Hazardous Materials

MCFRSAnnual Re-certification

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MCFR Hazmat Operations Level Training In our organization, we are trained to:

NFPA 472 - Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Material Incidents

We are trained to operate in the Hazmat Operations role. This roll allows us to perform all activities up to the edge of the HOT zone

We can operate at this level in a DEFENSIVE manner only.

Primary Responsibilities Identifying the hazardous material(s)

involved in an incident if possible

Analyzing an incident to determine the nature and extent of the problem

Protecting first responders, nearby persons, the environment, and property from the effects of a release

Primary Responsibilities Developing a defensive plan of action to

address the problems presented by the incident

Implementing the planned response to control a release from a safe distance and keep it from spreading

Evaluating the progress of the actions taken to ensure that response objectives are safely met

Hazmat Managing Agencies -U.S. Department of Transportation

(USDOT)

-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

-OSHA

-Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Hazmat Incident Response Levels

Level I – Incident that can be controlled by first responder/s. No evacuation necessary beyond initial site. Small area that poses no immediate threats to life, property, or environment. Ex.: auto leaking fuel

Hazmat Incident Response LevelsLevel II- Incident has greater hazard/area involved than Level I. May pose danger to life, property, and environment. This incident may require limited evacuation/protective area of surrounding sites. Requires the response of a formal response team. Ex.: Minor accidental chemical spill at industrial location.

Hazmat Incident Response Levels

Level III – Incident the poses severe danger to life, property, and environment. May involve large scale protective actions etc. Incident will require federal, state, regional assistance. Ex.: Large scale train derailment w/numerous tanker cars on fire.

Routes of Exposure Inhalation Absorption Ingestion Penetration/Direct Contact Injection

Hazardous Material Health Affects The acronym TRACEMP defines

potential health affects: Thermal Radiological Asphyxiation Corrosive Etiological Mechanical Psychological

Hazmat Exposure Limits Threshold Limit Value (TLV) – 8 hrs./24 hr. day

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)- 8 hrs./24 hr. day

Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) – 15 mins./24 hr. day

Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH) – Immediate

This limit represents the maximum concentration from which an unprotected person can expect to escape in a 30-minute period of time without suffering irreversible health effects.

Radioactive Material Incidents

Three basic safety measures:TIME

DISTANCESHIELDING

Environmental Emergencies

Heat emergencies: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat

stroke

Cold emergencies: frostbite, hypothermia

Site management: Initial actions

1. Establish command

2. Confirm command

3. Select incident command post location

4. Establish staging area as needed

5. Request additional units as needed

Commercial Occupancies Containing Hazardous Materials

Fuel storage facilities

Gas/service stations and convenience stores

Paint supply stores Plant nurseries,

garden centers, and agricultural facilities

Pest control and lawn care companies

Medical facilities Photo processing

laboratories Dry cleaners Plastics and high-

technology factories

Site management: Positioning

ALWAYS approach uphill and upwind if possible

Look for possible clues to the incident upon approach

Site management: Hazard Perimeters/Distances/Zones

Establish initial isolation perimeters/distances as soon as

possible.

Establish COLD, WARM, and HOT zones.

Hazard Zones

Site management: Public – Protect-in-Place/Evacuation Shelter-in Place – have areas affected

turn off all HVAC, close windows etc., turn off exhaust fans etc. Stay in-doors in-place listening via radio or TV for instructions.

Evacuation- have affected areas physically move to safe specific location. Remember factors such as ability to disseminate info, time involved, population at risk, routes of travel etc.

Hazmat Identification Methods Seven primary clues: Shipping papers or documents Container shapes/types Placards/labels Detection equipment Markings/colors Type of occupancy/location Senses

Sources for Names of Haz Mat at transportation Incidents

ERG

Shipping papers

Shipping Paper Identification

Air transport Shipping paper name — Air bill Location of shipping paper — Cockpit Responsible party — Pilot

Highway transport Shipping paper name — Bill of lading Location of shipping paper — Vehicle cab Responsible party — Driver

Shipping Paper Identification Rail transport

Shipping paper name — Waybill/consist Location of shipping paper — Engine or caboose Responsible party — Conductor

Water transport Shipping paper name — Dangerous cargo

manifest Location of shipping paper — Bridge or

pilothouse Responsible party — Captain or master

North American RailroadTank Car Markings

Initials (reporting marks) and number Are stenciled on both

sides (to the left when facing the car) and both ends (upper center) of the tank car tank

Can be used to get information about the car’s contents from the railroad’s computer or the shipper

