I ,L HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RISK ANALYSIS Introduction to Risk Analysis, 1 Overview of Training, 3 Federal Guidelines, 4 Overview of Emergency Planning, 7 Hazards Analysis, 11 Risk Analysis, 13 Conducting a Risk Analysis, 15 Advanced Techniques, 21 A relative ranking of hazards for the purposes of community emergency planning does not require extensive mathematical evaluations, application of statistics, or extensive support ffom experts. Application of readily available information and common sense, when combined with site-specific evaluations such as the vulnerability analysis, will complete much of the risk analysis process. . . . Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis
Transcript
I ,L
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
RISK ANALYSIS
Introduction to Risk Analysis, 1
Overview of Training, 3
Federal Guidelines, 4
Overview of Emergency Planning, 7
Hazards Analysis, 11
Risk Analysis, 13
Conducting a Risk Analysis, 15
Advanced Techniques, 21
A relative ranking of hazards for the purposes of community emergencyplanning does not require extensive mathematical evaluations,application of statistics, or extensive support ffom experts. Applicationof readily available information and common sense, when combinedwith site-specific evaluations such as the vulnerability analysis, willcomplete much of the risk analysis process.
. . . Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis
www.all-hazards.com
This government publication has been electronically converted by International Disaster/Fire Training Institute, Inc. www.all-hazards.com
*RISK ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION TO RISK ANALYSIS
hazardousmaterialspreparedness
The economic vitality of American industry depends on themanufacture, transportation, storage, processing, and disposalof an increasing volume of hazardous materials--substancesthat are flammable, poisonous, radioactive, corrosive, orexplosive. To protect the public from an accidental release ofthese chemicals, local jurisdictions must be prepared to dealwith hazardous materials emergencies, whether on the nation’shighways or at fixed-site facilities in the area.
emergency planning For this reason, communities and businesses develop plansdesigned to identify the risks posed by different hazardoussubstances. These plans attempt to answer questions like:
* How dangerous are the routine emissions of a local plantto people in surrounding neighborhoods?
* How likely is a spill of hazardous materials on the majorhighway through the community?
* If an accident occurs on the highway or in the plant, howmany people will be hurt? What are the long-term healthconsequences?
* Which hazard poses a greater threat to the community(and should be considered first in planning)--the highwayor the plant?
definition of riskanalysis
A study that answers questions like this is called a mAnalysis, one component of a comprehensive hazardousmaterials emergency plan. A risk analysis is an evaluation bythe communify of the likelihood of an accidental release ofhazardous materials and the expected consequences of such arelease. Specifically, it provides an estimate of:
benefits of riskanalysisinformation
The probability of an accidental release, (and thepossibility of simultaneous emergency incidents)
The severity of human injury or death that would result
The consequences for special facilities (e.g., hospitals,nursing homes, prisons, communication centers)
Expected damape to nronertv and the environment
This information is extremely valuable to emergency plannersand decision-makers. In particular, the results helpcommunities establish planning and allocation nriorities thattarget limited resources to the most significant threats. Inaddition, a thorough risk analysis provides a foundation foreducating senior government officials and the public on thedangers posed by various chemical hazards.
focus of training This document presents a brief overview of a very complextopic: communitv risk analvsis. It is designed to familiarizeyou with related concepts and techniques, but not to provide adetailed “how to” manual for emergency planners. For moreinformation, review other sources listed in Appendix A or seekadditional assistance, as needed.
Although many of the same principles apply in otheremergency management disciplines, the focus here is on riskanalysis for hazardous materials preparedness. The approachfollows guidelines developed by the National Response Team,composed of representatives of 14 federal agencies. Individualcommunities, however, may wish to adopt other approaches,depending on their information needs and technical resources.
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RISK ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW OF TRAINING
TRAINING GOAL
TRAININGAUDIENCE
TRAINING
’ a
OBJECTIVES
Promote an awareness and understanding of the basicconcepts and principles of risk analysis.
Provide an understanding of related methods and tools.
Motivate the adoption of effective practices at the state andlocal levels.
Government officials and others with a responsibility forhazardous materials emergency management and planning.
At the conclusion of training, you should be able toaccomplish the following:
+ Define “risk analysis” and discuss its importance inenvironmental and emergency management.
+ Identify common applications and benefits of riskanalysis in hazardous materials emergencymanagement.
+ Explain the basic risk analysis process; discusslimitations of quantitative risk analysis and hazardsanalysis.
+ Describe general risk analysis requirements andmethods for fixed facilities and transportation routes.
+ Identify common problems and cite generic guidelinesfor conducting risk analyses.
+ Determine your requirements for further informationor training, and list possible sources.
RISK ANALYSIS
FEDERAL GUIDELINES
FEMA REQUIREMENTS
emergencyoperations plans
Planning requirements for jurisdictions receiving FEMA fundscall for states and local governments to prepare an emergencyoperations plan (EOP). Jurisdictions must identify availablepersonnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other resources,and specify the method for coordinating actions by individualsand government services in an emergency. The plan shouldaddress planning needs at all levels of government, for alltypes of hazards, and in all phases of emergency management.
Guidance on the form, content, and development process forstate and local emergency plans is contained in various FEMApublications, including:
CPG 1-8
CPG l-8a
CPG 1-35 ’
hazardousmaterialslegislation
* Guide for Develonment of State and Local EmergencyOperations Plans
* Guide for the Review of State and Local EmergencvOperations Plans
* Hazard Identification. Communitv Assessment and Multi-Year Develonment Plan
These documents present the fundamentals of all-hazardplanning; they are not concerned specifically with hazardousmaterials. Furthermore, the subject of riskspecifically addressed, although it is part ofmaterials appendix of a multi-hazard EOP.
SARA TITLE III
analysis is notthe hazardous
Title III of the Superfund Amendments and ReauthorizationAct of 1986 (SARA) is also called the Emeeency Planning andCommunity Right-to-Know Act. The legislation has two mainpurposes:
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RISK ANALYSIS
the value ofinformation
Q#reportingrequirements
* to encourage and support emergency planning andresponse for chemical accidents
* to provide local governments and the public withinformation about possible chemical hazards in theircommunities.
SARA provides a mechanism to ensure that local governmentsand individual citizens have the information they need to planfor and take protective actions in the event of a hazardousmaterials incident. The law assumes that the more peopleknow, the better equipped they will be to protect their familiesand neighbors from unacceptable risks associated withhazardous materials.
To make available the information needed for this job, TitleIII requires companies--both manufacturers and non-manufacturers--to publicly report the amount, location, andpotential effects of hazardous materials being used or storedat their facility. The law has four basic requirements:
1.
