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Cells - 2014Cells - 2014
Structure and Function
By the end of this chapter I must By the end of this chapter I must know>>>>know>>>>
What are the parts to the cell theory and 2 exceptions to the cell theory.
What are the organelles and functions of the organelles in a Animal cell? Plant Cell? A Basic Prokaryotic Cell?
What are the structural differences between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell?
What are the structural differences between a Plant and Animal cell?
What is the Secretory pathway?**** Can I draw/diagram a plant, animal, and bacterial cell with all
the proper organelles
VocabularyVocabulary
Prokaryote (ic) Eukaryote (ic) Cell Theory Organelle cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Cell membrane Nuclear envelope Chromatin Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth– Rough
Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell wall Vacuole Lysosome peroxisome Centriole Cytoskelton Slime capsule Mesosome Plasmid Naked DNA
Section 1: Introduction to the CellSection 1: Introduction to the Cell
Figure 3A
Discovery of CellsDiscovery of Cells
The invention of the lens
Robert Hooke (1665): observed a thin slice of cork
(dead plant cells) with a microscope.
observed as “little boxes” (cells).
Discovery of CellsDiscovery of Cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1675): was the first person to observe living cells.
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
Who developed the cell theory?– Matthias Schleiden (1838):
concluded that all plants are composed of cells
– Theodor Schwann (1839): concluded that all animals are composed of cells
– Rudolph Virchow (1855): determined that cells come only from other cells
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function.
3. Cells come only from existing cells.
EXCEPTIONSEXCEPTIONS
Skeletal muscles are made of fibers with hundreds of nuclei. Much larger than regular cells.
Bone, blood and cartilage have extracellular material…proteins and fluids.
Mitochondria and chloroplast contain DNA Viruses – have DNA and RNA surrounded
by a protein coat!! NOT classified as a cell!
NeededNeeded Cytological Definitions: Cytological Definitions:
Cell – basic unit of structure and function in a living organism. Organelle – tiny structures in cells with specific functions. Tissue – collection of cells that develop in the same way Organs – groups of tissue that combine to form a single
structure. Organ System – groups of organs that together carry out a
process Autotroph – organism that can make its own food.
(photosynthetic) Heterotroph – organism that cannot make its own food. Differentiate – the ability of multicellular organisms to have
cells that specialize in a certain function.
Cell Diversity- Cell Diversity- SizeSize
Fig. 3.1
CELL SIZECELL SIZE
Remember: (n = nano, μ = micro)• 1μm =.001mm • 1nm = .001μm)
Molecules – 0.5 – 1nm Membranes - 10nm Viruses – 50 – 100 nm Bacteria – 1 – 5 μm Organelles – 5 – 10 μm Cells – 10 – 100 μm
Cell Diversity- SizeCell Diversity- Size
6 inches long, 5 inches wide, 3 pounds
Smallest Cells:
Longest Cells:
Ostrich Egg
Biggest Cells:
Cells and SizesCells and Sizes
Magnification = size of image divided by the size of the specimen
Cell Diversity- ShapeCell Diversity- Shape
Cells differ widely in shape.Most cells are roughly
cuboidal or spherical.
Cells Cells DifferentiateDifferentiate
Differentiation: C
ells within
a multi cellular organism
specialize their function.
Specialized cells have sw
itched on
particular genes (e
xpressed) th
at
correlate to these specialist
functions.
These specific gene expressio
ns
produce particular sh
apes, functions
and adaptations within a cell.
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells
Cells Video – You’ll Love this one!!!!
Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesProkaryotes vs. EukaryotesAN Overview !!AN Overview !!
PROKARYOTIC
LACK membrane bound organelles
Simpler Autotrophs Naked DNA 1-10 microns All bacteria All single-celled First cells to evolve
EUKARYOTIC
HAVE membrane bound organelles
Complex Heterotroph/Autotroph Chromosomes 10-100 microns All other organisms Single / multicellular Evolved from prokaryotes
Prokaryotic Cell
Fig. 3.3.a
Fig. 3.3
Prokaryotic Cell PartsProkaryotic Cell Parts
Cell wall – • Protection and support• Shape• NOT made of cellulose• Made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Slime Capsule (encapsulated)• Protection• Not easy to lyse or hydrolyze • Difficult to kill ….pathogenic
Prokaryotic Cell PartsProkaryotic Cell Parts
Plasma membrane• Controls passage of materials
• Selectively permeable (semi permeable)
Flagella– Movement in a liquid environment
Pilli (us)– Hair like projection– Help bacteria stick to its background– Allows 2 bacterial cells to stick together:
conjugation!!
