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HazMat Ch06

Date post: 21-Dec-2014
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Page 1: HazMat Ch06

Terrorism

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Page 2: HazMat Ch06

Objectives (1 of 4)

• Describe the threat posed by terrorism

• Understand the definition of terrorism from a broad perspective

• Describe various types of potential terrorist targets

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Page 3: HazMat Ch06

Objectives (2 of 4)

• Understand the dangers posed by explosive devices and secondary explosive devices

• Define weapons of mass destruction

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Page 4: HazMat Ch06

Objectives (3 of 4)

• Understand the basic differences and indicators of chemical, biological, and radiological threats

• Describe operations considerations at a terrorism event, including initial actions, interagency coordination, decontamination, mass casualties, and triage

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Page 5: HazMat Ch06

Objectives (4 of 4)

• Identify the different levels distinguished in the Homeland Security Threat Level chart

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Page 6: HazMat Ch06

Terrorism Basics

• Response based on hazardous materials response

• Terrorism’s goal: Produce feelings of fear

• Domestic terrorism

• International terrorism

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Page 7: HazMat Ch06

Responding to Terrorist Incidents

• Same procedure as in other emergencies

• Differences– Landscape where incident is handled– Numerous agencies are involved– Training and working together are important

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Page 8: HazMat Ch06

Targets and Tactics

• Symbolic targets often chosen

• Often possible to predict likely targets

• Methods of attack vary

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Page 9: HazMat Ch06

Types of Targets (1 of 6)

• Infrastructure targets, including:– Bridges– Tunnels– Subways– Hospitals

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Page 10: HazMat Ch06

Types of Targets (2 of 6)

Subways, airports, bridges, and hospitals are all vulnerable to attack by terrorists who seek to interrupt a country’s infrastructure.

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Page 11: HazMat Ch06

Types of Targets (3 of 6)

• Symbolic targets– Symbols of national pride– Military bases– Embassies– Religious institutions

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Types of Targets (4 of 6)

Terrorists might attempt to destroy visible national icons.

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Page 13: HazMat Ch06

Types of Targets (5 of 6)

• Civilian targets– Shopping malls– Airports– Schools– Sports stadiums

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Page 14: HazMat Ch06

Types of Targets (6 of 6)

By attacking civilian targets such as a crowded stadium, terrorists might make citizens feel vulnerable in their everyday lives.

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Page 15: HazMat Ch06

Ecoterrorism

• Committed by groups supporting environmental causes

• Examples:– Spiking trees to disrupt logging– Vandalizing animal research laboratories– Firebombing store that sells fur coats

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Page 16: HazMat Ch06

Agroterrorism (1 of 2)

• Uses chemical or biological agents

• Attacks agricultural industry or food supply

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Page 17: HazMat Ch06

Agroterrorism (2 of 2)

Agroterrorism affects food supply or the agricultural industry.

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Page 18: HazMat Ch06

Cyberterrorism

• Electronically disrupting computer systems– Government computer systems– Private computer systems– The Internet

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Page 19: HazMat Ch06

Types of Devices (1 of 2)

• Ordinary objects can become powerful weapons– Gasoline tankers– Commercial airliners

• Bombs are most frequent

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Page 20: HazMat Ch06

Types of Devices (2 of 2)

• Shooting into a crowd

• Release of biological agent

• Computer virus

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Page 21: HazMat Ch06

Explosives

• Thousands of pounds stolen each year

• Can also be created with commonly available materials:– Improvised explosive device (IED)– Ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil

(ANFO)

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Page 22: HazMat Ch06

Pipe Bombs (1 of 2)

• Pipe bombs are most common IED

• Length of pipe filled with explosive substance

• Chemical/biological agents can be added

• Nails can be added

• Detonator like a hobby fuse

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Page 23: HazMat Ch06

Pipe Bombs (2 of 2)

Pipe bombs come in many shapes and sizes.

