IRAQ Waste Management
This category of waste needs special attention.
Dangerous substances will affect directly health and safety of
population and all sorts of living bodies, both animal and vegetal.
Improper or mismanagement of hazardous waste will on a medium
or long term basis lead to irreversible impacts.
Hazardous Waste
IRAQ Waste Management
Efficient treatments must be given to Hazardous waste, to prevent
dissemination of hazardous substances in the environment.
Hazardous Waste
IRAQ Waste Management
To reduce risks of inadequate controls on hazardous wastes including:
• Health impacts for those living near uncontrolled dumps,
and for waste workers
• Environmental damage from dumped waste eg
groundwater pollution, contaminated land
• Operational problems at waste treatment facilities where
incoming wastes are not controlled
• Trend to „export‟ waste to other regions or countries if
proper facilities not available
For economic reasons
Why raise hazardous waste management standards?
IRAQ Waste Management
Evolution of hazardous waste management
- The last century has seen countries around the world
starting managing increasing quantities of hazardous
waste produced, individually or in cooperation with
other countries
- Hazardous Waste management systems are
mandated by specific legislation
- Certainly, if systems are to be effective, well written
and thorough legislation must be implemented in
support of all phases of national waste management
IRAQ Waste Management
)
ENFORCEMENT
LEGISLATION
SUPPORT
SERVICES
FACILITIES
Institutional
arrangements
Stakeholders
Source: David C Wilson 1993
Vital components
IRAQ Waste Management
WASTE GENERATOR
1
2
5
5
TRANSPORTATION
*
FACILITIES
DEFINITION ORCLASSIFICATION OF
WASTE
Regulatory
Tools for
Control
Source: David C Wilson 1999
Elements for control
IRAQ Waste Management
GeneratorRecycling
DisposalTreatmentStorage
Transport
Responsibilities
Controls
Elements of legislation
IRAQ Waste Management
• Hazardous waste management and movements
need to be controlled
• Legislative and enforcement measures must be
developed but risks increase that waste will go to
less controlled parts of the world
• Public communication is important
• Waste minimisation should be addressed at an
early stage - waste minimisation reduces the size
(and hence cost) of treatment facilities needed
Developed world lessons
IRAQ Waste Management
• Self-sufficiency Principle
• Proximity Principle
• Least Transboundary Movement Principle
• Polluter Pays Principle
• Principle of Sovereignty
World lesson: Guiding principles
IRAQ Waste Management
First questions
Regulation:
• For what purpose?
• Of what?
• Of whom?
First questions
IRAQ Waste Management
• for environmental safety
• for market stability in disposal
• to raise revenue
• for social/political policy
• as treaty obligation
Why regulate?
IRAQ Waste Management
Regulations impacts on:
• waste generators
• waste operators
• waste transporters
• Waste dealers
Enabling regulations necessitates:
• government agency
• inspectorates
Whom regulate?
IRAQ Waste Management
A clear legal definition is a crucial part of
legislation
Need definitions of:
• waste materials
• hazards posed
• waste operations disposal recovery
recycling
• waste facilities: storage, treatment
and disposal
No single international definition of what
constitutes hazardous waste
Components of legislation : Definitions
IRAQ Waste Management
Legislation must clearly set out the
responsibilities placed on the different parties
involved in generating and handling
hazardous wastes, and overseeing the
practices
• waste generators - large industry and small
scale industries
• operators of waste handling and treatment
facilities
• government agencies - to enforce controls
Components of legislation : Responsibilities
IRAQ Waste Management
• emissions and discharge limits
• transport controls
• constructions standards
• restrictions on the location of
facilities
• operating standards
• reduction targets
Components of legislation : Controls
IRAQ Waste Management
Facilities include:
• storage depots
• transfer stations
• recycling facilities
Requirements might include:
• planning permits• site specific factors
• waste management licence • design & construction standards
• operating conditions, including:• acceptable waste types
• emission and discharge standards
• self monitoring
• reporting
• Inspection and enforcement
• treatment plants
• disposal
facilities
Regulation of waste facilities
IRAQ Waste Management
• Movements of waste from industrialised to
industrialising countries of hazardous wastes for
„treatment‟ or „disposal‟
• Hazardous waste disposal cost in
industrialised countries is high
• Regulations becoming stricter
• Disposal costs in developing economies were low,
few regulations, low standards
• No legal framework to control „dumping‟
The Problem
IRAQ Waste Management
1987 - Preliminary guidelines (the Cairo Guidelines)
for the environmentally sound management of
hazardous wastes were adopted by UNEP
1989 - Adoption of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal
1992 - Entry into force of the Basel Convention
The Solution
IRAQ Waste Management
To protect human health and the
environment against adverse effects of
hazardous wastes
• Reduction of transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes
• Minimization of generation - quantity and
degree of hazard
• Promotion of environmentally sound
management of hazardous wastes
Objectives of the Basel Convention
IRAQ Waste Management
Under the Basel Convention, hazardous wastes are:
• Wastes that belong to any category listed in
Annex I unless they do not possess any of the
characteristics contained in Annex III Art. 1 (1) (a)
• Wastes that belong to any category listed in
Annex II re other wastes, Art. 1 (2)