2.
3.
Emergency planning. Facilities that store or use any ofmore than 300 Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHSs)report this fact to the Local Emergency PlanningCommittee (LEPC), which develops an emergency planbased on this and other information.
Emergency release reporting. Facilities must reportaccidental releases of EHSs in amounts over a designatedreporting threshold.
Hazardous chemical reporting. Facilities that store or useanv hazardous chemical in amounts over certain reportingthresholds must submit an annual chemical inventory listto the LEPC and State Emergency Response Commission(SERC).
RISK ANALYSIS a
4. Creation of an emissions inventory. Manufacturingfacilities that use any of a different list of about 300chemicals must report emissions in greater than thresholdquantities to EPA and designated state agencies.
SARA Title III andrisk analysis
SARA Title III establishes a requirement for state and localjurisdictions to develop hazardous materials emergency plans.The legislation also specifies a mechanism, process, andrelated responsibilities for planning. Perhaps mostimportantly, SARA, through its facility reporting provisions,helps ensure that adequate information is available to thecommunity for planning purposes.
technical guidance As part of SARA, Congress mandated that the NationalResponse Team provide guidance on preparing and reviewingemergency plans. This guidance, which addresses arecommended approach to risk analysis, is contained inpublications available to state and local officials, including:
related resources Related information and assistance can be found in a varietyof sources, some of which are listed in Appendix B. Acomplete discussion of the legislation, programs, and materialslisted is beyond the scope of this training. However, you areencouraged to consider these resources, depending on yourspecific interests and needs.
RISK ANALYSIS
benefits ofplanning
minimumrequirements
OVERVIEW OF EMERGENCY PLANNING
As noted previously, SARA Title III requires each communityto prepare a comprehensive hazardous materials emergencyplan. The benefits of planning include:
* An orderly, systematic approach to decision-making
* A mechanism to communicate and document the results ofdecisions
* A baseline for evaluating options and emergency actions
A risk analysis, in which planners evaluate the probability andconsequences of possible hazardous materials events, is animportant component of the plan. Therefore, the objectivesand methodology for preparing a risk analysis must be viewedin the context of the overall plan.
THE PLANNING PROCESS
SARA Title III calls for a clearly defined approach to planningand a written plan. Minimum requirements for the planinclude:
Identification of facilities and extremely hazardoussubstances, transportation routes, and additional facilitiesat risk or that could contribute to additional risk
Private and public sector emergency response procedures,on-site and off-site
Designation of a community coordinator and facilitycoordinator(s) to implement the plan
Emergency notification procedures
Methods for determining the occurrence of a release andthe probable affected area and population
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RISK ANALYSIS
minimumrequirements(continued)
planning is anp r o c e s songoing
two planningformats arepossible
Description of community and industry emergencyequipment and facilities and the identity of personsresponsible for them
Evacuation plans
Description and schedules of a training program foremergency response personnel
Methods and schedules for exercising emergency responseplans
But planning is a process, not simply a document. Indeveloping the plan, members of the community work togetherto identify problems, determine priorities, allocate resources,assess capabilities, and so forth. No single approach isappropriate for all jurisdictions.
Hazardous materials emergency plans can be prepared as partof the community’s multi-hazard Emergency Operations Plan(EOP) or as a separate stand-alone document. (Communitiesreceiving FEMA funds are required to incorporate hazardousmaterials planning into their EOP. Other communities areencouraged to do so.)
COMPONENTS OF THE PLAN
Although each community tailors the planning process to itsspecific needs and constraints, plans should address certainbasic requirements. Figure 1, taken from NRT-1, depicts angeneral overview of the planning process.
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L
Figure 1
OVERVIEW OF PLANNING PROCESS
* Begin IO Plan 4
*Review and Coordinate with
Existing Plans(See Chapter 3)
+Assess Response
Capabilities
+Conduct Hazards
IdentificaGon and Analysis(See Chapter 3)
+Assess Industry
ResQ
onsc CapabilitiesSee Chapter 3)
t
1I 1
I Wrilc Plan(See Chapters 4 and 5) I
Seek Plan Approval
1
I Revise, Test, and IMaintain Plan
]I ( S e e Chapler 6 ) I1
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step 1
step 2
step 3
RISK ANALYSIS
For our purposes, three primary tasks can be identified:
* Review of Existing Plans--The first step in emergencyplanning is to review existing plans prepared by individualfacilities, communities, the state, Regional ResponseTeam, and the federal government. This step is designedto minimize redundant efforts by avoiding “recreating thewheel.” The analysis is also necessary to ensurecoordination with other groups.
* Hazards Analvsis--During this stage, planners identifywhere and how hazardous materials accidents could occurand the nature of the threat they pose. The study providesa factual basis for planning and response efforts through adetailed analysis of hazards specific to the community.
* sabilitv Assessment--Planners next develop a realisticevaluation of the community’s ability to prevent orrespond to potential accidents identified in the hazardsanalysis. Both community and industry responsecapabilities are considered. Factors include existing plans,mitigation measures, resources, and legal authorities.
developing the plan The analyses conducted during these three phases provide asolid foundation for developing the emergency plan. The finalplanning process is as much an art as a science, requiring theclose integration of people, organizations, and resources.
Remember: emergencv planninp is never complete; the planshould be considered a “living document” that must becontinually refined to meet changing needs and conditions.
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a RISK ANALYSIS
HAZARDS ANALYSIS
A systematic and thorough hazards analysis is a necessary stepin the development of emergency plans. The analysisidentifies all possible threats and vulnerabilities, presentshistorical data about past disasters, assesses future probabilityand frequency of emergencies, and validates gathered data.Considerations include the predictability, frequency,controllability, duration, scope, and intensity of hazards.
There are three basic steps in conducting a hazards analysis:
what is the threat?
what areas may beaffected?
how significant isthe risk?
1. Hazards Identification--The purpose of a hazardsidentification is to provide information on the identitiesand quantities of hazardous materials in the community;the location of facilities that use, produce, process, or storehazardous materials; the physical and chemical propertiesof the substances; storage conditions; transportationroutes; and the nature of associated hazards.
2. Vulnerability Analysis--When conducting a vulnerabilityanalysis, planners identify the geographic zone of thecommunity that may be affected by the release of ahazardous substance; the population within each zone thatis subject to harm; critical facilities (for instance, hospitals)that are at risk; and property and environmental systemsthat may be damaged.
3. Risk Analysis--A risk analysis provides a means to judgethe relative likelihood of a release, and the magnitude ofharm to humans should one occur. The analysis includes1) a judgment of the probabilitv of the release; 2) ajudgment on the severity of consequences; and 3) a basisfor comparing sites to establish priorities for emergencyplanning.
