HAZMAT OPS REFRESHER. Awareness Level1–21–2 Haz Mat Incidents Involve a substance that: –...

HAZMAT OPS REFRESHER

Awareness Level 1–2

Haz Mat Incidents

• Involve a substance that:– Poses an unreasonable risk to:

• People• Environment• Property

– Has been or may be released from a container– May be on fire

• Will be more complex than a “routine” incident


Awareness-Level Training Requirements

• Governmental agencies– OSHA and EPA– U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Domestic

Preparedness (ODP)• Requirements of authority having jurisdiction

(AHJ)

(1 of 2)


Awareness-Level Training Requirements

• NFPA Standards – NFPA 472, Standard for Professional Competence

of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents– NFPA 471, Recommended Practice for Responding

to Hazardous Materials Incidents– NFPA 473, Standard for Competencies for EMS

Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents

(2 of 2)


Awareness-Level Responsibilities

• Recognizing the presence or potential presence of a hazardous material

• Recognizing container type and identifying material

• Transmitting information to appropriate authority and calling for assistance

• Identifying actions to protect self and others• Establishing scene control

Operational Level 4–6

Operational-Level Rescue Actions

• Conducting searches during reconnaissance or defensive activities

• Conducting searches on the edge of the hot zone• Directing victims to the decontamination area• Assisting with decontamination while not coming into

contact with the hazardous material itself• Assisting with the identification of victims• Giving instructions to a large number of people for mass

decontamination


Approaching the Scene Safely

• Identify and evaluate problem locations and hazardous occupancies during emergency response planning.

• Include remote observation/assessment steps in the emergency plan.

• Always approach the scene from uphill, upwind, and upstream if at all possible.

(1 of 2)


Approaching the Scene Safely

• Use binoculars, a spotting scope, a camera lens, or a sight scope for observation.

• Report any unusual conditions to the telecommunications/dispatch center.

• Use the assessment location as a temporary staging area if reconnaissance teams must approach on foot.

(2 of 2)


Incident Priorities

• Life safety

• Incident stabilization

• Protection of property and the environment


Assessments to MakeBefore Taking Action

• Risk to rescuers• Ability of rescuers to protect themselves• Probability of rescue• Difficulty of rescue• Capabilities and resources of on-scene forces• Possibilities of explosions or sudden material

releases• Available escape routes and safe havens• Constraints of time and distance


Confinement• Controlling the product that has already been released

from its container• Function — Minimizes the amount of contact the product

makes with people, property, and the environment• Tactics

– Absorption– Adsorption– Blanketing/covering– Dam, dike, diversion, and retention– Vapor suppression

(1 of 2)


Confinement

(2 of 2)


Absorption

• A physical and/or chemical event occurring during contact between materials that have an attraction for each other

• One material is retained in the other• Procedure — The absorbent is spread directly

onto the hazardous material or in a location where the material is expected to flow

• Refer to Skill Sheet 4–1.Note: After use, absorbents must be treated and disposed of as hazardous materials because they retain the properties of the materials they absorb


Adsorption and Blanketing/Covering

• Adsorption — The molecules of the hazardous material physically adhere to the material

• Blanketing/covering — Covering the surface of the spill to prevent dispersion of materials


Damming, Diking,Diversion, and Retention

• A way to control the flow of liquid hazardous materials away from the point of discharge

• Can be made by using earthen materials or materials carried on response vehicles

• Procedure — Construct curbs that direct or divert the flow away from gutters, drains, storm sewers, flood-control channels, and outfalls

• Refer to Skill Sheets 4–2 through 4–5.Note: Any construction materials that contact the spilled material must be properly disposed of.


Vapor Suppression

• The action taken to reduce the emission of vapors at a haz mat spill

• Spills of flammable and combustible liquids may require fire-fighting foams.

• Refer to Skill Sheet 4–6.


Using Foams• Application methods

– All fire-fighting foams (except fluoroprotein types) should not be plunged directly into the spill, but applied onto the ground at the edge of the spill and rolled gently onto the material.