North American RailroadTank Car Markings

Capacity stencils — Show the volume of the tank car tank Volume in gallons (and

sometimes liters) is stenciled on both ends of the car under the car’s initials and number

Volume in pounds (and sometimes kilograms) is stenciled on the sides of the car under the car’s initials and number

North American RailroadTank Car Markings

Specification markings Indicate the

standards to which a tank car was built

Are stenciled on both sides of the tank, on the opposite end from the initials and number

Rail Tank Cars

Pressure tank car Contents:

Flammable, nonflammable, and poison gases as well as flammable liquids

Rail Tank Cars

Non-pressure tank car Contents:

Flammable liquids, flammable solids, reactive liquids, reactive solids, oxidizers, organic peroxides, poisons, irritants, corrosive materials, and similar products

Without expansion dome

With expansion dome

Cargo Tank Trucks

Non-pressure liquid tank (MC306) Low-pressure chemical tank (MC307) Corrosive liquid tank (MC312) High-pressure tank (MC331) Cryogenic liquid tank (MC338, MC306) Compressed-gas/tube trailer Dry bulk cargo tanker

Equipment That May Indicate Hazardous Materials Presence

Loading/unloading facilities

Forklifts Dollies and

hand trucks Booms A-frames

Ramps Assorted riggings Loading docks Fume hood vents

or chemical exhaust stacks

Spray rigs

WARNINGDeliberately using the human senses to

detect the presence of hazardous materials is both unreliable and unsafe.

It could kill you!

Limitations of Using Senses to Detect Hazardous Materials

All but vision require close contact with hazardous material in order to hear, smell, taste, or feel it.

Hazmat Identification Methods: Non-bulk PackagesNon-bulk package: contains solids, liquids,

or gases per DOT definitionsLiquids: capacity 119 gals. (450 liters) or

less

Solids: net mass of 882 lbs. (400 kg) or less for solids, or capacity of 119 gals. (450

liters) or less.

Gases: water capacity of 1001 lbs (454 kg) or less

Hazmat Identification Methods: Non-bulk Packages

Transportation container types for non-bulk materials may

include:Bottles, carboys, jerricans,

cylinders, boxes, barrels, bags, drums etc.

Characteristics of DOT Labels Provide same information as vehicle

placards Are posted on packages Are 3.9-inch (100 mm), square-on-point

diamonds, that (with the exception of Class 7 labels) may or may not have written text

Require subsidiary risk labels for materials that meet the definition of more than one hazard class

Manufacturer’s Labels and Signal Words

Must be used by chemical manufacturers and importers

Must include one of four signal words if for consumer use: CAUTION — Minor health effects WARNING — Moderate hazards DANGER — Highest degree of hazard POISON — Highly toxic (pesticides)

Manufacturer’s Labels and Signal Words

Must include specific information: Name and business address of the

manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller Name of each hazardous ingredient Statement of the principal hazard Precautionary statements Instructions for first-aid treatment Instructions for special handling or storage Statement “Keep out of the reach of

children.”

Hazmat Identification Methods: Bulk Packages Bulk package- any packaging to include

transports vehicles which meet DOT definitions:

Liquids: capacity greater than 119 gals. (450 liters)

Solids: net mass greater than 882 lbs. (400 kg) for solids, or capacity greater than 119 gals (450 liters)

Gases: water capacity greater than 1001 lbs. (454 kg)

Hazmat Identification Methods: Bulk Packages

Transportation containers for bulk materials may include any of the

following:Bulk bags/boxes, cargo tanks, van trailers, rail cars, inter-modals etc.

Hazmat Identification Methods: Bulk Packages

Bulk packages may be identified using placards or markers.

Placards are used in transportation.

Markers such as NFPA 704 are used only on permanent facilities.

DOT Hazard Classes/Divisions Class 1 – Explosives (Divisions 1.1–1.6) Class 2 - Gases - flammable/non-

flammable/toxic (Divisions 2.1-2.3) Class 3 - Flammable liquids (and

Combustible Liquids) Class 4 - Flammable solids,

Spontaneously Combustible Materials, Dangerous When Wet, and Water Reactive Materials (Divisions 4.1-4.3)

DOT Hazard Classes/Divisions Class 5 – Oxidizing Substances/Organic

Peroxides (Divisions 5.1-2) Class 6 – Toxins/Infectious Substances

(Divisions 6.1-2) Class 7 – Radioactive Materials Class 8 – Corrosive Substances Class 9 – Miscellaneous Hazardous

materials/Products, Substances, Organisms

*All classifications and associated divisions can be found via (Hazard Classification System, 2008 ERG, pg. 14)