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RISK ANALYSIS
planners shouldlimit the scope ofthe analysis
Preparing a community hazards analysis is a big job, especiallyin large jurisdictions with thousands of chemical threats.While a complete analysis of all hazards would be informative,it may not be feasible or practical given resource and timeconstraints. Therefore, a hazards analysis may includevulnerability and risk analyses, or may simply identify thenature and location of hazards in the community. For similarreasons, communities usually conduct an initial screeningprocess in order to limit in-depth analysis to the mostimportant hazards.
using the results
It is critical for planners to determine how detailed an analysisto conduct. But whether simple or sophisticated, the analysisshould serve to characterize the nature of the problem posedby hazardous materials. This information can then be used toorient planning to the community’s unique situation.
Some information from the hazards analysis can beincorporated directly into the emergency plan, but results areuseful in other ways as well. For example, knowledge of thehazards associated with a particular substance can help localofficials set planning priorities or determine whetherspecialized response equipment or training is needed. Thecharacteristics of the vulnerable zone helps planners assesswarning systems, identify evacuation routes, and estimaterequirements for temporary shelter and food.
Can you think of other uses for the information developedduring a hazards analysis?
STUDENT NOTES:
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a RISK ANALYSIS
RISK ANALYSIS
The third step of the hazards analysis process, risk analysis,builds on the results of the previous two (hazard identificationand vulnerability analysis). A risk analysis is designed toprovide a means for emergency planners to evaluate andcomoare different risks by assigning a measure to hazards andranking them.
setting priorities
ranking hazards
the risk analysisprocess
Since, ideally, the community should prepare for all potentialhazards--whether large or small--a risk analysis is conductedprimarily to set manning priorities. This purpose isparticularly important where time or resource constraintsprohibit an in-depth planning effort on every possible hazard.
THE ANALYTICAL PROCESS
For example, let’s assume you have identified that a localfacility uses an extremely hazardous substance, say aldicarb, inquantities large enough to pose a risk to surroundingneighborhoods. You have investigated the hazard, calculatedthe corresponding vulnerable zone around the plant, andestimated the populations that would be affected by a release.
Now you need to know: How dangerous is this hazardcompared to others in the community?
Whether for fixed facilities or transportation routes, a similargeneral approach can be applied:
* Use credible worst case assumptions from the vulnerabilityanalysis for each hazard
* Collect all information from the hazards identification andvulnerability analysis into a table
* Obtain additional information on community and facilitysafeguards, response capabilities, and accident records
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a
RISK ANALYSIS
risk analysisprocess (continued)
* Make a judgment on the
* Make a judgment on therelease
* Organize the results in ayou rank the risks
qualitative andquantitativemeasures
different results arepossible
probabilitv of a release
severitv of conseauences of the
matrix format designed to help
Probability and severity can be measured in qualitative terms(high, medium, low) or in quantitative terms using numericalestimates and statistical calculations where resources permit.The level of detail might vary from plan to plan and evenamong different hazards. In practice, a local risk analysis maybe based on common-sense evaluations by knowledgeablemembers of the planning team. More sophisticated means areavailable (see Advanced Techniques) but are not consideredessential for emergency response planning.
It is important to remember that even a quantitative riskanalysis relies on judgments, assumptions, and simplifications.Results will vary based on many factors, including localpriorities and resources. However, a risk analysis provides asystematic approach for evaluating complex phenomena, and amethod to apply the results for emergency decision-making. Awell-designed process also helps planners and others:
Conceptualize and understand hazards faced by thecommunity
Identify possible mitigation measures
Document results of the decision-making process
Communicate about risks with officials and the generalpublic
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types ofinformation usefulfor risk analyses
CONDUCTING A RISK ANALYSIS
There is no one right way to go about conducting a riskanalysis. The approach chosen by the community will dependon the hazard, existing information, and available resources.
DATA GATHERING
Since the characteristics of hazards vary significantly, differenttypes of information may be useful in evaluating the likelihoodand severity of a release. Important sources include (for amore detailed list, see Appendix I from the publicationTechnical Guidance for Hazards Analvsis):
Existing community response plans
Existing facility safety and response plans and notificationprocedures
Safeguards in place on-site; engineering control methods;leak and spill detection systems
Equipment available on-site for emergency response
Plant security, training, and public education programs
“State-of-the-art” practices for similar facilities
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RISK ANALYSIS
sources of riskanalysisinformation
Information can be gathered from a variety of sourcesappropriate to the specific hazard. For example:
* The data available through SARA Title III facilityreporting requirements can be particularly useful.
* Local organizations--fire, police, hospitals, universities,news media, etc.--are a valuable source of information andexpertise for the analysis.
* Assistance is available from national associations likeCHEMTREC, the National Fire Protection Association,and chemical industry groups.
* Federal agencies with hazardous materials responsibilitiesprovide guidance, software, and other resources.
working withindividual facilities
Perhaps the most important source of information is thefacilities themselves, which are required by law to provide alldata “necessary for developing and implementing theemergency plan.” Industries can and should be approachedwith questions regarding site-specific hazards and safeguards,and requests for assistance.
But remember that interaction with facilities should be basedon cooperation, respect for trade secrets, and otherconfidential business information, and recognition of theindustry as a member of the community.
avoid overlycomplexapproaches!
As previously noted, an exhaustive data gathering process isusually not required to develop a relative measure of risk.Collection of data on all possible topics would be extremelycomplex and time-consuming. Therefore, it is important torecognize when enough information is gathered. The use ofcommunity-specific checklists can be helpful for this purpose.
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RISK ANALYSIS
ASSEMBLING THE INFORMATION
organize theinformation in atable format
present theinformation tocommunitydecision-makers
4
use a matrix torank risks fromdifferent hazards
Data collected during the three major steps of the hazardsanalysis should be systematically assembled as they becomeavailable. One method is to organize the information in atable format, with each hazard occupying one column. Byplacing all this material in a relatively abbreviated format, thetable provides a direct way to identify missing information andto compare hazards with one another.
Figure 2, taken from the publication Technical Guidance forHazards Analysis, presents a sample table.
This information is then presented to community decision-makers, who evaluate the relative risk posed by each hazard.There are no hard and fast rules for determining relative risk.One type of hazard may have the potential for extensivedamage, but the likelihood of its occurring is less than anotherwhich-would bejudgments mustavailable.
less damaging. Subjective and qualitativebe made in accordance with the information
To determine a relative ranking among risks, the responses ofdecision-makers are gathered into a risk analysis matrix.S t e p sin this process are as follows:
Each hazard is assigned a rating based on the probabilityof a release. The rating can be in qualitative orquantitative terms.