– Rainfall method — Spraying foam into the air over the target area in a fog pattern

• Considerations– Water destroys and washes away foam blankets; do not use

water streams in conjunction with the application of foam.– A material must be below its boiling point; foam cannot seal

vapors of boiling liquids.


Other Spill-Control Tactics

• Ventilation — Controlling the movement of air by natural or mechanical means

• Vapor dispersion– The action taken to direct or influence the course of

airborne hazardous materials– Procedure: Using pressurized streams of water from

handlines or unmanned master streams; streams create turbulence, which increases the rate of mixing with air and reduces the concentration of the hazardous material

– Refer to Skill Sheet 4–7.(1 of 4)


Other Spill-Control Tactics• Dispersion — The breaking up or dispersing of a

hazardous material that has spilled on a solid or liquid surface

• Dilution– The application of water to a water-soluble material to

reduce the hazard– Is not typically used for spill control, but during

decontamination operations– May be used when very small amounts of corrosive

materials are involved– Refer to Skill Sheet 4–8.

(3 of 4)


Other Spill-Control Tactics

• Dissolution — The process of dissolving a gas in water

• Neutralization — The process of raising or lowering the pH of corrosive materials to render them netural

(4 of 4)


Products Most OftenInvolved in Haz Mat Incidents

• Flammable/combustible liquids• Corrosives• Anhydrous ammonia• Chlorine


Hazardous Materials States

(2 of 2)


Potential Ignition Sources at Haz Mat Scenes

• Open flames• Static electricity• Existing pilot lights• Electrical sources

• Internal combustion engines• Heated surfaces• Cutting and welding operations

(1 of 2)


Potential Ignition Sources at Haz Mat Scenes

• Radiant heat• Heat caused by friction or chemical reactions• Cigarettes• Cameras• Road flares

(2 of 2)


Potential Ignition Sources in Explosive Atmospheres

• Opening or closing a switch or electrical circuit• Turning on a flashlight• Operating a radio• Activating a cell phone


Routes of Entry

• Inhalation — Breathing through the nose or mouth

• Ingestion — Through the mouth by means other than simple inhalation

• Injection — Through a puncture or break in the skin

(1 of 3)


Routes of Entry

• Absorption — Through the skin or eyes• Penetration — Radioactive particles and

energy waves

(2 of 3)


Routes of Entry

Chemicals often have multiple routes of entry.(3 of 3)

Awareness Level 2A–29

UN/DOT Hazard Classes

• Class 1: Explosives• Class 2: Gases• Class 3: Flammable and combustible liquids• Class 4: Flammable solids, spontaneously

combustible materials, and dangerous-when-wet materials

• Class 5: Oxidizers and organic peroxides(1 of 2)


UN/DOT Hazard Classes

• Class 6: Poison (toxic) and poison inhalation hazard

• Class 7: Radioactive materials• Class 8: Corrosive materials• Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous goods

(2 of 2)


UN Commodity Identification Numbers

• A four-digit number assigned to each hazardous material listed in the current ERG– Often displayed on placards, labels, orange panels,

and/or white diamonds– May be preceded by the letters NA or UN– Also appears on shipping papers

• Assists first responders in identifying the material and referencing it in the ERG

(1 of 4)



• Display methods for UN commodity identification numbers– In a white rectangle inside a placard between the

placard symbol and hazard class– In an orange rectangle beneath the placard– On a plain white square-on-point display

configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard

(2 of 4)



(3 of 4)



• Must be displayed on the following containers/packages:– Rail tank cars– Cargo tank trucks– Portable tanks– Bulk packages– Vehicle containers containing large quantities of

hazardous materials– Certain nonbulk packages (4 of 4)


Parts of a DOT Placard

Background Color

Hazard Symbol

Diamond shaped

Hazard Class Number

4-Digit ID Number or Hazard Class Designation


Containers on Which DOT Placards May Be Found

• Bulk packages• Rail tank cars• Cargo tank vehicles• Portable tanks• Unit load devices over 640 cubic feet (18 m3)

in capacity containing hazardous materials• Certain nonbulk containers


DOT Placard Color Codes

Explosive Oxidizer Flammable

Health Hazard Water Reacative Nonflammable Gas


DOT Symbols

Explosive Oxidizer Radioactive Flammable

Poison Corrosive Nonflammable Gas


NFPA 704

(1 of 8)

