Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative and NREL: Implementing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

The Hawai’i Clean Energy Initiative:Implementing Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy and Island Sustainability

Seminar Series

University of Hawai’i September 3, 2009

Paul NortonNREL

Seminar Objectives

1. Introduce NREL

2. Give you a broad view of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Hawai’i

3. Raise some of the technical issues that need to be addressed in this field

4. Have a open, creative, lively and fun discussion

Hawi Wind Farm, Big Island

Photo: HELCO

Overview

• NREL introduction

• HCEI introduction

• Energy Efficiency and Zero Energy Buildings

• Renewable Energy – projects, challenges, and opportunities

Parker Ranch, Big Island

Photo: SunPower

Who is NREL?

• U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory located in Golden, CO• Dedicated to energy efficiency and renewable energy• Lead National Laboratory for the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative• Staff of about 1600, 2009 budget of about $460 million• Research centers for ...

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

Residential and Commercial Buildings Wind Energy Solar Energy - Photovoltaics Advanced Vehicles and Fuels

Biomass Geothermal Energy Analysis…

Long-Term Impact: Requires Breakthrough/Translational Science

Managing the science-to-technology interface

Translational Research Facility

Mid-Term Impact: Accelerate Next-Generation Technology to Market

•NREL Focus on Technology and Systems Development•Unique Partnering Facilities•Testing and Validation Capabilities

Integrated Biorefinery Research Facility

Energy Systems Integration Facility

Near-Term Impact: Harvest Past R&D Energy Investments

• NREL Provides Data, Tools and Technical Assistance to:

• Educate and inform• Develop codes and standards• Inform policy options, program design, and

investment choices Resource Assessment Technology Analysis Policy AnalysisU.S. Renewable Electricity Installed Nameplate

Capacity

Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Early Release

Remove Barriers to Broad Deployment• Fuels Economic Recovery

• Creates Jobs

NREL areas of focus• Renewable Research Potential

• Energy Efficiency

• Renewable Electricity Supply

• Biofuels

• Sustainable Transportation

• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• New Directions

9

Renewable Resource Potential

U.S. Photovoltaic Solar Resource

U.S. Concentrating Solar Resource

U.S. Wind Resource (50m)

U.S. Biomass Resource

14

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency Offers Low or No-Cost Carbon Reduction Options

Building Efficiency (in red) represent largest No-Cost option

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2007

Buildings

Status U.S. Buildings:• 39% of primary energy• 71% of electricity• 38% of carbon emissions

DOE Goal:• Cost effective, marketable zero energy

buildings by 2025• Value of energy savings exceeds cost of

energy features on a cash flow basis

NREL Research Thrusts• Whole building systems integration of

efficiency and renewable features• Computerized building energy optimization

tools• Building integrated PV

April 10, 2008

Energy Used in Buildings

•

Buildings use 72% of the nation’s electricity and 55% of its natural gas.

100.7 Quads of Total Use, 2005

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

Technology for Cost Effective Zero Energy Buildings

Condor

Simulations to run

Check status of each

resource

Linux Cluster

Local

Submits Jobs

l

m

n

Jobs Complete?

Check Job and post process

NREL Zero Energy Habitat House

BIPV Products & PV-T Array

Compressorless Cooling

Electrochromic Windows

Polymer Solar Water Heaters

Computerized optimization & simulation Tools

Average 1990’s home

Homeowner costfor low energy home*is the same as minimumcode home

* low energy home requires 65% less energy

• NREL Analysis using BEOpt software for Boulder,CO climate

Example taken from the “GEOS” Neighborhood. Courtesy of Wonderland Hills Development, Boulder Colorado

Net-Zero Energy Homes That Are Cashflow Neutral

20

Renewable Electricity Supply

Wind • Today’s Status in U.S.• 25,300 MW installed capacity• Cost 6-9¢/kWh at good wind sites*

• DOE Cost Goals• 3.6¢/kWh, onshore at low wind sites by 2012• 7¢/kWh, offshore in shallow water by 2014

• Long Term Potential• 20% of the nation’s electricity supply

* With no Production Tax CreditUpdated May 8, 2009Source: U.S. Department of Energy, American Wind Energy Association