Each hazard is also assigned a value according to theseverity of potential consequences, using a similar ratingscheme.
The results of these steps are combined in a matrix,similar to the one presented as Figure 3. The rating for“probability” is shown on the vertical or “Y” axis, and therating for “severity” is shown on the horizontal or “x” axis.
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Figure 2
EXAMPLE HAZARDS ANALYSIS MATRIX FOR A HYPOTHETICAL COMMUNITYs -z
__--~~___Hazard A-_--_- Hazard B IIazard C
-
INITIAL SCREENING1. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATKIN
(Major Hazards)
a. Chemical
b. Location
c . Ouanlify
d. Properties
z 2. VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
a Vulner* zone’
b. P lalion withinvu erablerone9R”
c. Essential serviceswithin zone
3. RISK ANALYSISlnilial Evaluation of
ke rlin Facilities-&PRAe live azards)
Waler lrealmenl plant
600 bs. 3OOOlbs.
Poisonous; may be fatal I inhaled.Respiralory conditions aggravatedby exposure. Co&cl may causebums b skin and eyes. Corrosive.Effeds may be delayed.
Pdsonous; may be falal if inhaled. Vaporscause irritation of eyes and respiratorylracl. Liquid will burn skin and eyes.Conlacl wilh liquid may cause frostbile.Effects may be delayed. Although notIhmmable, will bum wilhin certain vaporconcentration limits and haease firehazard in Ihe presence of oil or combuslibiematerials.
A ‘II of 800 bs. of &brine froma s agelankwuldresullhan%r;;feradk~s grealer than 10 miles where
ma exceed the level ofconcern T r:OC). hiiwouldbeacredble wcfsl case scenario.
Approximately 600 residents of anursing home; workers at a smallfactory; 29 workers al the waler-lreatmenl plant; urban area-400person&q. mile; total hlion in
%vulnerable zone 1s more I 125.000.
2 fire sbtions and 1 hospilal
Relakve lo potential hazards ofolher reporting fadlilies-high
Ammonia
Tank truck on local interstalehighway
A spill of 3000 bs. of ammonia resull-ing from a col6sbn of a lank truck couldresull in an area of radius 7.6 mileswhere ammonia exceeds its LOC. Thswould be a aedible worsl case sc3nario.
Up lo 700 rsons in residences, corn-mercjal esB.lrshmenfs or vehkles nearhighway interchange; seasonal hlluxof visitors b forest preserve in lheIall; rural area-75 personsrSq. mile;iobl popularion h vulnede zoneis 13,600.
1 volunteer Ire slalion
Medium
‘The dislances here may not correspond wilh those in NRT-1 as Ihe assumptions used in the calculation are dflerenl.
Liquid methyl isocyanale (MC)
Peslicrde manufacturing plant in nfxubysemi-rural area
1ouokS.
Causes death by respiratory disbessabler inhalation. Olher eHecls wouMindude permanent eye damage, respira-tory distress, and disorienlalion.Explosive. Extremely !lammable.
A spill of loo0 bs. of methyl isocyanalecould atfecl an area of radus 7 6 mileswilh MC v
aIzrs exceeding the LOC
(assuming I I tie liquid is ho1 when‘Iled. the lank is not dked. and lhe
FtYIC is al 100% concentration). Thiiwould tn3 a aedible worst case scenario
Uplo2OOworkersalIheplanland 1000children in a school; rural area85personsIsq. mile; total
Jz”blion in
vulnerable zone k 15.
None
High
.-
Figure 2 (continued)__-
ilazard A llazard B Hazard C_ _ _ __~~~__~____~ ---- ____~_ -___
REEVALUATION (Selecl lacililies by priority based on initial screening)
z 1. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATON04 a. Chemti ChbIine Ammonia Liquid meihyi kocyanab (MC)
b. Localbn Nochange Nomge No change
c. ~$~~ilJ lhal 500 tls. (deaease) Nochange 1500 bs. (inuease) &Ie lo hue&pro&clbn
d. Proper%
2. VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
a VuheraMe Zone
c. Essenlialsecvlces
3. RlSK ANALYSIS
b. Consequences iipeople are exposed
c. Consequencas brPwertv
d. Consequences 01environmental exposure
Possible deslruction 01 surroundingfauna and llora.
e. Summary: Skelihood’seventy of consequences
Zone decreases (new radus-1.0miles) due lo smaller quzmlity releasedandusedurbantkpxsbnmodel.
Deaeases; btalLrr
latlonhvtdnerablezme 250.
Lowbecause Motine is sbredh an area with leak deklhnequ@menl h 24 hour service withalarms. Proleclive equpmenl kkepl oukide sbrage room.
High levels of chlorine gas in henursing home and lacbry could causedeah and respirabry bsbes.5. Bed-ridden nursing home parienk areeq&ally susceplible. High sever-ity 01 amsequences. However, gas kunCkely lo reach a nursing homeundec reevalualed release cor~Miorts.
Possble superfiil damage lo lac-ilily equpmenl and slnnzlures bomCO~OSNB fumes (repair&i@.
Low/High The communily would ~PXESlhis on sile and int5denl specik basis.
High-h’ hway inlerchange has a hkloryoCac&nscbelopoorvkbiMydexils and enkmws.
Molorisls’ reaclions b release vqors maycause balk accicbnk. Injured and lrq-ped molorisk are ti b lehd vaporand pc&Ae incinera r!zWtibwn vapors
?%%?~~%$%?rH~~severily 01 coRsBquB(IcBs.
Repairable damage b highway. Pobnlialdeslruckn 01 nearby vehkks due bfire or ex@osions.
Polenlial br fire damage b adjacanl loreslpreserve due b am&uslble malerial(recovef&le in lhe long lerm).
High/High. The communi would asses Ihkon srle and in&ml
zone hueases (new ra&s-grealer ban 10miles) due b lager qanlily released.
Low-fat3T
has up b dale conlahmenllaclities w lh tedr debckn equpmenlandanemergencypbnbrikempbyees.
severily h school hours,medium severity al d other limes.
Vrpors may e@o& in a conrmed spau,c-4 properV damage (repair*).Damage could resull born lires (repar-a).
