. I asked: "How much pocket money does she get?"
__________________________________________________________________
11. Anne asked: "Must I do the shopping?"
__________________________________________________________________
35. Poiščite napake in popravite besedilo. (Find all mistakes in the text and write
the correct one.)
Hello,
My name is Brenda. I'm thirty-five and I life in Germany. My hobbys are read book,
sometimes I hear music in the radio. In the summer I go bathing in a lake. I have any
brothers or sisters. I take busses to work. I go form 9 at my office. My birthday is on
Friday. I hope I will become a new glasses.
52
I'm looking forward to get a e-mail from you.
Yours,
Brenda
36. Uporabite ustrezne čase in tvorite pogojne stavke tipa I, II ali III. (Put in the
correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type I, II, III).)
1. If we swim in this lake, we _______ from cold. (shiver)
2. If he had studied harder, he ________________ his math test. (pass)
3. If you spoke louder, we _________ you better. (understand)
4. If they meet at 10 o'clock, they ________ plenty of time for coffee. (have)
5. Tim would arrive safe if he _______ slowly. (drive)
6. I would find the milk if I _________ in the fridge. (look)
7. You ________ no trouble in school if you had done all your homework. (have)
8. The zookeeper would have punished you if you ________ the animals. (feed)
9. If you press the black button, the door _______. (unlock)
10. I ______ to the office if I were you. (go)
37. Dopolnite stavke po ţelji. (Finish the sentences as you wish.)
1. If I went for a walk, _____________________________________________.
2. Tom would have done his work if __________________________________.
3. We will go for a trip tomorrow if ___________________________________.
4. If you cope with me for a second, ___________________________________.
5. If she had talked to our business partners before, _______________________
_________________________________________________________________.
38. Postavite stavke v trpnik. (Turn active sentences into passive.)
They are building a new theatre.
____________________________________________________________________
We have done a lot of work this morning.
____________________________________________________________________
The boss explained the new rules.
____________________________________________________________________
The police are looking after him.
____________________________________________________________________
She has taken care of the baby.
____________________________________________________________________
53
REŠITVE (Key)
1.
secretary (es i: si: a: i: ti: ei a: wai)
library (el ai bi: a: ei a: wai)
office (ou double ef ai si: i:)
over-head projector (ou vi: i: a: - eit∫ i: ei di: - pi: a: ou dЗei i: si: ti: ou a:)
funny (ef ju: double en wai)
zebra (zed i: bi: a: ei)
Christmas (ci. eit∫ a: ai es ti: em ei es)
register (a: i: dЗi: ai es ti: i: a:)
sort (es ou a: ti:)
note-book (en ou ti: i: - bi: double ou kei)
2.
mike/[email protected] (em ai kei i: slash es ju: ti: eit∫ e: a: el ei en di: at eit∫
ou ti: em ei ai el dot si: ou em)
[email protected] (zed ou a: ei en underscore en ou vi: ei kei at i: em ei ai el dot
es ai)
[email protected] (zed ei bi: ai si ei double zero nine dot seven at en ej dЗei di. Ai
dite s ai)
3.
is, are, is, am, Are, is, are, is, Are, am, are, are, Is, Is
4.
is, are, are, is, is, are, are, are, is, are, is, is
5.
is, am, are, is, are, is, are, am, are, is, am
6.
has, have, have, does have, do have, do have, has, has, have, does have, has, have,
have, has, does have, have, have, has, does have, have, have, has, have, has, Does
have
7.
am, have, am, has, are, has, am, is, are, has, do have, Are, Do have, Is
8.
a, An a, a, the, an, a, an, a, Ø, a, a, the, the, Ø, the, a
54
9.
1. My name is Pamela.
2. The Drava, the Sava and the Soča are the biggest rivers in Slovenia.
3. Do you often go to Bled?
4. The Brandenburg Gate is one of the most famous monuments in Berlin.
5. Have you ever been to Germany?
6. Some day I will go to Africa.
7. The capital of Russia is Moscow.
8. Triglav is the highest mountain in Slovenia.
9. The Netherlands is a beautiful country.
10. The Atlantic is colder than the Adriatic sea.
10.
women mice, men, children, foot (feet), sheep, analyses, teeth, wolves, watches, fish,
theses, wives knives shelves, bacteria, milk, people
11.
churches, buses, waxes, gases, losses, boxes, dishes, bosses, witches,
12.
plays, armies, ladies, boys, families, toys, keys, parties
13. 1. Police have come to catch the thieves.