The “20% Wind Report” Informs Our RD&D

• The 20% Wind Energy by 2030 Scenario

• How it began: 2006 State of the Union and Advanced Energy Initiative Collaborative effort of government and industry (DOE, NREL, and

AWEA) to explore a modeled energy scenario in which wind provides 20% of U.S. electricity by 2030

• Primary Assumptions: U.S. electricity consumption grows 39% from 2005 to 2030—to 5.8

billion MWh (Source: EIA) Wind turbine energy production (capacity factor) increases about

15% by 2030 Wind turbine costs decrease about 10% by 2030 No major breakthroughs in wind technology

• Primary Findings: 20% wind electricity would require about 300 GW (300,000 MW) of

wind generation Affordable, accessible wind resources available across the nation Cost to integrate wind modest Emissions reductions and water savings Transmission a challenge

www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro

http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro

Wind Energy Technology

Advanced BladesOffshore Wind

US Wind Resource Exceeds Total Electrical Demand

Innovative Tall Towers Giant Multi-megawatt Turbines

Courtesy:WindLogics, Inc. St. Paul, MN

Wind Forecasting

Wind

Photo credit: Megavind

NREL Research Thrusts• Improved performance and reliability• Advanced rotor development• Utility grid integration

Applications of Solar Heat and Electricity

Photovoltaics (PV)

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Centralized Generation, large users or utilities

Distributed Generation, on-site or near point of use

Solar Thermal

Transportation

Residential & Commercial Buildings

Industrial

Passive solar Hot water

Solar – Photovoltaics and CSPStatus in U.S.

PV• 1,000 MW installed capacity• Cost 18-23¢/kWh

CSP• 419 MW installed capacity• Cost 12¢/kWh

Potential:

PV• 11-18¢/kWh by 2010• 5-10 ¢/kWh by 2015

CSP8.5 ¢/kWh by 20106 ¢/kWh by 2015 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, IEA

Updated January 1, 2009

8.22-megawatt Alamosa, Colo., PV solar plant

Solar Research Thrusts• Photovoltaics

• Higher performance cells/modules • New nanomaterials applications• Advanced manufacturing techniques

• Concentrating Solar Power

• Low cost high performance storage for baseload markets

• Advanced absorbers, reflectors, and heat transfer fluids

• Next generation solar concentrators


PV Conversion Technologies—Decades of NREL Leadership

GeothermalToday’s Status in U.S.• 2,800 MWe installed, 500 MWe

new contracts, 3000 MWe under development

• Cost 5-8¢/kWh with no PTC• Capacity factor typically > 90%,

base load power

DOE Cost Goals:• <5¢/kWh, for typical

hydrothermal sites • 5¢/kWh, for enhanced

geothermal systems with mature technology

Long Term Potential:• Recent MIT Analysis shows

potential for 100,000 MW installedEnhanced Geothermal Power systemsby 2050, cost-competitive with coal-powered generation

NREL Research Thrusts:• Analysis to define pathways to commercialization of

enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)• Systems engineering/integration to enable fast track

development of EGS and other program goals• Geothermal energy conversion RD&D

Low temperature geothermal, direct use, and ground source heat pump RD&D

June 18, 2009

Biomass Power

Biopower status in U.S.• 2007 capacity – 10.5 GWe

– 5 GW Pulp and Paper– 2 GW Dedicated Biomass– 3 GW MSW and Landfill Gas– 0.5 GW Cofiring

• 2004 Generation – 68.5 TWh• Cost – 8-10¢/kWh

Potential• Cost – 4-6¢/kWh (integrated

gasification combined cycle)• 2030 – 160 TWh (net electricity

exported to grid from integrated 60 billion gal/yr biorefinery industry)

July 16, 2009

31

Biofuels

Biofuels• Current Biofuels Status in U.S.• Biodiesel – 171 companies; 2.2 billion gallons/yr capacity1• Corn ethanol

– 174 commercial plants2– 10.8 billion gal/yr. capacity2– Additional 2.4 billion gal/yr planned or under construction