Farm animals and oher launa muld bek&d or &v&p heal6 ellecknecessilaling lhei destuckm ofindklly causing dealh
Low/High lo medium. The community wouldassess lhii on sile and incident qecikbasis
Probabilit!or Likelihooc
of ReleaseOccurrln<
High
Medium
Figure 3
RISK ANALYSIS MATRIX
Low Medium High
Severity of Consequences of an Accidental Release to People
These Combinations of Conclusions from Risk AnalysisIdentify Situations of Major Concern
Other ratingschemes are alsopossible
This matrix permits nine possible rankings, based on high,medium, or low ratings for each variable. In general, thegreater the estimate of probability and severity, the greater theestimate of risk. However, communities will need to evaluateif other factors not included in the rating process should beconsidered in the relative ranking of risks.
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RISK ANALYSISI f :‘% ‘,, :,
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
The qualitative matrix method just discussed is adequate formost hazardous materials planning purposes. However, wheresufficient information needs and resources exist, moreadvanced methods may be appropriate. This section brieflydiscusses the use of models and computers for hazards analysis(including risk analysis), and mentions several other techniquesemployed by industry to evaluate hazards.
ANALYTICAL MODELS
models provide aframework foranalysis
Models are analytical tools that provide a structuredframework for data gathering, and define procedures forcalculations needed to evaluate hazardous materials threats.By constructing a simple representation of the situation,models attempt to simulate the outcome that can be expectedunder certain sets of conditions (scenarios). Decision-makerscan then interact with the model by altering the conditions. Inthis way, they use the model to test the results of differentassumptions or decisions.
using models foremergencymanagement
Models can help emergency planners in a variety of ways. Forexample, given data about the amount and characteristics of aspecific chemical, a model can be used to calculate toxic gasconcentrations and determine vulnerable zones downwind ofthe site. The planner can then graphically superimpose theresults on a map of the community.
Other models can help emergency managers determineevacuation routes by considering such factors as traffic flowrates, collector and arterial capacity, and alternative networkconfigurations. Still others can be used to estimate theprobability of occurrence of a hypothetical event. FEMA,EPA, and DOT have developed a model to simplify theanalysis of hazardous materials risks associated withtransportation incidents in communities whose population isless than 50,000 (see Appendix A).
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RISK ANALYSIS
benefits of models Models facilitate the analysis process by, for example,providing data gathering forms and procedures, tables andcharts used for calculations, analytical methods for quantifyingrisk, and instructions for using the results. Perhaps mostimportantly, models help eliminate biases or shortcuts byimposing a defined analytical methodology on the decision-making process.
limitations ofanalytical models
benefits ofcomputers
using computers * Record pertinent information about chemicals andfor risk analysis facilities
It is important to note, however, that models are valuabletools, but they have their limitations. First, models aresimulifications of complex situations that may not capture allvariables of interest to the decision-maker. Models may alsoreflect existing deficiencies in scientific understanding, data, ormethods. And they typically rely to some degree on theassumptions, judgments, or priorities of the designer or user.As a result, it is not uncommon to find substantial variationswhen applying different models to the same problem.
USING COMPUTERS FOR HAZARDS ANALYSIS
Like models, computers are tools that can assist in calculatingand reporting the results of a hazards analysis. Theyaccomplish this function primarily through their ability tostore, retrieve, and manipulate large volumes of data quickly.
Automated systems have many advantages. For example,users can more easily sort data and select informationaccording to specific criteria, or to join data bases for specialneeds. Managers can ask “what if’ questions--determining howoutcomes will change when parameters are modified--or runsophisticated analytical models. Computers can also aid indisplaying the results, whether in narrative reports or usinggraphics and maps.
For conducting a risk analysis, planners can, for example, usecomputers to:
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1 I RISK ANALYSIS I*
computers arebecomingindespensable
advancedtechniques used inevaluating chemicalhazards
* Calculate vulnerable zones based on worst caseassumptions
* Plot the results on a computer map showing thepopulation and critical facilities
* Allow local decision-makers to record their judgments onthe likelihood and consequences of different risks
For these reasons, more and more jurisdictions are turning toautomated information management systems to better handlethe unique demands associated with hazardous materials.Applications range from the simple automation of lists toexpert systems that can apply problem-solving skills to socialand physical phenomena associated with emergency planningand response.
OTHER ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE§
In addition to the methods already described, other moresophisticated techniques are available for evaluating hazards,These procedures, which require techical personnel andempirical data or good models, may be appropriate for theanalysis of particular types of hazards. They include:
* Hazard and operability study (HAZOP)
* Event tree analysis
* Fault tree analysis
* Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA)
These methods for risk analysis are highly complex, and themethodologies employed are under continual development byexperts in the field. It is therfore suggested that plannersintending to use them seek appropriate support. Moreinformation is available in Technical Guidance for HazardsAnalysis and other sources.
23
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Appendix A
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Environmental Protection Agency,Department of Transportation, Risk Assessment /Vulnerability Users Manual forSmall Communities and Rural Areas, March 1986.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Hazardous Materials ContinpencyPlanning Course, November 1989.
Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency,Department of Transportation, Technical Guidance for Hazards Analvsis,December 1987.
Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency,Department of Transportation, Handbook of Chemical Hazard AnalysisProcedures, and associated computer software known as the Automated Resourcefor Chemical Hazard Incident Evaluation (ARCHIE), 1989.
National Response Team, Hazardous Materials Emereencv Planning Guide(NRT-1).
Department of Transportation, Emergencv Resoonse Guidebook, 1987.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act(CERCLA).
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), including the Hazardous andSolid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA).
RELATED PROGRAMS
Environmental Protection Agency’s Chemical Emergencv Preoaredness Program (CEPP)
Chemical Manufacturers Association’s Cornmunitv Awareness and EmerPency ResnonseProPram (CMA/CAER)
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Appendix B
GLOSSARY
Act
Annex(functional)
Appendix(of Annex)
bB CAER
CAMEO
CEPP
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (see SARA).
Parts of the EOP that begin to provide specific information anddirection; should focus on operations, what the function is and who isresponsible for carrying it out, emphasize responsibilities, tasks,procedures, and operational actions that pertain to the function beingcovered, including activities to be performed by anyone with aresponsibility under the function. Should clearly define and describethe policies, procedures, roles, and responsibilities inherent in thevarious functions before, during, and after any emergency period.
Hazard-specific: addresses each hazard that threatens the jurisdiction.Unique characteristics of various hazards will not be adequately coveredin the functional annexes; to properly treat such unique factors is thepurpose or role of the hazard-specific appendixes to the functionalannexes.
Community Awareness and Emergency Response: program adoptedby member companies of the Chemical Manufacturers Association(CMA), designed to integrate facility emergency response plans withcommunity emergency response plans and provide the public withinformation on chemicals manufactured or used at local chemicalplants. Anticipated many eventual requirements of CEPP and SARA.
Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations: computerdata-base storage-retrieval of pre-planning data for on-scene responseuse in hazmat incidents. Includes systematic MSDS data on commonchemicals, air-plume modeling program and pre-planning displays ofchemical storage sites and amounts of designated sites, based on priorinput of data received from facility managers. “Codebreaker” featurecan identify wide range of substances via instant cross-referenceprocedure. Developed by and available via USCG and NOAA.
Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program developed by theEnvironmental Protection Agency to address accidental releases ofacutely toxic chemicals. Many parts adopted by Congress into SARA.
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CERCLA
CHEMTREC
communityEmergencyCoordinator
ComprehensiveEmergencyManagement(CEM)
ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,and LiabilityAct of 1980
The Compre:hensive Environmental Response, Compensation, andLiability Act of 1980 (Superfund), regarding hazardous substancereleases into the environment and the cleanup of inactive hazardouswaste disposal sites; establishes authority to tax chemical and petroleumindustries to finance a $1.6 billion response trust fund (the Superfundor Fund), and provides broad Federal authority to respond directly toreleases or threatened releases of hazardous substances and pollutantsor contaminants that may endanger public health or welfare or theenvironment. EPA is primarily responsible for implementingSuperfund. Under CERCLA, EPA may take legal action to force thoseresponsible for hazardous substance releases to clean them up or toreimburse EPA for costs or cleanup. Reauthorized via SARA.(Codified as: 42 USC 9601 et. seq.)
CHEMical T&ansportation Emergency Center, operated by theChemical Manufacturers Association to provide information and/orassistance to emergency responders. CHEMTREC contacts the shipperor producer of the material for more detailed information on thechemical released, to facilitate response and cleanup actions.CHEMTREC maintains technical information files on over 300,000proprietary chemicals. During emergencies, CHEMTREC can provideinformation regarding the effects of most chemicals on persons or theenvironment and suggest methods for treatment, containment andcontrol of an incident. CHEMTREC also maintains a directory ofexperts and industry assistance teams that can assist in emergency.CHEMTREC can be reached 24 hours a day (800-424-9300).REMEMBER: A call to CHEMTREC does not fulfill any statutoryor regulatory reporting requirement of the Federal government.
A person appointed for the local emergency planning committee(pursuant to SARA), who makes determinations necessary to implementplans, and who receives official emergency notification of releases.
An integrated approach to the management of emergency programsand activities for all four emergency phases (mitigation, preparedness,response, and recovery), for all types of emergencies and disasters(natural, manmade, and attack), and for all levels of government (local,State, and Federal) and the private sector.
Legislation (PL 96-510) covering hazardous substance releases into theenvironment and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites.CERCLA established the “Superfund” to provide resources for thesecleanups. Amended and extended by SARA. (See CERCLA)
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ContingencyPlan
CPG l-8
CPG l-8a
CPG 1-35
CriticalFacilities
DOT
EmergencyManagementInstitute (EMI)
EOP
EmergencyPlanningNotification
A document to identify and catalog the elements required to respondto an emergency, to define responsibilities and specific tasks, and toserve as a response guide.
Guide for Development of State and Local Emergency OperationsPlans, prepared by FEMA (see EOP).
Guide for the Review of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans,prepared by FEMA. Provides FEMA staff with a standard instrumentfor assessing EOPs that are developed to satisfy the eligibilityrequirement to receive Emergency Management Assistance (EMA)funding. Also called the “crosswalk’ checklist. Utilized in developmentof NRT-la.
Hazard Identification. Canability Assessment, and Multi-YearDevelopment Pian for Local Governments, prepared by FEMA. Aplanning tool to guide local jurisdictions through a logical sequence foridentifying hazards, assessing capabilities, setting priorities, andscheduling activities to improve capability over time.
Facilities essential to emergency response, such as fire stations, policestations, hospitals and communication centers.
Department of Transportation.
Component of FEMA’s National Emergency Training Center locatedin Emmitsburg, Maryland. It conducts resident and non-residenttraining activities for Federal, State, and local government officials,managers in the private economic sector, and members of professionaland volunteer organizations on subjects that range from civil nuclearpreparedness systems to domestic emergencies caused by natural andtechnological hazards.
Emergency Operations Plan, an all-hazards document, which specifiesactions to be taken in the event of natural disasters, technologicalaccidents, or nuclear attack; identifies authorities, relationships, and theactions to be taken by whom, what, when, and where based onpredetermined assumptions, objectives, and existing capabilities.May include a HazMat appendix in each functional annex (whichsuffices for Title III compliance).
Notice a facility must make to the Commission, declaring itself to besubject to the emergency planning requirements of Title III. [sec.302(c) of SARA]
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ERG
EmergencyResponse Plan
EPA
Exercise
ExtremelyHazardousSubstance
Facility
FacilityEmergencyCoordinator
FEMA
Emergency Response Gfor response personnel’sissue is dated “1987.”
uidebook, published and distributed by DOTinitial use on-scene at HazMat events. Latest
Earlier editions should be discarded.
Comprehensive emergency response plan developed by the theCommittee (local), in compliance with Title III (sec. 303) forsubmission to SERC; outlines procedures for chemical emergencyplanning and response.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, primary CERCLA agency; chairof NRT.Title III Hotline (800) 5350202; in Washington, D.C. (202) 479-2449,8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Monday - Friday.(Also known as CEPP Hotline.)
Maneuver or simulated emergency condition involving planning,preparation, and execution; carried out for the purpose of testing,evaluating, planning, developing, training, and/or demonstratingemergency management systems and individual components andcapabilities, to identify areas of strength and weakness for improvementof emergency plan (EOP).
EPA list of 300-plus substances named in Appendix D of 40 CFR Part300, as described in SARA section 302(a)(2). Section 302, 303 and 304of CERCLA apply to these substances. Length of list may be altered cby EPA review process.
As defined by section 101 of CERCLA, means any building, structure,installation, equipment pipe or pipeline (including any pipe into a seweror publicly-owned treatment works), well, pit, pond, lagoon,impoundment, ditch, landfill, storage container, motor vehicle, rollingstock, or aircraft, or any site or area where a hazardous substance hasbeen deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed, or otherwise come to belocated; but does not include any consumer product in consumer use orany vessel. For the purpose of the emergency release notification, theterm includes motor vehicles, rolling stock, and aircraft.