Parts of a DOT Placard

Background Color

Hazard Symbol

Diamond shaped

Hazard Class Number

4-Digit ID Number, UN or Hazard Class Designation

DOT Placard Color Codes

Explosive Oxidizer Flammable

Health Hazard Water Reactive Nonflammable Gas

DOT Symbols

Explosive Oxidizer Radioactive Flammable

Poison Corrosive Nonflammable Gas

Specialized Systems for Hazardous Materials Include:

NFPA 704 Common hazardous communications

labels International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) Globally harmonized system Military markings Pipeline identifications

NFPA 704

Health

Flammability

Instability

NFPA 704

Provides a method for indicating the presence of hazardous materials at: Commercial facilities Manufacturing facilities Institutional facilities Other fixed-storage facilities

NFPA 704

Not designed for the following situations: Transportation General public use Non-emergency occupational exposures Explosive and blasting agents Chronic health hazards Etiologic agents, and other similar

hazards

Hazard Communication Symbols

Biological Chemical Nuclear/ Radiological

Carcinogen/ Cancer

U.S. Military Fire Division Symbols

Division 1: Mass explosion May also be used for Division 5:

Mass Explosion — Very insensitiveexplosives

Division 2: Explosion with fragment hazard May also be used for Division 6:

Non-mass Explosion — Extremelyinsensitive ammunition

U.S. Military Fire Division Symbols

Division 3: Mass fire

Division 4: Moderate fire -No blast

U.S. Military Hazardous Chemical Markings Wear full protective clothing

(Set One) “Red You’re Dead”

Wear full protective clothing (Set Two) “Yellow You’re

Mellow”

Wear full protective clothing (Set Three) “White is Bright”

U.S. Military Hazardous Chemical Markings

Wear Breathing Apparatus

Apply No Water

Pipeline IdentificationPipeline Identification

Product

Emergency telephone number

Owner

Signal words

Required where a pipeline crosses another mode of transportation!

2008 Emergency Response Guidebook The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) is

primarily a guide to aid 1st responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of materials involved in and emergency incident on a highway or railroad.

It helps them protect themselves and the public during the initial response phase of the incident.

The ERG does not address all possible circumstances that may be associated with a dangerous goods/ hazardous materials incident.

2008 Emergency Response Guidebook Explosives are not listed individually but

appear under the general heading Explosives on the first page of the ID Number Index and alphabetically in the Name of Material index.

The letter P following the Guide number in the yellow-bordered and blue-bordered pages identifies those materials that present a polymerization hazard under certain conditions.

First responders should be familiar with the ERG before using it in an emergency!

Methods for Determining the ERG Page for a Hazardous Material

Using the numerical index for UN/NA ID numbers

Using the alphabetical index for chemical names

Using the Table of Placards and Initial Response Guides

ERG ID Number Index (Yellow-Bordered Pages) Index hazardous materials in

numerical order of their 4-digit ID numbers

Follow ID number with material’s assigned ERG Guide number followed by the material’s name

Highlight substances that release toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) gases

ERG Material Name Index (Blue-Bordered Pages)

Alphabetically index hazardous materials by name

Follow the material’s name with the ERG Guide number and the material’s 4-digit ID number

Highlight substances that release toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) gases

Initial Action Guides (Orange-Bordered Pages)

Provide safety recommendations and general hazard information

Present each guide in a two-page format Potential hazards section Public safety section Emergency response section

Table of Initial Isolation Distances (Green-Bordered Pages)

List TIH materials by ID number in Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

Include water-reactive materials that produce toxic gases in Table of Water-Reactive TIH Materials

Initial Isolation Distance

Distance within which all persons are considered for evacuation in all directions from the actual spill/leak source

Table of Initial Isolation Distances

Protective Action Distance

A downwind distance from a spill/leak source within which protective actions should be implemented (steps taken to preserve the health and safety of emergency responders and the public)

Protective Action Zone

Small Spills vs. Large Spills

Small spill —A spill that involves less than 53 gallons (200 liters) of material.