• Cellulosic ethanol (current technology)– Projected commercial cost ~$3.50/gge

• Key DOE Goals

• 2012 goal: cellulosic ethanol $1.33/ETOH gallon or ~$1.99/gge

• 2022 goal: 36B gal Renewable Fuel; 21B gal “Advanced Renewable Fuel”– 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act

• 2030 goal: 60 billion gal ethanol (30% of 2004 gasoline)

• NREL Research Thrusts• The biorefinery and cellulosic ethanol • Solutions to under-utilized waste residues• Energy crops• New biofuels

Updated February 2009Sources: 1- National Biodiesel Board2 - Renewable Fuels Association, all other information based on DOE and USDA sources

Why Follow-On Generations?

•3rd & 4th Generations – “beyond ethanol” Higher energy density/suitability Better temp and cold start ability Energy and tailored feedstocks Infrastructure compatibility

Algae

34


Feedstocks

Lignocellulosic BiomassPerennial- Herbaceous- Woody

Annual CropsSugar/Starch (corn, sugarcane, wheat, sugarbeet, etc.)

Other Residues - Forestry, forest products- Municipal and urban:green waste, food, paper, etc.- Animal residues, etc.- Waste fats and oils

Plant Oils/Algae

Transportation FuelsEthanol &

Mixed Alcohols or Methane or Hydrogen

Diesel*

Methanol

Gasoline*

Diesel*

Gasoline* & Diesel*

Diesel*

Gasoline*

Hydrogen

Ethanol, Butanol, Hydrocarbons

Bio-Methane

Biodiesel Green diesel

Catalytic synthesis

FT synthesis

MeOH synthesis

HydroCracking/Treating

Aqueous Phase Processing

Catalytic pyrolysis

Aqueous Phase Reforming

Fermentation

Catalytic upgrading

MTG

Ag residues, (stover, straws, bagasse)

Intermediates

Bio SynGas

Bio-Oils

Lignin

Sugars

Biogas

Lipids/Oils

Gasification

Pyrolysis & Liquefaction

Hydrolysis

Pretreatment &

Hydrolysis

Wide Range of Biofuel Technologies

* Blending Products

Anaerobic Digestion Upgrading

Transesterification

HydrodeoxygenationExtraction

Fermentation

Sustainable Transportation

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

Status:• PHEV-only conversion

vehicles available• OEMS building prototypes• NREL PHEV Test Bed

Key Challenges• Energy storage – life and

cost• Utility impacts• Vehicle cost• Recharging locations• Tailpipe emissions/cold

starts• Cabin heating/cooling• ~33% put cars in garage

NREL Research Thrusts• Energy storage• Advanced power electronics• Vehicle ancillary loads reduction• Vehicle thermal management• Utility interconnection• Vehicle-to-grid

37

Advanced Vehicle Technologies

Batteries

UltraCaps

GM Volt

Vehicle AncillaryLoads ReductionEnergy Storage

Advanced Power Electronics

Before After

Fuels Performance

38

Coordinating Research Council•FACE •Biodiesel Stability•E10/E20/E85

ASTM• Specs & Test Method Development

• Biodiesel • E85

Fuels Chemistry Lab

IQT Projects• Fundamental Ignition

Studies• Pollutant formation• FACE Fuels Testing

NBB CRADA - Biodiesel• Quality/Stability• Compatibility with Emission

Controls• Real-World Evaluation

Fuel Surveys• Biodiesel• E85

•Test Methods•Impurities•Chemical analysis

39

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells•U.S. Status

400+ fuel cell vehicles on the road

58 hydrogen fueling stations

•Goals

•Hydrogen Production $2-3/Kg for all pathways

Renewables in $5-10/Kg range

•Fuel Cells $30/kW by 2015

5,000 hour stack life

•NREL Research Thrusts Renewable H2 production

Safety/codes/standards

Early market introduction

41

New Directions

Evaluating Potential New Directions

Enhanced Geothermal Systems Ocean Kinetic Energy

Pelamis—Ocean Power Delivery

Verdant—Power RITE Turbine

Tidal

Wave

Smart Grid – Renewable Energy Integrationin Systems at All Scales

An Integrated Approach is Required

Making Transformational Change

We must seize the moment.We must seize the moment.