Facility representative for each facility with an extremely hazardoussubstance (EHS) in a quantity exceeding its threshold planning quantity(TPQ), who participates in the emergency plating process.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, responsible for administeringtraining funds under Title III of SARA. Broader responsibilitiesinclude assistance in all aspects of community planning, preparednessand response to the full range of likely disasters and emergencies,including recommendation for a Presidentially-declared disaster area
28
and administration of disaster funds. Provides a range of expertise andadministrative skills in community preparedness planning via stateemergency offices.
Hazard Any situation that has the potential for causing damage to life, property,and/or the environment.
HazardIdentification
The Hazard Identification is part FEMA’s CPG l-35, of the “HazardIdentification, Capability Assessment, and Multi-Year DevelopmentPlan” (HICA/MYDP, op. cit.) information system, which is completed(and updated annually) by State and local emergency managementorganizations. The Hazard Identification provides a structuredapproach for identifying those hazards judged by local officials to posea significant threat to their jurisdiction.
HazMat Hazardous Materials: any substance or material in a particular formor quantity which the Secretary of Transportation finds may pose anunreasonable risk to health, safety, and property, or any substance ormaterial in a quantity or form which may be harmful to humans,animals, crops, water systems, or other elements of the environment ifaccidentally released. Substances so designated may include explosive,radioactive materials, etiologic agents, flammable liquids or solids,combustible liquids or solids, poisons, oxidizing or corrosive materials,and flammable gases. Defined via rulemaking process, under authorityof PL 93-633.
HazardsAnalysis
The procedure for identifying potential sources of a hazardous materialsrelease, determining the vulnerability of an area to a hazardousmaterials release, and comparing hazards to determine risks to acommunity.
HazardsIdentification
Provides information on which facilities have extremely hazardoussubstances (EHSs), what those chemicals are, and how much there isat each facility. Also provides information on how the chemicals arestored and whether they are used at high temperatures. Mandatoryfacility reporting under Title III will provide most of the informationneeded for a hazards identification.
HMCP
HMIX
HazMat Contingency Planning Course designed by FEMA, EPA, andDOT, for SERC and LEPC briefing. Delivered at local level by“Qualified Instructor” cadre trained at EM1 campus of FEMA.
Hazardous Materials Information Exchange: a national data repositoryand “bulletin board” for all states’ use regarding planning, trainingcourses, regional activities, and recent legislation or regulatory updates.It is available to any communications-capable personal computer bydialing directly to (312) 972-3275; or FTS 972-3275.
29
IntegratedEmergencyManagementSystem (IEMS)
Strategy for implementing emergency management activities whichbuilds upon those functions which are common to preparedness for anytype of occurrence; and which provides for special requirements ofindividual emergency situations. Seeks function-based plan annexeswhich can be adapted to varied hazard events.
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee. A committee appointed by theState emergency response commission (SERC), as required by Title IIIof SARA, to formulate a comprehensive emergency plan for its district.(See “Committee.“)
LOC Level of Concern. The concentration of an extremely hazardoussubstance (EHS) in the air above which there may be seriousirreversible health effects or death as a result of a single exposure fora relatively short period of time.
Material SafetyData Sheet(MSDS)
Compilation of the health, flammability, and reactivity hazards of achemical. It is a legal document, required by the OSHA 1910.1200(g)Hazard Communication Standard (Title 29 CFR). Required by SARAto be submitted to LEPC, SERC and local fire department by chemicalmanufacturer or importer. Each MSDS contains information about safehandling of a hazardous chemical in the workplace, and will containrecommended exposure limits, by such organizations as the AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
NationalContingencyPlan (NCP)
Term referring to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances PollutionContingency Plan. Regulations prepared by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency implement the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and theresponse systems of the Clean Water Act (sec. 311); refer to 40 CFRPart 300.It establishes three organizational levels: the National Response Team(NRT), Regional Response Teams (RRTs) and On-Scene Coordinators(OSCs), and can be implemented using two sources of federal responsefunding. One fund enables the OSC to conduct oil spill activities, theother is used for chemical releases. The NRT’s membership consistsof 14 federal agencies with interests and expertise in various aspects ofemergency response to pollution incidents. The EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) serves as chairman and the Coast Guardserves as vice-chairman of the NRT. The NRT is primarily a nationalplanning, policy and coordinating body and does not respond directlyto incidents. The NRT provides policy guidance prior to an incidentand assistance as requested by an OSC via an RRT during an incident.NRT assistance usually takes the form of technical advice, access toadditional resources/equipment or coordination with other RRTs. (SeeRRT and OSC, op. cit.)
e
30
National FireAcademy (NFA)
NationalResponse Center(NRC)
NationalResponse Team(NRT)
NETC
NOAA
NRT-1
A component of FEMA’s National Emergency Training Center locatedin Emmitsburg, Maryland; provides fire prevention and control trainingfor the fire services and allied services. Courses are offered intechnical, management, and prevention subject areas. A growingoff-campus course delivery system is operated in conjunction with Statefire training program offices.
A communications center for activities related to response actions; it islocated at Coast Guard Headquarters in Washington, D.C. Establishedunder the Clean Water Act and CERCLA, and operated by the U.S.Coast Guard. The NRC receives and relays notices of discharges orreleases, disseminates reports when appropriate, and provides facilitiesfor use in coordinating a national response action when required. Forrelease reporting call 24 hours a day (800) 424-8802; in Washington,D.C. call (202) 426-2675.
Organization of representatives from 14 federal agencies withresponsibility for national planning and coordination (interagency andinter-jurisdictional) of CERCLA objectives.
FEMA’s campus in Emmitsburg, Maryland, known as the NationalEmergency Training Center (NETC); composed of the National FireAcademy (NFA) and the Emergency Management Institute (EMI).NFA deals directly and specifically with firefighting professionals,including hazardous materials training. For the rest of emergencypersonnel EM1 develops, monitors and delivers training regarding allcategories of emergency and disaster threats to communities, includinghazmat.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, central agency indevelopment of CAMEO computer system for hazmat response andplanning use, especially air-plume and surface-slick dispersion modeling.Functions under the Department of Commerce. Provides ScientificSupport Coordinators (SSCs) in coastal and marine areas. SSCs serveas members of the OSC’s staff, as scientific and technical advisors.Their capabilities include contingency planning, surface/subsurfacetrajectory forecasting, resource risk analysis, technical hazard dataassessment and general communications. The SSC serves as principalpoint-of-contact for members of the scientific community.
Emergency Planning Guide issued by NRT, dated March 1987; fulfillsCongressional requirement for unified Federal guidance document forHazMat emergency planning. Product of numerous inputs from Stateand local government, industry, emergency planners, environmentalgroups, and the public. Known to some as the “orange book,” and is akey, central document for LEPC/SERC guidance.