Health

Flammability

Instability


NFPA 704

• Provides a method for indicating the presence of hazardous materials at:– Commercial facilities– Manufacturing facilities– Institutional facilities– Other fixed-storage facilities

(2 of 8)


NFPA 704

• Not designed for the following situations:– Transportation– General public use– Nonemergency occupational exposures– Explosive and blasting agents– Chronic health hazards– Etiologic agents, and other similar hazards

(3 of 8)


NFPA 704

• Benefits of NFPA 704– Provides an appropriate signal to first responders

that hazardous materials are present– Identifies the general hazards and degree of

severity for health, flammability, and instability– Provides immediate information necessary to

protect lives of the public and emergency response personnel

(4 of 8)


NFPA 704

• Health — Blue– 4 — Severe hazard– 3 — Serious hazard– 2 — Moderate hazard– 1 — Slight hazard– 0 — Minimal hazard

(5 of 8)


NFPA 704

• Flammability — Red– 4 — Flammable gases, volatile liquids, pyrophoric

materials– 3 — Ignites at ambient temperatures– 2 — Ignites when moderately heated– 1 — Must be preheated to burn– 0 — Will not burn

(6 of 8)


NFPA 704

• Instability — Yellow– 4 — Capable of detonation or explosive

decomposition at ambient conditions– 3 — Capable of detonation or explosive

decomposition with strong initiating source– 2 — Violent chemical change possible at elevated

temperature and pressure– 1 — Normally stable, but becomes unstable if

heated– 0 — Normally stable

(7 of 8)


NFPA 704

• Special hazards– Located at 6 o’clock– Have no special background although white is

most often used– May contain one of two special symbols

• W — Unusual reactivity with water• OX — Oxidizer

(8 of 8)

Awareness Level 2B–47

Shipping Paper Identification

• Air transport– Shipping paper name — Air bill– Location of shipping paper — Cockpit– Responsible party — Pilot

• Highway transport– Shipping paper name — Bill of lading– Location of shipping paper — Vehicle cab– Responsible party — Driver

(1 of 2)


Shipping Paper Identification

• Rail transport– Shipping paper name — Waybill/consist– Location of shipping paper — Engine or caboose– Responsible party — Conductor

• Water transport– Shipping paper name — Dangerous cargo manifest– Location of shipping paper — Bridge or pilothouse– Responsible party — Captain or master

(2 of 2)


U.S. MSDS Information

• Top — Chemical Identity• Section I — Manufacturer’s ID and

Information• Section II — Hazardous Ingredients• Section III — Physical and Chemical

Characteristics• Section IV — Fire and Explosion Hazard Data• Section V — Reactivity (Instability) Data (1 of 2)


U.S. MSDS Information

• Section VI — Health Hazard Data• Section VII — Precautions for Safe Handling

and Use• Section VIII — Control Measures

(2 of 2)


Emergency Response Guidebook

• The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) is primarily for use at a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident occurring on a highway or railroad.

• Explosives are not listed individually but appear under the general heading Explosives on the first page of the ID Number Index and alphabetically in the Name of Material index.

(1 of 2)


Emergency Response Guidebook

• The letter P following the Guide number in the yellow-bordered and blue-bordered pages identifies those materials that present a polymerization hazard under certain conditions.

• First responders should be familiar with the ERG before using it in an emergency!

(2 of 2)


ERG ID Number Index (Yellow-Bordered Pages)

• Index hazardous materials in numerical order of their 4-digit ID numbers

• Follow ID number with material’s assigned ERG Guide number followed by the material’s name

• Highlight substances that release toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) gases


Using the ID Number Index

• Example questions:

What material has the ID number 1090?

Is this material a TIH?

What guide page should be consulted?(1 of 2)


Using the ID Number Index

(2 of 2)


ERG Material Name Index (Blue-Bordered Pages)

• Alphabetically index hazardous materials by name

• Follow the material’s name with the ERG Guide number and the material’s 4-digit ID number

• Highlight substances that release toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) gases


Using the Material Name Index

• Example questions:

What guide page would be used for Sulphuric (Sulfuric) acid?