The opportunity for making renewable energy transformational change is now before us as a solution to a global crisis.

What is HCEI?


What is HCEI?

www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org

The 70% clean energy by 2030 goal

Source: HECO IRP4, Sept. 2008

Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative GoalsT

otal

Ele

ctric

ity C

onsu

mpt

ion

Year2008 2030

Projected consumption – business as usual


otal

Ele

ctric

ity C

onsu

mpt

ion

Year2008 2030


Actual consumption with efficiency improvements

Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use


otal

Ele

ctric

ity C

onsu

mpt

ion

Year2008 2030



Renewables = 40% of 2030 projected use

Renewable Electricity



otal

Ele

ctric

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onsu

mpt

ion

Year2008 2030



Renewables = 40% of 2030 projected use

Oil = 30% of 2030 projected use


Generation from oil

Renewable Electricity

70% Clean Energy = 30% Efficiency + 40% Renewables

Source: Booz Allen Hamilton, 2008

Each island has unique renewable energy opportunities

Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard

Passed by the legislature and signed into law (Act 155) in July

“The energy-efficiency portfolio standard shall be designed to achieve four thousand three hundred gigawatt hours of electricity use reductions statewide by 2030”

Where will 4300 GWh of efficiency come from?

Booz-Alan-Hamilton

High-level analysis Completed in 2007

Building Code Changes on the Path to Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB)

• Energy efficiency for new buildings

• Residential and commercial building code changes:Step 1: “Hawaiianized” IECC 2006

– In place for state buildings– Counties are in various stages of adoption

Step 2: “Hawaiianized” IECC 2009– May include the efficiency package required for ZEB

Step 3: ZEB codes (2015)

• Zero Energy Demonstration Projects– Kaupuni Village (DHHL)– Military Housing (Forest City and Actus)– Kona airport

Zero Energy Buildings

produce

as much energy as they

consume

on an annual basis.

What is a Zero Energy Building?


Zero Energy Buildings

produce

as much energy as they

consume

on an annual basis.

What is a Zero Energy Building?


ConsumptionConsumption ProductionProduction

NET Zero Energy Building


An example of NET Zero Energy in a homekW

Hourly PV production

kW

kW

NET energy consumption

Hourly energy consumption

A key to success is including operating cost in our design decisions

Commercial Buildings

Construction costs only

Construction costs pluslifetime building energy costs

Residential Buildings

Initial sales price

Monthly mortgage plusutility bill cost

To AC or not to AC… that is the question• Traditional approach

– Architectural shading– Orientation and window design for natural ventilation– No air conditioning

• Why are we moving away from this?– Times of the year that are hot (…and getting hotter?)– Some area are hotter than other and have less trade wind– Security concerns with open windows– Noise issues with open windows– Lower tolerance for indoor temperature variations

• The hybrid approach– Architectural shading– Orientation and window design for natural ventilation – Insulated ceilings and walls, low-e windows, modest air tightness– High-efficiency air conditioning


Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu

Percent energy savings

Co

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($/m

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($/m

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Minimum cost design

Neutral cost design

Zero energy

Efficiency/PV balance point


Net metering$0.20/kWh

7% 30 year mortgage


Energy Costs



Co

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($/m

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$0.20/kWh

$0.30/kWh

$0.40/kWh

$0.50/kWh


Sizing the PV system


Annual PV Production

Typical new home

efficiency

Zero energy home

Sizing the PV system


efficiencyeducation Annual PV Production

HouseHouseDesignDesign

OccupantOccupantEducationEducation

Typical new home Zero energy home

Will it really be ZERO??

In any given year, it depends on….

• Plug loads (TVs, DVDs, Microwave, computers, stereo, toaster, electric blanket, hair dryer, …. the list goes on!)

• AC use and cooling setpoint

• Hot water use

• Specific weather conditions

The HOUSE AND the PEOPLE living in the house

meet or miss the zero energy target TOGETHER


Energy use depends on us!