31
NRT- 1A
OSHA
RCRA
“Criteria for Review of Hazardous Materials Emergency Plans”, issuedby NRT in May 1988, to assist communities in assessing theeffectiveness of their plans. Derived in part from FEMA documentssuch as CPG 1-8, l-8a and NRT-1.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, responsible forworkplace safety regulation, including HazMat responders trainingstandards.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (of 1976): established aframework for proper management and disposal of all wastes; directedEPA to identify hazardous wastes, both generically and by listingspecific wastes and industrial process waste streams. Generators andtransporters are required to use good management practices and totrack the movement of wastes with a manifest system. Owners andoperators of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities also must complywith standards.
Regional Established under CERCLA and operated under the National ResponseResponse Team Team, chaired by EPA and co-chaired by Coast Guard; composed of
representatives of Federal agencies and a representative from eachState in the Federal region. During a response to a major hazardousmaterials incident, the OSC may request that the RRT be convened toprovide advice or recommendations. May be convened by the chairmanwhen a hazardous materials discharge or release exceeds the responsecapability available to the OSC in the place where it occurs; crossesregional boundaries; or may pose a substantial threat to the publichealth, welfare, or environment, or to regionally significant amounts ofproperty. RRTs may review plans developed in compliance with TitleIII, if the local emergency planning committee so requests. RRTsreceive direction from the National Response Team; RRT membershipparallels National Response Team membership. Responds toemergency situations at the direction of EPA/USCG on-scenecoordinators.
Release
Risk
Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging,injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into theenvironment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels,containers, and other closed receptacles) of any Hazardous Chemical,Extremely Hazardous Substance, or CERCLA Hazardous Substancewhich enters the environment.
A measure of the probability that damage to life, property, and/or theenvironment will occur if a hazard manifests itself; this measureincludes the severity of anticipated consequences to people.
32
I
Risk Analysis Assesses probability of damage (or injury) due to hazardous materialsrelease and actual damage (or injury) that might occur, in light of thehazard analysis and vulnerability analysis. Some planners may chooseto analyze worst-casescenarios. Use the Chemical Profiles in the CEPP technical guidanceor a similar guide to obtain information.
Risk Area An area considered likely to be affected by a release of a toxicchemical. Risk areas are based on recommended isolation distances(i.e., one-half mile radius in all direction and one mile downwind),identifiable land features (streets, addresses, rivers, etc.) andpredominate wind directions.
Risk Assessment Broadly defined as the scientific activity of evaluating the toxicproperties of a chemical and the conditions of human exposure to it,with the objective of determining the probability that exposed humanswill be adversely affected.
S A R A
@SERC
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (PL99-499).Extends and revises Superfund authority (in Title I & II). Title III ofSARA includes detailed provisions for community planning andRight-To-Know systems.
State Emergency Response Commission, designated by the Governor,responsible for establishing hazmat planning districts andappointing/overseeing Local Emergency Planning Committees.
State Emergency Plan designated specifically for State-level response to emergencies orOperations Plan major disasters; which sets forth actions to be taken by the State and
local governments, including those for implementing Federal disasterassistance. (See EOP, op. cit.)
Superfund Trust fund established under the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and extendedunder the 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act(SARA) to provide money for cleanups associated with inactivehazardous waste disposal sites. (See CERCLA)
Superfund Act (PL99-499) reauthorizing the Comprehensive EnvironmentalAmmendmen t s Response, Compensation, and Liability Act for another 5 years. Underand Title III of SARA, new authorities are established for chemicalReauthorization emergency planning and preparedness, community right-to-knowAct of 1986 reporting, and toxic chemical release reporting.(SARA)
33
Tier I or TierII
Title III (orSARA)
Toxic Chemical
Toxic Materials
Toxicity
VulnerabilityAnalysis
WorkersRight-to-Know
Inventory form for reporting Hazardous Chemicals (Sec. 312) andExtremely Hazardous Substances (Sec. 302). Tier II describes moredetailed chemical quantity and location(s) within the facility.
The “Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know Act of 1986.”Specifies requirements for organizing the planning process at the Stateand local levels for specified extremely hazardous substances; minimumplan content; requirements for fixed facility owners and operators toinform officials about extremely hazardous substances present at thefacilities; and mechanisms for making information about extremelyhazardous substances available to citizens. (42 USC annot., sec. 11001,et. seq.-1986)
A substance so listed in the latest version of the Federal Register;determined to be of potential danger to human health/life by EPA inconjunction with HHS. (ref. sec. 313-c).
Substances that can be poisonous if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbedinto the body through cuts or breaks in the skin.
The ability of a substance to cause damage to living tissue, impairmentof the central nervous system, severe illness, or death when ingested,inhaled, or absorbed by the skin.
Identifies what is susceptible to damage. Should provide information. extent of the vulnerable zone; population, in terms of size and
ges that could be expected to be within the vulnerable zone; privateand public property that may be damaged, including essential supportsystems and transportation corridors; and environment that may beaffected, and impact on sensitive natural areas and endangered species.Refer to the CEPP technical guidance or DOT’s Emergencv ResponseGuidebook to obtain information on the vulnerable zone for ahazardous materials release. A standard vulnerability analysis has beendeveloped by EPA to assist communities in addressing sec. 303 of TitleIII.
Legislation mandating communicating of chemical information toemployees. A regulatory initiative by OSHA, and an antecedent toCommunity Right to Know.
* * * * *
34
This Glossary of Terms was developed at the Emergency Management Institute ina cEmmitsburg, MD, in response to a need by students in the Hazardous Materials
ontingencv Plannine Course. It has been reviewed by numerous federal agencies involvedin implementing Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986,known as SARA. The Glossary may be reproduced without copyright limitations, providedit is reproduced in its entirety and no proprietary product is developed directly from itspages.
It may be used for any Title III application, by public agencies and private organizationsengaged in training or public awareness regarding the new Title III provisions for localemergency planning committee or state emergency response commissions.
Any comments for additions or revisions should be directed to the Technical ProgramsDivision of the Emergency ,Management Institute, Emmitsburg, MD 21727; or directly byphone to (301) 447-1282 (ITS 652-1282).
Additional materials relating to SARA’s Title III are available through numerous federalagencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which is the primaryagency in Super-fund, plus the Department of Transportation (DOT), and also the FederalEmergency Management Agency (FEMA), which includes the Emergency ManagementInstitute campus as its main training outlet. If you have questions regarding availabletraining from these or other agencies, contact your local or state emergency management
a
or disaster planning agency.
I!? U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993- 7 2 0 - 6 4 9 / 8 0 1 7 0