• Wastes defined as hazardous by national
legislation Art. 1 (1) (b)
Annex VIII (and IX) further defines which wastes are
(not) considered hazardous under the Convention
Definition
IRAQ Waste Management
Control regime for the transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes
Environmentally Sound Management of hazardous wastes
Main elements of the Convention
IRAQ Waste Management
Responsibility to notify
Prior written consent procedure
Re-import obligations
Prohibitions and restrictions
Definition and control of illegal traffic
Documentation and notification
Contract between exporter and disposer
Insurance/financial guarantees
International transport regulations
Environmentally sound management of wastes
Control regime for transboundary movement of
hazardous waste 1
IRAQ Waste Management
Prohibitions and restrictions
No movements to non-Parties (unless Art. 11)
No export to States with import prohibition
No export to States without systems of environmentally sound
management
No export for disposal to the area of 60o South latitude (ie
Antarctica)
Control regime for transboundary movements of
hazardous waste
IRAQ Waste Management
Objective: to provide for a comprehensive regime for liability as well as
adequate and prompt compensation for damage resulting from the
transboundary movements of hazardous wastes
Assigns responsibilities to all the actors taking part in a transboundary
movement, with the obligation to compensate
Protocol on liability and compensation
IRAQ Waste Management
The scope:
Covers each phase of a transboundary movement, including:
the point where the wastes are loaded onto the means of
transport
the international transit
the final destination
the final disposal
Protocol on liability and compensation
IRAQ Waste Management
What kind of damage is covered by the Protocol?
- loss of life or personal injury
- loss of or damage to property
- loss of income directly deriving from an economic interest deriving from the use of the environment
- costs of reinstatement of the environment
- costs of preventive measures
Protocol on liability and compensation
IRAQ Waste Management
• Technical guidelines
• Model national legislation
• Waste characterization
• Manual to assist implementation
For the future:
• Criteria for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes
• Improvement of existing technologies
• Development of new technologies
• Raising public awareness
• Regional Centerss
• Training and seminars
Assistance to States
IRAQ Waste Management
Need compatibility between:
• waste & container
• wastes stored together
• wastes stored close to each other
• wastes & environment
Compatibility = the ability of two or more
materials to exist in close association with
each other without the formation of harmful
chemical or physical reactions
Hazardous waste compatibility
IRAQ Waste Management
Protection from climate
Good ventilation
Limit height of stacked containers
Eye wash station
Provide drainage system or elevate
Adsorbent material for spills
Re-packaging area
Comply with regulations
Storage site design criteria
IRAQ Waste Management
Minimise risk of explosion or unplanned releases
Keep incompatible wastes separate
Not < 15m from site boundary (where possible)
Away from foot & vehicular traffic
.
• Impermeable base material
• Leak and spill containment
Source: David C Wilson
Storage site design criteria
IRAQ Waste Management
Source: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Research & Special Programs Administration, 2000
Marking and labelling
IRAQ Waste Management
Labels should be:
• Made of good quality materials
• Durable
• Weather resistant
• Well located
• Recognisable and legible in day
and night time
• Give information about handling
precautions and prohibitions
• At least 100mm on each side
All containers must be clearly marked with waste type and hazard
Labels
IRAQ Waste Management
Inspection:
To ensure proper handling and storage
To check integrity of storage
Record keeping:
To provide a record of waste generation and movement
To inform a subsequent disposal option
To serve as “chain of custody” document
To comply with regulations
To ensure duty of care
Record keeping and inspection
IRAQ Waste Management
Before accepting waste on the treatment
plant :
• Check the exact properties of the waste
• Check the ability of the plant to receive
the waste
• Assess compliance with treatment and
emissions
• Establish the treatment procedure and
resulting cost
• Help preparing the contract
Preliminary Acceptation
IRAQ Waste Management
Before trucks are unloaded :
• Compare actual content of the delivery
truck with samples pre-accepted
• Gives the OK for unloading
• Direct the truck to the right reception area
depending on characteristics
Reception
IRAQ Waste Management
Key element of the plant operation
• Daily operations ( acceptance, storage,
treatment)
• Monitoring of all operations, organize the
correct sampling of all streams coming in
or going out, preparation of annual
reports for the administration
• Insure compliance of emissions
• Research and development for new
capacities, new customers, develop
recovery processes
General
IRAQ Waste Management
Key equipments
• pH meter
• Spectrophotometer for “rapid” presence
checking (metals, cyanides, phenols…)
• X Fluorescence elements measurements
• ICP
• Gas Chromatography
• TOC meter
• Calorific value analysis
• Oven
General
IRAQ Waste Management
ADMINISTRATIVE RECEPTION
IDENTIFICATION / SORTING
LIQUID UNPACKING
UNPACKING Weighing
Interim Storage
SOLIDS / PASTEUSE UNPACKING
MATERIAL RECOVERY
TO TREATMENT
Otherdestination
UNPAKING FOR DIRECT TREATMENT
STORAGES
Basic acceptation scheme
Reception Pre-treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
Phisical charaacteristicsl
Recoverables ?