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113

Tota

l Ann

ual E

lect

rici

ty U

se p

er H

ome

(kW

h)

Las VegasHomes with identical

energy efficiency features

Annual Energy Use per Home3300 kWh/mo

620 kWh/mo


More than 5x difference

• Compact florescent lighting? • Consider energy use in purchases:

Efficient air conditioner TVs – How many? How big? Plasma or LCD? TEVO

boxes?, game boxes? Refrigerator – Newer ones can use much less energy

• Use of high-energy equipment? Freezer Hot tub Pool Aquarium

• The list goes on.......

The choices we make…..


For example, our refrigerators…

Source: NRDC


….our TVs…


• Taking advantage of natural ventilation?• Using blinds for shading?• Air conditioning setpoint?• AC off when home is unoccupied?• Turning off lights when not in use?• TVs off when not in use? • Computer and peripherals:

Screen shut off? Power strip shutdown?

…. our behavior…..



….the STUFF we buy….

•There is energy, CO2 and other pollution associated with:

•Materials•Manufacturing•Transportation•Disposal

Example Analysis: Big –Box Pet Store in Colorado

Starting Point

Minimum Cost Point

Cost Neutral Point

Maximum Energy Savings

ZEB Not Possible

Example Analysis: Big –Box Pet Store in Colorado

Balancing Efficiency and Renewable Energy

• Invest in efficiency first! Many efficiency options are less expensive than renewable energy Building energy needs can often be cut by 40% to 50% through efficiency while

lowering combined capital and operating energy cost

• Very deep (60% to 80%) energy savings are often available at neutral combined capital plus operating energy cost

• Achieving zero energy may not be possible with the roof area available

• These savings can only be achieved if they are designed into the building Retrofitting shell efficiency options is more expensive or impossible Roofs must be designed to accommodate the appropriate amount of solar at an

appropriate orientation and tilt.

A key to success is a measureable energy goal

Set a measureable energy goal for the building early!

Examples (from weak to strong)…. Design a green building Design a LEED [pick a rating level] building Design a building to use 30% less energy than code Design a building to use less than 25,000 BTU/sf per yr. Design a net zero energy building

Examples of Low-Energy and Zero Energy Commercial Buildings

Oberlin College Lewis CenterOberlin College Lewis Center– Oberlin, Ohio Oberlin, Ohio – goal: zero net site energy use (117%)goal: zero net site energy use (117%)

Zion Visitor CenterZion Visitor Center– Springdale, UT Springdale, UT – goal: 70% energy cost savings (65%)goal: 70% energy cost savings (65%)

Cambria Office BuildingCambria Office Building– Ebensburg, PA Ebensburg, PA – goal: 66% energy cost savings (43%)goal: 66% energy cost savings (43%)

Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF)Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF)– Annapolis, MD Annapolis, MD – goal: LEED 1.0 Platinum Rating (25%)goal: LEED 1.0 Platinum Rating (25%)

Thermal Test Facility (TTF)Thermal Test Facility (TTF)– Golden, CO Golden, CO – goal: 70% energy savings (51%)goal: 70% energy savings (51%)

BigHorn Home ImprovementBigHorn Home Improvement– Silverthorne, CO Silverthorne, CO – goal: 60% energy cost savings (53%)goal: 60% energy cost savings (53%)

Science House, Science Museum of MinnesotaScience House, Science Museum of Minnesota– St. Paul, MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota– goal: zero net site energy use (139%)goal: zero net site energy use (139%)

Examples of Low-Energy and Zero Energy Residential Buildings

DHHL Kaupuni Zero Energy Village, OahuDHHL Kaupuni Zero Energy Village, Oahu

Tucson, ArizonaTucson, Arizona

Oklahoma City, OklahomaOklahoma City, Oklahoma

Frisco, TexasFrisco, Texas

Hickory, Hickory, North CarolinaNorth Carolina

Patterson, Patterson, New JerseyNew Jersey Washington StateWashington State

Paul NortonHCEI Senior Project Leader

National Renewable Energy Laboratory808-220-1555

[email protected]

Websites:hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.orgwww.nrel.govwww.highperformancebuildings.govwww.builidingamerica.gov

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.nrel.gov/

http://www.highperformancebuildings.gov/

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