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Hazards, Risks and Disasters II
David Alexander University College London
Information and communication
Wisdom: ability to take decisions on the basis of principles, experience and knowledge
Knowledge: understanding of how things function (or should function)
Information: description of physical and social situations
Data: basic facts and statistics
COMMUNICATION
DRR
Knowledge of community vulerability
Knowledge of hazards and their impacts
Knowledge of coping
capacity and resilience
Disaster Risk
Reduction
Shortage of information
Excess of information
Impact of disaster Time
Information critical but
lacking
Some effects of the information
and communications technology revolution
• flattening of the chain of command
• IT support for disaster response
• overload of information delivery systems
• the emergency manager must study new ways to inform himself and others.
• artificiality and isolation from the reality on the ground
data
input and consultation
Data banks
Predictive models of events
Display and analysis technology
Ability to analyse data
data analysis circuit
Disaster relief
Emergency manager
emergency management
circuit
Old ideas...
• rigid structure • hierarchy • military doctrine • secrecy • cordon • command and control • security • civil defence.
New ideas...
• planning • collaboration • flexible, adaptable management • limited "span of control" • information sharing • IT support • accredited journalists • involving the public • civil protection.
Social factors
Plan
Message
Technology Response
Perception
Culture
Optimisation
Lesson: emergency communication is a powerful but imprecise process that is undergoing a profound revolution.
Perception
Public perception
of disasters continues to be dominated by myths and inaccuracies
enthusiastically propagated by
the mass media.
"Myth" no.1: Disasters are truly exceptional events.
"Myth" no.2: Disasters kill people without respect for
social class or economic status.
"Myth" no.3: When disaster strikes panic and irrational behaviour are
common reactions.
"Myth" no.4: People will flee in large numbers from a disaster area.
"Myth" no.5: After disaster has struck, survivors tend to be dazed and apathetic.
"Myth" no.6: People can survive for many days when trapped under the rubble of a collapsed building.
0.5 1 3 12 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15
Hours Days
Survival time
100
50
0
Perc
en
tag
e o
f p
eo
ple
bro
ug
ht
ou
t
ali
ve f
rom
un
der
co
llap
sed
bu
ilin
gs
"Myth" no.7: After disaster people will not make rational decisions and will therefore inevitably tend to do the
wrong thing unless authority guides them.
"Myth" no.8: Disasters usually give rise to widespread, spontaneous
manifestations of antisocial behaviour, including looting and violence.
"Myth" no.9: The mass media create an accurate picture of the disasters on which they report.
"Myth" no.10: Unburied dead bodies constitute a health hazard.
"Myth" no.11: Disease epidemics are an almost inevitable result of the disruption
and poor health caused by major disasters.
"Myth" no.12: Great quantities and assortments of medicines
should be sent to disaster areas.
"Myth" no.13: Field hospitals are particularly useful for treating people injured by sudden impact disasters.
"Myth" no.14: In the aftermath of disaster mass vaccination is an excellent way of stopping the spread of diseases.
"Myth" no.15: Dead bodies, survivors, streets, rubble and other things
should be sprayed with disinfectant to stop the spread of disease.
"Myth" no.16: Any kind of aid and relief is useful after disaster
providing it is supplied quickly enough.
"Myth" no.17: Companies, corporations, associations and governments are
always very generous when invited to send aid and relief to disaster areas.
"Myth" no.18: Emergency responders will not report to work in a disaster,
they will protect their families instead.
"Myth" no.19: In disasters
there are heroes and villains.
"Myth" no.20: Disasters always happen to someone else.
"Myth" no.21: Disaster is always a negative experience.
Our image of disasters is conditioned far too much by Hollywood!
Mutual antipathy
or collaborative relationship?