Is this material a TIH?

(1 of 2)


Using the Material Name Index

(2 of 2)


Initial Action Guides (Orange-Bordered Pages)

• Provide safety recommendations and general hazard information

• Present each guide in a two-page format– Potential hazards section– Public safety section– Emergency response section

(1 of 2)


Initial Action Guides (Orange-Bordered Pages)

(2 of 2)


Initial Action Guides — Potential Hazards Section

• Describes potential fire and explosion hazards and health effects upon exposure

• Lists highest potential first• Should be consulted first, allowing first

responders to make decisions regarding the protection of the emergency response team as well as the surrounding population


Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

(Green-Bordered Pages)

• List TIH materials by ID number in Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

• Include water-reactive materials that produce toxic gases in Table of Water-Reactive TIH Materials


Using the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

• Example questions: Assume you are responding to a small spill involving a material with ID No. 1953, liquified gas, flammable, poisonous, not otherwise specified (n.o.s.) (Inhalation Hazard Zone B).

What is the initial isolation distance?What distance should persons downwind be protected during the day? (1 of 2)


Using the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

(2 of 2)


Small Spills vs. Large Spills

• Small spill — A spill that involves a single, small package (such as a drum containing up to approximately 53 gallons [200 L], a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package

• Large spill — A spill that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages


Initial Isolation Distance

• Distance within which all persons are considered for evacuation in all directions from the actual spill/leak source


Protective Action Distance

• A downwind distance from a spill/leak source within which protective actions should be implemented (steps taken to preserve the health and safety of emergency responders and the public)


Hazard Control Zones

• Provide scene control– Protect responders from interference by

unauthorized persons– Help regulate movement of first responders– Minimize contamination

• Divide the levels of hazard of an incident– Hot zone– Warm zone – Cold zone (1 of 2)


Hazard Control Zones

(2 of 2)


Hot Zone

• An area surrounding an incident that has been contaminated or has the potential to become contaminated by a released material

• Generally the same as the isolation distance and could include the protective action zone


Warm Zone

• An area abutting the hot zone and extending to the cold zone

• Considered safe for workers to enter without special protective clothing (until decontamination starts) unless they are assigned a task requiring increased protection

• Used as a buffer between the hot and cold zones and the place to decontaminate personnel and equipment exiting the hot zone


Cold Zone

• Encompasses the warm zone and is used to carry out all other support functions of the incident or haz mat operations

• Workers in the cold zone are not required to wear personal protective clothing


Properties ofHazardous Materials

• Flammable, explosive, or combustible range — The percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in air that will burn or explode if ignited

(4 of 13)



• LEL/LFL (Lower explosive limit/Lower flammable limit) — The lowest concentration that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source is present

• UEL/UFL (Upper explosive limit/Upper flammable limit) — The highest concentration that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source is present (5 of 13)



• BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) — Occurs when a liquid within a container is heated, causing the material inside to boil or vaporize beyond the vessel’s ability to relieve the excess pressure

• Melting point — Temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure (8 of 13)



• Vapor density — Weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and volume

(9 of 13)



• Solubility — The percentage of a material (by weight) that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature– Non-water-soluble liquids remain separate when combined

with water; water-soluble liquids mix easily when combined with water.

– Water-soluble agents usually cause upper respiratory tract infection, quickly resulting in coughing and throat irritation.

– Partially water-soluble agents penetrate into the lower respiratory systems causing delayed symptoms that include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema, and coughing up blood.

(10 of 13)



• Miscibility/immiscibility — The degree or readiness with which two or more gases or liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each other– Miscible — Liquids that dissolve into each other– Immiscible — Liquids that do not readily dissolve into

each other• Specific gravity — Ratio of the density (heaviness)

of a material to the density of some standard material at standard conditions of pressure and temperature

(11 of 13)


Types of Radiation

• Alpha particles

• Beta particles

• Gamma rays

• X-rays

• Neutrons


EPA Levels of Protection

• Note: The following information is taken from the OSHA requirements for EPA levels of protective equipment. The NFPA requirements (listed in Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd ed.) may differ slightly.