2. I have had a cold this week.
3. I come from Ljubljana.
4. She bought bread.
5. She is a queen.
6. Would you like an apple pie?
7. I am a professor of French.
8. The books are on those shelves over there.
9. I have a red and a blue pencil.
10. Do you know those women?
14.
He, She, She, It, They/You/We, They, It, You, They, He, you
15.
My, my, his, Their, his, our, Our, his, Their
16.
55
Does speak, plays, have, does come, write, do have, drinks, play, Do have, think,
wake, Do have, is, don‟t, is, Are, Do like, do hate, does go, Do want
17.
1. Susie is cleaning the house.
2. I am not learning English.
3. My secretary is writing a letter.
4. He is running to catch the bus.
5. Is she baking a cake?
6. Mike is dancing in a disco.
7. They are drinking water.
8. He is not doing exercises.
9. We are talking on the phone.
18.
is cleaning, Do do, am looking, helps, Do read, are standing, is, go, do work, do visit,
Help, has, am cooking, is, does wake
19.
There is, are there, There is, Is there, are there, There is, There is, Is there, There are,
Are there, There is, There is, Are there, Is there, There is, There is, There are, are
there, are there, Is there
20.
must, cannot, can, has to, should, should/have to, Can/May, Can, can, has to,
should/must, Can, cannot, can, Can, should not, must, should, should not/, Can
21.
walked, did, were, bought, did clean, cooked, taught, was, cut, drank, wrote, went, did
fly, knew, mede, had, felt, worked, met had
22.
1. He was walking to office yesterday. 2. They were doing their work last night. 3.
You were being lazy last Monday. 4. Ms Christie was buying a new book this
morning. 5. The janitor was not cleaning the blackboard two days ago. 6. I was
cooking food yesterday. 7. This afternoon my teacher was teaching English. 8. I was
hungry yesterday morning. 9. The gardener was cutting the trees last week. 10. They
were drinking coffee with milk this morning. 11. Last month I was writing several job
applications. 12. Kathy went to London last year. 13. The planes were not flying this
morning. It was snowing heavily. 14. I knew how to blind-type when I was 14. 15.
John was making tables and chairs yesterday. 16. Two weeks ago the boss had a new
car. 17. We were feeling happy yesterday. 18. We were working hard last week. 19.
The students met in the hall and were having a long conversation about the exam.
56
23.
were waiting, was, happened, stole, was, was wearing, were sitting, Did get, was
having, did not look, was listening, did not enjoy, had, saw, did cost, did start, Did
see, Did close
24.
1. Where does you sister come from? 2. Where does she live? 3. What does she do? 4.
How much does she earn? 5. What is her name? 6. What is you brother‟s name? 7.
Where does he live? 8. What does he do? 9. Where does he usually go for a vacation?
25.
1. Where were you? 2. Why did you go to Peru? 3. Where do you live? 4. Where does
he come from? 5. Where do they come from? 6. How long will he stay here? 7. Where
do you work? 8. How many friends does she have? 9. What does she want to do? 10.
What were you doing? 11. When do you have to go? 12. How will she go there?
26.
1. will be 2. will I say 3. will have 4. will be 5. will make 6. comes 7. will go
8. will be studying 9. will finish 10. is going to collapse
27.
She wrote letters in her office. – Past Tense
writes, is writing, was writing, will write, is going to write, will be writing, has
written, has been writing, had written, had been writing, will have written, will have
been writing
They will not be learning English. – Future Continuous Tense
do not learn, are not learning, did not learn, were not learning, will not learn, have not
learnt, have not been learning, had not learnt, had not been learning, will not have
learnt, will not have been learning
Do you want another piece of cake? – Present Simple Tense (moţne so samo „simple‟
oblike) Did you want, Will you want, Have you wanted, Had you wanted, Will you
have wanted
28.
is, was, should, will return, did you write, returns, will go, Must, will not tell,
Can/Could, will be
29.