Large spill — A spill that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages

Elements of the General Hazardous Material Behavior Model

Stress Breach Release Dispersion/engulfment Exposure/contact Harm

Timeframes Associated with Exposure and Contact

Immediate — Milliseconds, seconds

Short-term — Minutes, hours

Medium-term — Days, weeks, months

Long-term — Years, generations

Standard Strategic Goalsof Haz Mat Incidents

Isolation Notification Identification Protection Spill control Leak control Fire control Recovery/termination

Confinement Controlling the product that has already

been released from its container Function — Minimizes the amount of

contact the product makes with people, property, and the environment

Tactics Absorption Adsorption Blanketing/covering Dam, dike, diversion, and retention Vapor suppression

Leak Control/Containment Tactics

Patching/plugging Overpacking Product transfer Crimping

Valve actuation Vacuuming Pressure isolation and

reduction Solidification

Hazards Encountered Due to Skin Contact with Hazardous Materials

Chemical burns

Allergic reactions

Rashes

Absorption of toxic materials into the body

Types of PPE Usedat Haz-Mat Incidents

Structural fire-fighting protective clothing

High-temperature protective clothing

Chemical-protective clothing

Liquid-splash protective clothing

Vapor-protective clothing

Chemical Protective ClothingChemical Protective Clothing

EPA Classification SystemEPA Classification System

Level A Level B Level C Level D

These levels are also recognized by NIOSH, OSHA, and USCG.

EPA Level A Ensemble Components

Vapor protective suit Pressure-demand, full-face SCBA Inner chemical-resistant gloves Chemical-resistant safety boots Two-way radio communication Cooling system (optional) Hard hat (optional) Outer gloves (optional)

Components SCBA required with a

splash protective garment

Vapor protection not required

Chemical protective gloves may not be attached to the suit

EPA Level B EnsembleEPA Level B Ensemble

EPA Level C Ensemble Components

Support Function Protective Garment

Full-facepiece, air-purifying, canister-equipped respirator

Chemical-resistant gloves and safety boots

Two-way communications system Hard hat Faceshield (optional) Escape SCBA (optional)

Components Ordinary work clothing Minimal Skin Protection Requires no respiratory protection Level D protection is not

adequate for first responders

EPA Level D EnsembleEPA Level D Ensemble

Types of Respiratory Protection

Atmosphere-supplying respirators Closed-circuit SCBA Open-circuit SCBA Supplied-air respirators (SARs)

Air-purifying respirators (APRs) Particulate removing Vapor and gas removing Combination particulate and vapor-and-

gas removing

Contamination Terms

Exposure — The process by which people, animals, the environment, and equipment are subjected to or actually come in contact with a hazardous material

Hazard — The harm that can be done by a material

Types of Contamination

Primary The direct transfer of a hazardous

material to persons, equipment, and the environment

Occurs in the hot zone because of direct contact with a hazardous material

Types of Contamination Secondary

The contamination of people, of equipment, or the environment outside the hot zone

The contaminant is carried from the hot zone by personnel’s clothing or tools, air currents, and runoff water.

If personnel are not decontaminated before leaving the hot zone, they can contaminate whomever and whatever they touch thereafter.

Contamination Terms Contamination — The process of transferring a

hazardous material from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment

Decontamination The process of removing hazardous materials

to prevent the spread of contaminants beyond a specific area and reduce the level of contamination to levels that are no longer harmful

Is performed when a victim, responder, animal, or equipment leaves the hot zone

Criminal and Terrorist Incident Response

Essentially the same as other haz mat incidents

Law enforcement Must be notified Must be included Responsible for evidence

collection

Elements of Terrorism

Terrorist activities are illegal and involve the use of force.

Actions intend to intimidate or coerce.

Actions are committed in support of political or social objectives.

Categories of Terrorist Incidents

BBiologicaliological NNuclearuclear IIncendiaryncendiary CChemicalhemical EExplosivexplosive

SLUDGEM

The acronym SLUDGEM is used to remember chemical agent health problems:

Salivation (drooling) Lacrimation (tearing) Urination Defecation Gastrointestinal

upset/aggravation (cramping)

Emesis (vomiting) Miosis (pinpointed pupils) or

Muscular twitching/spasms

2008 ERG pages 355-357

Criminal/Terrorist use of Chemical/Biological/Radiological Agents

Can be found in the case of a terrorist incident

Guidelines for Preserving Evidence

Remember and document when something was touched or moved

Minimize the number of people working in the area, if possible

Leave fatalities and their surroundings undisturbed

Identify witnesses, victims, and the presence of evidence

Guidelines for Preserving Evidence

Preserve potentially transient physical evidence

Follow departmental procedures for establishing chain of custody, documentation, and security measures to store crime scene evidence

Sources Hildebrand, Noll, Yvorra, Hazardous

Materials:Managing the Incident 3rd. Edition, Redhat Publishing Company, Inc., copyright 2005

Copley, Terry, Hazardous Materials For First Responders 3rd. Edition, Board of Regents, OSU, copyright 2004

2008 Emergency Response Guidebook