EPA Level A Ensemble

• Components– Vapor protective suit – Pressure-demand, full-face SCBA– Inner chemical-resistant gloves– Chemical-resistant safety boots– Two-way radio communication– Cooling system (optional)– Outer gloves (optional)– Hard hat (optional)

(1 of 3)



• Protection provided — Highest available level of respiratory, skin, and eye protection from solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals

• Used in the following situations:– The chemical(s) have been identified and have high

level of hazards to respiratory system, skin, and eyes– Substances are present with known or suspected

skin toxicity or carcinogenity– Operations must be conducted in confined or poorly

ventilated areas (2 of 3)



• Limitations– Protective clothing must resist permeation by the

chemical or mixtures present– Ensemble items must allow integration without

loss of performance

(3 of 3)


EPA Level B Ensemble

• Components – Liquid splash-protective suit– Pressure-demand, full-facepiece

SCBA– Inner chemical-resistant gloves– Chemical-resistant safety boots– Two-way radio communications– Hard hat– Cooling system (optional)– Outer gloves (optional) (1 of 3)



• Protection provided — Provides same level of respiratory protection as Level A, but less skin protection; provides liquid splash protection, but no protection against chemical vapors or gases.

• Limitations– Protective clothing items must resist penetration by

the chemicals or mixtures present– Ensemble items must allow integration without loss

of performance(2 of 3)



• Used in the following situations:– The chemical(s) have been identified but do not

require a high level of skin protection– Initial site surveys are required until higher levels

of hazards are identified– The primary hazards associated with site entry are

from liquid and not vapor contact

(3 of 3)


EPA Level C Ensemble

• Components – Support Function Protective

Garment– Full-facepiece, air-purifying, canister-

equipped respirator– Chemical-resistant gloves and safety

boots– Two-way communications system– Hard hat– Faceshield (optional)– Escape SCBA (optional) (1 of 3)


EPA Level C Ensemble• Protection provided — The same level of skin protection as

Level B, but a lower level of respiratory protection; provides liquid splash protection but no protection from chemical vapors or gases

• Limitations– Protective clothing items must resist penetration

by the chemical or mixtures present– Chemical airborne concentration must be less

than IDLH levels– The atmosphere must contain at least 19.5%

oxygen (2 of 3)


EPA Level C Ensemble

• Used in the following situations:– Contact with site chemical(s) will not affect the

skin– Air contaminants have been identified and

concentrations measured– A canister is available which can remove the

contaminant– The site and its hazards have been completely

characterized (3 of 3)


EPA Level D Ensemble

• Components – Coveralls– Safety boots/shoes– Safety glasses or chemical

splash goggles– Gloves (optional)– Escape SCBA (optional)– Faceshield (optional)

• Protection provided — No respiratory protection; minimal skin protection (1 of 2)


EPA Level D Ensemble

• Used in the following situations:– The atmosphere contains no known hazard– Work functions preclude splashes, immersion,

potential for inhalation, or direct contact with hazard chemicals

• Limitations– This level should not be worn in the Hot Zone– The atmosphere must contain at least 19.5%

oxygen (2 of 2)


Categories of Decontamination

• Gross decontamination– Quickly removing the worst surface

contamination, usually by rinsing with water from handheld hoselines, emergency showers, or other water sources

– Performed on the following people in the following situations:

• Entry team personnel before technical decontamination

• Victims during emergency decontamination• Persons requiring mass decontamination (1 of 4)


Categories of Decontamination• Emergency decontamination

– Removing contamination on individuals in potentially life-threatening situations with or without the formal establishment of a decontamination corridor

– A type of gross decontamination• Technical (formal) decontamination

– Using chemical or physical methods to thoroughly remove contaminants from responders (primarily entry team personnel) and their equipment

– Conducted within a formal decontamination line or corridor following a gross decontamination

(2 of 4)



• Mass decontamination — Conducting gross decontamination of multiple people at one time

• Secondary decontamination — Taking a shower after having completed a technical decontamination

• Definitive decontamination — Decontaminating further after technical decontamination (3 of 4)



• Patient decontamination — Decontaminating injured patients or victims

• Buddy decontamination — Performing decontamination between entry team personnel (or others), making it easier to rinse difficult-to-reach areas such as the back and backs of legs and knees

• Self decontamination — Conducting emergency decontamination on oneself, usually by rinsing with water or using a blotting/ absorption method(4 of 4)


Importance ofScene Control Procedures

• First responders must direct victims to a safe location to await decontamination and prevent victims from leaving the scene.