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Page 24: HazMat Ch06

Secondary Devices

• Placed in area where initial event occurred

• Intended to kill:– Emergency responders– Law enforcement personnel– Spectators– News reporters

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Page 25: HazMat Ch06

Potentially Explosive Device

• A device that has not yet exploded

• Remove civilians from area

• Establish perimeter at safe distance

• Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel handle

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Page 26: HazMat Ch06

Actions Following an Explosion

• Ensure your own safety

• Ensure safety of scene

• Follow departmental procedures

• Consider possibility of secondary device

• Qualified personnel should check for other contaminants (biological, radiological)

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Page 27: HazMat Ch06

Work with Other Agencies Following Explosion

• Local, state, and federal agencies

• FBI

• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

• Military EOD units

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Page 28: HazMat Ch06

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

• Chemical agents

• Biological agents

• Radiological agents

• NFPA 472 annex provides specific information about terrorist attack agents

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Page 29: HazMat Ch06

Chemical Agents (1 of 3)

• Kill or injure large numbers of people

• Readily available

• Can be distributed in different ways:– Releasing gas from storage tank– Adding to explosive device– Crop-dusting aircraft

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Page 30: HazMat Ch06

Chemical Agents (2 of 3)

Crop-dusting equipment could be used to distribute chemical agents.

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Page 31: HazMat Ch06

Chemical Agents (3 of 3)

• Include:– Nerve agents– Blistering agents– Pulmonary agents– Blood agents

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Nerve Agents (1 of 2)

• Toxic chemical agents

• Attack nervous system

• Examples: Sarin, V-agent (VX)

• Antidotes exist

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Page 33: HazMat Ch06

Nerve Agents (2 of 2)

When a person is exposed to a nerve agent, the symptoms of exposure will become evident within minutes.

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Page 34: HazMat Ch06

Blistering Agents (1 of 2)

• Contact causes skin to blister

• Examples: – Sulfur mustard– Lewisite

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Page 35: HazMat Ch06

Blistering Agents (2 of 2)

Typical effects of blistering agents.

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Page 36: HazMat Ch06

Pulmonary Agents

• Choking agents

• Examples:– Phosgene– Chlorine

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Page 37: HazMat Ch06

Blood Agents

• Interfere with use of oxygen by cells

• Example: Cyanide

• Can be inhaled or ingested

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Page 38: HazMat Ch06

Protection from Chemical Agents(1 of 2)

• Use PPE

• Use self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

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Page 39: HazMat Ch06

Protection from Chemical Agents(2 of 2)

If an unusual odor is reported at the scene, responders must don full PPE including SCBA.

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Page 40: HazMat Ch06

Biological Agents

• Organisms that cause disease

• Examples– Anthrax– Plague– Smallpox

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Page 41: HazMat Ch06

Protection from Biological Agents

(1 of 2)

• Responders unlikely to recognize signs– Due to incubation period

• Recognition likely to come from– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC)– Area hospitals

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Page 42: HazMat Ch06

Protection from Biological Agents

(2 of 2)

• Once threat recognized, wear appropriate:– Gloves– Masks with HEPA filters– Eye protection– Surgical gowns when treating patients

• Seek medical care for flu-like symptoms

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Page 43: HazMat Ch06

Radiological Agents

• Different threat from nuclear detonation

• Energy released in form of waves or particles:– Alpha particles– Beta particles– Gamma radiation

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Protection from Radiological Agents

• Limit exposure time

• Stay as far away as possible

• Personal dosimeter

• Appropriate PPE

• Shielding

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Page 45: HazMat Ch06

Dirty Bomb

• Radiation dispersal device (RDD)

• Dissemination of radioactive material

• No nuclear detonation

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Page 46: HazMat Ch06

Operations

• Initial actions – Approach like hazardous materials incident

• Interagency coordination

• Decontamination

• Mass casualties

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Page 47: HazMat Ch06

Mass Decontamination

• Master stream devices from engine companies

• Aerial apparatus to create showers

• Allows rapid decontamination

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Page 48: HazMat Ch06

Mass Casualties

• Special mass-casualty plan essential

• Decontamination must be addressed

• Triage

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Page 49: HazMat Ch06

Additional Resources

• FBI

• FEMA

• Department of Homeland Security

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Page 50: HazMat Ch06

Department of Homeland Security(1 of 2)

• Homeland Security Threat Advisories

• Homeland Security Information Bulletins

• Color-coded threat-level system

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Page 51: HazMat Ch06

Department of Homeland Security(2 of 2)

Color-coded threat-level system.

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Page 52: HazMat Ch06

Summary (1 of 3)

• Goal of terrorism is to produce fear

• Terrorism can occur in any community

• Ordinary objects can be turned into weapons

• Secondary devices explode after initial device

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Page 53: HazMat Ch06

Summary (2 of 3)

• Weapons of mass destruction include: – Chemical agents– Biological agents– Radiological agents– Conventional weapons and explosives

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Page 54: HazMat Ch06

Summary (3 of 3)

• Important to identify type of agent

• Establish staging area at safe distance

• Interagency coordination important part of response

6


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