Who went for a walk yesterday.? Who did he talk to? Who never went to school?
Who did our boss go out with? Who did boss help? What did you play on Thursday?
Who likes to eat good food? How does she go to office? What did she talk about?
What did they talk about? Who did she see (when they were crossing the street)? Who
does Matthew still think of? Who does he walk every day?
57
30.
She does not like Wednesday. The adults are not reading books. Usually we do not
sleep during the day. She is singing a new song now. The computer is seldom on in
the afternoon. He goes to lab Mondays. The boss does not stay up late on weekdays.
The reporter is running to the car. My friend does not play golf. His secretary never
goes skating. I cannot see two dogs. Sally always has breakfast in the kitchen.
31.
has she been playing, has not lived, has been driving, have not been cycling, has not
read, have been waiting, Has been working, has not been studying, has been looking,
have not done, Have been sleeping
32.
will be, went, will be, listens, have cleaned, is, broke, decided grows, will write, lost,
lend
33.
She remarked the weather was beautiful that day. I said to my secretary that I was
going away the next day. He replied he would come with them as soon as he was
ready. He pointed out that it had been very important to win that battle. The boss told
us that we were his greatest asset.
34.
He asked if Jennifer cleaned the brown shoes every day. Richard said if I wanted to
dance. Father asked when I had come. Mark asked me if John had arrived. Will asked
where she parked her car. Elisabeth wanted to know if I watched the latest film in
Kolosej. The waiter asked if he could help. My Mother asked if Mandy would have
lunch with us? Michael asked what I was doing. I asked how much pocket money she
got. Anne asked if she had to do the shopping.
35.
Hello,
My name is Brenda. I'm thirty-five and I life (live) in Germany. My hobbys (hobbies)
are read (reading) book, sometimes I hear (listen to the) music in (on) the radio. In the
summer I go bathing (swimming) in a lake. I have (do not have) any brothers or
sisters. I take busses (bus) to work. I go form 9 at my office (get to my office at 9 am).
My birthday is on Friday. I hope I will become (get) a (Ø) new glasses.
I'm looking forward to get (getting) a (an) e-mail from you.
Yours,
Brenda
58
36.
will shiver, would have passed, would understand, will have, drove, looked, would
have had, had fed, will unlock, would go
37.
If I went for a walk, I would take an umbrella with me. Tom would have done his
work if he had known how to solve the problem. We will go for a trip tomorrow if the
weather is fine. If you cope with me for a second, I will give you my advice. If she
had talked to our business partners before, we would not have had these problems
now.
38. Postavite stavke v trpnik. (Turn active sentences into passive.)
A new theatre is being built. This morning a lot of work has been done. The new rules
were explained. He is being looked after. The baby has been taken care of.
59
ANGLEŠKI NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI (English irregular verbs)
BASE TRANSLATION PAST TENSE PAST PTCP.
arise nastati arose arisen
awake zbuditi se awoke awoken
be biti was/were been
bear nositi, roditi bore born
beat tolči, tepsti beat beaten
become postati became become
befall dogoditi se befell befallen
begin začeti began begun
behold zagledati beheld beheld
bend upogniti bent bent
bereave oropati bereft bereft
beseech rotiti besought besought
bespeak naročiti bespoke bespoken
bet staviti bet bet
bid (at auction) ponuditi bid bid
bind vezati bound bound
bite gristi bit bitten
bleed krvaveti bled bled
blow pihati blew blown
break zlomiti broke broken
breed vzgojiti, rediti bred bred
bring prinesti brought brought
broadcast oddajati (radio) broadcast broadcast
build graditi built built
burn goreti burnt burnt
burst počiti burst burst
bust uničiti, razbiti bust bust
buy kupiti bought bought
cast vreči cast cast
catch ujeti caught caught
choose izbrati chose chosen
cleave razklati, cepiti cleft, clove cleft, cloven
cling okleniti se clung clung
come priti came come
cost stati, veljati cost cost
creep plaziti se crept crept
deal deliti dealt dealt
dig kopati dug dug
do storiti did done
draw vleči, risati drew drawn
dream sanjati dreamt dreamt
BASE TRANSLATION PAST TENSE PAST PTCP.