High metal content , acid,
soda,.. potential for « high tech »
recovery : electrochemistry, resins, …)
Material Recovery
Yes
Organique /
minéral ?Minéral
No
Critères : pH, PCI faible
pH, metals, TOC, phénol
Minéral Physico-Chimical
recoverable
High CV without
contaminants
(hydrocarbons), solvents
without halogens,
Energy recovery
yes No
Calorific value
Organics
simplified orientation scheme for liquid waste
Aqueux
No
PCVCI, pH, métaux, % sédiment, PCB, halogènes…
CV, pH, métal content,
% sédiment, biodegradability
yesi
Biological treatment Evapo-incineration
Incineration
Simplified orientation of treatment process
IRAQ Waste Management
PhysicalCharacteristicsSolid
Recoverables ?
High metal content, silica,.. + compatibility
with pre-treatment (washing, magnetic
separation, cryogenic separation,…)
Material Recovery
Yes
Organic /
minéral ?
Minéral
No
Very low CV
Leacheability, Mechanical
resistance
Landfilling directly or after stabilization
Recoverables ?
High plastic content (PEHD) +
compatibility pre-treatment
(washing)
Material or energy Recovery
Yes
i
No
CV
Pre-treatment,
Flash point odors, metals, halogens, ph
Pre-treatment + incinération
Organic
Simplified scheme for solids treatment
Simplified orientation of treatment process
IRAQ Waste Management
Basic pre-treatment scheme
Emptying of incoming containers
Intermediate storage
Container pressing
Shredder in a separate building
Protected storage of incoming waste
Transit Pre-treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
The purpose of the treatment is either to destroy
the hazardousness of the waste or to recover
molecules , chemicals or “products”
All operations must comply with regulations and
“standards” concerning emissions health and
safety.
The treatment processes must be adapted to the
physico-chemical characteristics of the waste and
the technical performances achievable by the
different processes
Treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
• Physical
• Chemical
• Physical and chemical
• Biological
• Thermal :destructive, thermo-metallurgy, “pyrolysis”
Most treatments leave residues for disposal
Treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
Manual separation - removes selected wastes by visual inspection
Sorting by categories
Neutralisation
Sedimentation Precipitation - removes from liquid phase, water treatment
Centrifuging - removes water content
Filtration
Solvent extraction
Adsorption
Soil purification
Sludge drying
Physical Treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
1-Outlet
2-Choc Absorber d
3-hydraulic Motor
4-knifes
5-hoper
6-Tooth like guide
7-Frame
:shredder (source SID)
Shredding
IRAQ Waste Management
Flocculation precipitation: aggregates fine constituents or chemicals in solution
Neutralization
Detoxification
Solvent extraction: uses immiscible solvent to dissolve organic material in aqueous solution
Solvent recycling
Desorption - separates volatile components from liquid by passing through gas stream
Ion exchange - exchange with dissolved ionic species through contact with resin
Physico-chemical treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
Chemical addition Flocculation Sedimentation
Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley
Physico-chemical treatment
Typical lay out
IRAQ Waste Management
• Cost Effective for huge quantities of waste
water, since the pollution is biodegradable
• Tolerant to changes in waste composition -
these may result in a short period of inactivity,
but do not halt the process
Advantages of biological waste treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
• Wastewater treatment is the most widely used
application of biological treatment e.g. for
industries such as paper manufacture and
recycling, food processing, tanneries and the
pharmaceutical industry, and for landfill leachate
Also:
• In-situ bio-remediation of contaminated soil
• Slurry-phase treatment
• Land treatment
• Co-composting
Scope of treatment application
IRAQ Waste Management
• Enables treatment without excavation and
removal of contaminated material
• An aerobic process
• Enhances natural biodegradation
• Influenced by hydro-geological factors
• Can reduce contamination to acceptable
levels in relatively short time e.g. 1-2 years
In-situ bio-remediation
IRAQ Waste Management
Thermal treatment of waste:
Incineration : destruction of hazardous molecules
allows energy recovery, materials recycling
Pyrolysis
Gasification
allows recovery of useful materials