Representatives of the mass
media
Editorial independence and freedom
Sales and ratings;
reputation; revenue from advertising
Emergency and disaster managers
Obligation to inform the public
Public information centres; warnings
and alerts; informing the
relatives of victims
Civil protection service
The general public
The mass media
Call centre
Feedback
Feedback
Direct communication
Press conferences, communiques
Consumer relations
SUPPLY
DEMAND
NEEDS POTENTIAL TO
BE EXPLOITED
CREATE A NEW
CULTURE OF
CIVIL
PROTECTION
Organised
Spontaneous
Established
Kinship groups
Individual citizens
Disaster subcultures
Emergent groups
Citizens' organisations Charitable
NGOs
Some public stakeholders in disaster
Schools
Workplace groups
INSTRUMENTS OF DISSEMINATION
• mass media • targeted campaign • social networks
• internet
Augmentation
MASS EDUCATION PROGRAMME
SOCIAL CAPITAL
HABIT
CULTURE
The creation of a culture of civil protection
Lesson: perception is a vital component of emergency planning and response, but it is also difficult to manage.
Education
Broad professional training in emergency management
Professional experience and training
Disciplinary training (e.g. bachelor's degree)
Common culture
Common language
Common objectives
HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
STUDIES
SEVEN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
Criminal justice
and forensic
science
and perhaps an eighth...
Sociology
Psychology
& psychiatry
Economic &
financial studies
Development
studies
Disaster medicine
& epidemiology
Physical &
construction
sciences
Geography &
anthropology:
cultural (human)
anthropology
Ecology
Geology
(& Geomorphology)
Geophysics
(inc. Seismology)
Vulcanology Climatology
Hydraulics
Hydrology
Meteorology
Architecture
Civil engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical &
electrical engineering Information &
communication
technology (ICT)
Computer technology
Remote sensing
Risk analysis (inc.
risk identification,
estimation,
management &
communication)
Cartography
Development studies
Economics
Geography, History
Jurisprudence & legal stds
Urban & regional planning
Mass media studies
Psychology
Sociology
Nursing
Nutrition
Pharmacology
General medicine
Surgery &
emergency medicine
Public health, hygiene
& epidemiology
Veterinary sciences Health sciences
Social & spatial sciences
Computational
& analytical
sciences
Construction sciences
Atmospheric & water sciences
Earth & environmental sciences
HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
CONSTITUENT DISCIPLINES
Emergency management training and education
B A
S IC
C ONC EP
T S
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
EMERGENCYPLANNING
EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
DIS
AS
TE
R
SO
CIO
LO
GY
AN
D
PS
YC
HO
LO
GY
RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION
PLANNING
PU
BL
ICIN
FO
RM
AT
ION
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
METHODS OF
RISK MITIGATION
FIE
LD
EX
ER
CIS
ES
Recognition and an institutional role for the
professional figure
Certification of competence
Training programmes
Emerging professional
figure
Policies and legislation
Research Experience
Organi- sation
Lesson: education is the key to better disaster risk reduction.
Conclusions
FUTUROLOGY
• at the world scale, one or more great events will cause a drastic reorganisation disaster preparedness
• the catalyst event may be a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, or a biological or radioactive incident.
• losses in disaster will continue to increase steeply
• poverty and vulnerability will define ever more closely the areas of greatest susceptibility to disasters
• the job of the emergency manager will become more and more complex
• emergency planning will have to tackle new kinds of event
• emergency management will very slowly become a profession
• the level of international participation in disasters will rise.
The"Military Cross"
WAR AND CONFLICT
NATURAL DISASTERS
INSECURITY POVERTY
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE M
ILITARY A
SSISTANCE
VULNERABILITY AND
MARGINAL- ISATION
Justice Impartiality
Humanitarianism
Hijacking of assistance
Relief
Robbery and rape of victims
Total war
Politicisation of relief suppies
What future?
Integration through emergency planning
and training
Links
Mitigation and reduction
of risks
Preparations and
warning
Emergency relief actions
Recovery and
reconstruction
www.slideshare.net/dealexander
Thank you for your attention!