60
drink piti drank drunk (a drunken
man)
drive gnati, voziti drove driven
dwell stanovati dwelt dwelt
eat jesti ate eaten
fall pasti fell fallen
feed hraniti fed fed
feel čutiti felt felt
fight boriti se fought fought
find najti found found
flee beţati fled fled
fling vreči flung flung
fly leteti flew flown
forbear vzdrţati se forbore forborne
forbid prepovedati forbade forbidden
forget pozabiti forgot forgotten
forgive odpustiti forgave forgiven
forsake zapustiti forsook forsaken
forswear odreči se forswore forsworn
freeze zmrzniti froze frozen
get dobiti got got
give dati gave given
go iti went gone
grind (z)mleti ground ground
grow rasti, gojiti grew grown
hang viseti, obesiti se hung hung
have imeti had had
hear slišati heard heard
heave dvigati hove hove
hew sekati hewed hewn
hide skriti hid hidden
hit zadeti, udariti hit hit
hold drţati held held
hurt raniti hurt hurt
keep (o)hraniti, drţati se kept kept
kneel klečati knelt knelt
know vedeti, znati knew known
lay poloţiti laid laid
lead voditi led led
lean nasloniti se leant leant
leap skočiti leapt leapt
learn učiti se learnt learnt
leave (za)pustiti left left
lend posoditi lent lent
let pustiti let let
lie leţati lay lain
light priţgati lit lit
BASE TRANSLATION PAST TENSE PAST PTCP.
61
lose izgubiti lost lost
make narediti made made
mean pomeniti, nameravati meant meant
meet srečati met met
mow kositi mowed mown
pay plačati paid paid
put poloţiti put put
quit zapustiti quit quit
read /ri:d/ brati read /red/ read /red/
rend raztrgati rent rent
rid osvoboditi (se), znebiti
se
rid rid
ride jahati rode ridden
ring zvoniti rang rung
rise vstati rose risen
run teči ran run
saw ţagati sawed sawn
say reči said said
see videti saw seen
seek iskati sought sought
seethe vreti, kipeti sod sodden
sell prodati sold sold
send poslati sent sent
set postaviti set set
sew šivati sewed sewn
shake tresti shook shaken
shear striči shore shorn
shed preliti shed shed
shine sijati shone shone
shoe podkovati shod shod
shoot streljati shot shot
show (po)kazati showed shown
shrink skrčiti se shrank shrunk
shut zapreti shut shut
sing peti sang sung
sink potopiti se sank sunk
sit sedeti sat sat
slay ubiti slew slain
sleep spati slept slept
slide drseti slid slid
sling zalučati, vreči slung slung
slink plaziti se slunk slunk
slit razparati slit slit
smell vohati, dišati smelt smelt
smite udarjati smote smitten
sow sejati sowed sown
speak govoriti spoke spoken
BASE TRANSLATION PAST TENSE PAST PTCP.
62
spell črkovati spelt spelt
spend potrošiti spent spent
spill razliti spilt spilt
spin presti spun spun
spit pljuvati spat spat
split cepiti split split
spoil pokvariti spoilt spoilt
spread razprostreti spread spread
spring skočiti sprang sprung
stand stati stood stood
steal krasti stole stolen
stick nalepiti, (za)bosti (se) stuck stuck
sting pičiti stung stung
stink smrdeti stank stunk
stride stopati strode stridden
strike udariti, biti struck struck
string napeti strung strung
strive stremeti strove striven
swear priseči, kleti swore sworn
sweat potiti se sweat sweat
sweep pomesti swept swept
swell oteči swelled swollen
swim plavati swam swum
swing nihati swung swung
take vzeti took taken
teach učiti taught taught
tear raztrgati tore torn
tell povedati told told
think misliti thought thought
thrive uspevati throve thriven
throw vreči threw thrown
tread stopati, pohoditi trod trodden
understand razumeti understood understood
wake prebuditi (se) woke woken
wear nositi wore worn
weave tkati wove woven
wed poročiti wed wed
weep jokati wept wept
wet (z)močiti wet wet
win zmagati won won
wind viti se wound wound
withdraw umakniti se withdrew withdrawn
withhold zadrţati withheld withheld
withstand upirati se withstood withstood
wring izţeti wrung wrung
write pisati wrote written