Thermal treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
Thermal treatment of waste: legal obligations:
• Combustion temperature ( 850 or 1100°C)
• Post combustion chamber with residence time 2 seconds at above
temperature
• Energy recovery
• Gas cleaning
• Emission limit values
• Residues to be treated according to local legislation
• Gas treatment residues “hazardous”
Thermal treatment
IRAQ Waste Management
solids
Packed
Waste
Liquids
Bulk
Transfer
pumps
Direct injection for
reacting waste
Dedicated storages for
bulk and unpacked
waste
Reception pit
Dedicated
Injectors
Rotary
Kiln
To shredder
Typical feeding arrangement
Incineration
IRAQ Waste Management
Solids feed hopper
Main Burner
Dedicated
liquid
injectors
Refractory Lining
Bottom ash
water cooled
extraction
To the heat
recovery boiler
Post combustion
burner
Rotary Kiln and post combustion
courtesy SarpIndustries
Incineration
IRAQ Waste Management
Circulating fluidised bedBubbling fluidised bed
Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley
Fluidized bed combustion
IRAQ Waste Management
Reactor
Reagent after treatment
Inlet Gas
Treated gas to
stack
Gas Cleaning: Bag filter with chemical injection
Incineration
IRAQ Waste Management
Water injection
Gas Inlet
Soda injection
Gas outlet to
stack
Packing
Acid column Basic column
De-concentrating
drainDrain
atomization
Gas Cleaning WET PROCESS
Courtesy Sarp Industries
Drops
collector
Incineration
IRAQ Waste Management
Water
Soda
Gas from
boiler
300 to 400°C
Treated gas
200 to 250°C
Turbine
Atomiser
water
Ashes
Inlet gas
300°C / 400°C
Exit gas
200 / 250°C
ashes
Gas cooling with or without chemical injection courtesy Sarp inustries
Incineration
IRAQ Waste Management
Emissions from incineration
Continuous monitoring for:
HCl, CO, dust, SO2, HF, TOC, Nox, O2
Monthly measurement for:
9 heavy metals
Twice a year (soon to be semi continuous):
PCDD/PCDF
ALSO monitored: wastewater and solid residues
Emissions
IRAQ Waste Management
It is now quite everywhere recognized three different types of landfills
• Hazardous waste ( class1) to receive
hazardous waste
• Municipal waste (non hazardous) the
recent “landfill” ban restricting
acceptance to “pre-treated waste”
• Inert landfills mainly for “stable”
construction and demolition waste
Types of landfills
IRAQ Waste Management
Well chosen, properly designed site
Bottom liner - to protect soil and groundwater
Leachate collection and treatment - to prevent contamination of
groundwater
Landfill gas collection and flaring or energy generation ( if appropriate )
Provisions for Final cover, after care
Components of a “State of the art landfill design”
IRAQ Waste Management
Compaction (fire prevention, odour prevention)
Waste control at entrance
Daily coverage of the “active part of the landfill
Maintenance of drains, flare..
Components of a “State of the art landfill design”
IRAQ Waste Management
Water tight material
Geomembrane (PEHD)
Geotextile (protection)
Draining layer
Collecting pipe
Geotextile
Waste
Standard design
Landfilling
IRAQ Waste Management
Converts waste into insoluble rock-like materials
Stabilisation - treats waste to minimise migration
Solidification - uses cement-based process
Encapsulation - encloses waste within casing or layer of inert
substance
Recommended for inorganic hazardous wastes
A pre-treatment step prior to landfill disposal
Stabilisation and Solidification
IRAQ Waste Management
Types of binders used:
• Cement-based
• Portland cement, cement kiln dust
• Lime/limestone/quicklime
• Lime/fly ash, lime kiln dust
• Lime/ other natural and artificial pozzolana based systems
Solidification
IRAQ Waste Management
• Air pollution control residues
• Metal sludge wastes
• Dredging sludge
• Filter press cake
• Tannery wastes
• Contaminated soils
• Lagoon sludge
Plus other PREDOMINANTLY inorganic
wastes - all are likely to contain some organics
Wastes typically treated by Stabilisation / Solidification
IRAQ Waste Management
• 28 day strength from any 1 day of production will
not be less than 700 kPa. No individual sample to
have strength less than 350kPa
• Permeability at 28 days less than 1x10-7 m/s
• No supernatant after S/S waste standing 24 hours
• Leaching properties: defined by legislation
typically includes concentration limits in the leacate on
pH, TOC, Total cyanide, total phenol, ammonia
Heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cr), total metal limit and total
organic or organo-metallic pesticides
Treated waste specification