• Decontamination prevents secondary contamination to others.

• All first responders must be sure to also know the department’s plan for evacuation of uncontaminated persons from the hazard area.


Decontamination Methods• Wet

– Washing the contaminated surface with solutions or flushing with a hose stream or safety shower

– Usually necessitates the collection of runoff water in wading pools or other liquid-retaining devices

• Dry– Scraping, brushing, and absorption– May be as simple as removing contaminated clothing and

putting into a 55-gallon (208 L) storage bag– Does not create large amounts of contaminated runoff

(1 of 2)


Decontamination Methods

• Physical– Removes the contaminant from a contaminated

person without changing the material chemically– The contaminant is contained for disposal

• Chemical– To make the contaminant less harmful by changing

it through some kind of chemical process(2 of 2)


Steps in Emergency Decontamination

1. Remove the victim from the contaminated area.

2. Wash immediately any exposed body parts with flooding quantities of water.

3. Remove victim’s clothing and/or PPE rapidly – if possible, cutting from the top down in a matter that minimizes the spread of contaminants.

(1 of 2)


Steps in Emergency Decontamination

4. Perform a quick cycle of head-to-toe rinse, wash, and rinse.

5. Transfer the victim to treatment personnel for assessment, first aid, and medical treatment.

6. Ensure that ambulance and hospital personnel are told about the contaminant involved.

(2 of 2)


Factors to Consider when Choosing a Decontamination Site

• Accessibility– Must be away from hazards, but adjacent to the

hot zone– Crucial time periods to consider

• Travel time in the hot zone• Time allotted to work in the hot zone• Travel time back to the decontamination site• Decontamination time

(1 of 4)



• Terrain and surface material– The decontamination site ideally slopes toward the hot

zone.– Diking around the site prevents accidental contamination

escaping.– It is best if the site has a hard, nonporous surface to

prevent ground contamination.– When a hard-surface driveway, parking lot, or street is

not accessible, some type of impervious covering may be used to cover the ground.

– Use covers or sheeting to form the decontamination corridor regardless of whether the surface is porous. (2 of 4)



• Lighting (and electrical supply)– A site illuminated by streetlights, floodlights, or

other type of permanent lighting reduces the need for portable lighting

• Drains and waterways– Avoid locating a site near storm or sewer drains,

ponds, ditches, and other waterways.• Water supply

– Water (and sometimes detergent) must be available.(3 of 4)



• Weather– Set up the site upwind in order to prevent the

spread of contaminants into clean areas.– Make every attempt to shield victims from cold

winds while they are removing protective clothing.

(4 of 4)


Decontamination Corridor

AIR MONITORING

• What is a normal Atmosphere?– Oxygen: 20.8%– Carbon Monoxide: 0 PPM– LEL: 0%– H2S: 0 PPM

• When is the Atmosphere not normal?

AIR MONITORING

• 1% of volume is equal to 10,000 PPM

• SO…WHAT DOES THAT MEAN TO ME?– What is happening if a monitored space is reading

an Oxygen level of 20.3% O2 and zero on all other sensors?

– Is there a problem?

AIR MONITORING

• Your meter is reading the following:

– O2: 20.7%– CO: 999 or HI– LEL: .2%

How much CO is in the space you are monitoring?

AIR MONITORING

• LEL of CO is 12.5%– 12.5% of CO equals 100% LEL meter reading– .125% of CO equals 1% LEL meter reading– 1% LEL meter reading equals 1250 PPM of CO

How much CO is in the space you are monitoring?

.2 % LEL meter reading of CO equals 2500 PPM. IDLH for CO is 1200 PPM

QUESTIONS???

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HAZMAT OPS REFRESHER. Awareness Level1–21–2 Haz Mat Incidents Involve a substance that: –...

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