Prokaryotic Cell PartsProkaryotic Cell Parts
Ribosome – protein synthesis
Plasmid – small circular DNA chain. Codes for synthesis of certain proteins. Used in genetic engineering.
Prokaryotic Cell PartsProkaryotic Cell Parts
Ribosome – protein synthesis
Plasmid – small circular DNA chain. Codes for synthesis of certain proteins. Used in genetic engineering.
Prokaryotic Cell PartsProkaryotic Cell Parts Naked DNA – Naked nucleic acid. DNA not
surrounded by a membrane. Carries genetic code. Located in the “nucleoid” region.
Mesosome• Helps in cell division• Increases surface area• In aerobic bacteria: holds respiratory chain• In photosynthetic bacteria: holds photosynthetic pigments.
Fig. 3.3.b
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
Figure 7.4x2 Figure 7.4x2 E. coli From an Electron MicrographE. coli From an Electron Micrograph
Other Characteristics of ProkaryotesOther Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Form: Form: coccicocci, , bacilli, spirillabacilli, spirilla
Prokaryotic Cells divide by binary Prokaryotic Cells divide by binary fissionfission
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
Fig. 3.4
Fig. 3.4.a
Fig. 3.4.b
ANIMAL PLANT
KNOW HOW TO LOCATE AND BE ABLE TO DRAW AND LABEL…..
The Parts of the CellThe Parts of the Cell
Each living cell carries out the tasks of taking food, transforming food into energy, getting rid of wastes, and reproducing.
Most eukaryotic cells have three main components:– Cell Membrane– Cytoskeleton– Nucleus
Animal CellAnimal Cell
Now let Annotate this picture with all the functions of each structure named
Liver Liver CellCell
Structure and Function of OrganellesStructure and Function of Organelles
Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Structure: – phospholipid bilayer with
proteins that function as channels, markers, and receptors-also contains cholesterol which provides rigidity
Function: – selectively permeable
boundary between the cell and the external environment
Fig. 4.1
NucleusNucleus Structure:
– Similar to cell membrane– Contains nucleolus
Function: -– storage center of cell’s DNA– manages cell functions
Fig. 3.6.b
Inside the NucleusInside the Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope– A double membrane– Porous for movement of protein and ribosomes
Nucleolus– Formation of ribosomes
Chromatin (somes)– Contain DNA and protein– Genetic material
CytoplasmCytoplasm Structure: gelatin-like fluid that lies inside the cell membrane (Watery)
Function: -– Holds all organelle within cytoskeleton– Holds nutrients– Excellent conductor of electricity– Holds dissolved wastes
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
– Structure: – a network of thin,
fibrous elements made up of microtubules (hollow tubes) AND
– microfilaments (threads made out of actin)
Function: -– acts as a support
system for organelles-maintains cell shape
Fig. 3.12
Fig. 3.12.a1
Fig. 3.12.a2
Fig. 3.12.a3
Fig. 3.12.b1
Fig. 3.12.b2
Fig. 3.12.c1
Fig. 3.12.c2
Fig. 3.13.a
CentriolesCentrioles
Structure: – composed of nine
sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
• Exist in pairs
Function: – centrioles play a
major role in cell division (mitosis)
Area where the centrioles are located: CENTROSOME
Each centrosome: 2 centrioles
Not a part of plant cells.
Fig. 3.13
RibosomesRibosomes
Structure: consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA.
Found alone, in groups (poly) and on rER
Function: location of protein synthesis.
Fig. 3.7.a
The Secretory PathwayThe Secretory Pathway
Endoplasmic ReticulumGolgi Apparatus
LysosomePeroxisome
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Structure: a system of membranous tubes and sacs Function:
– intracellular “highway” (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another)
– Forms transport vesicles
Two types:– Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – always near
nucleus– Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – attached to rER
Fig. 3.7.b
Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER): – prominent in cells that
make large amounts of proteins
– Covered with ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): – involved in the synthesis of
lipids and breakdown of toxic substances
– Not covered with ribosomes
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus Structure: stacked flat sacs Function: receives proteins
from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell– collects– sorts– packages – Distributes
LysosomesLysosomes
Structure: spherical organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes within single membranes
A type of vesicle Function: breaks down
food particles, invading objects, or worn out cell parts
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes
Structure: spherical organelles that contain enzymes within single membranes
A type of vesicle Function: Degrade
hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism.
Fig. 3.8
Secretory PathwaySecretory Pathway
rER packages protein into vesicles that separate from ER
Vesicles travel and fuse with Golgi Apparatus
Golgi modifies & repackages protein into new secretory vesicles.
Secretory Vesicles released into cytoplasm
Vesicles fuse with Cell MembraneContents released – SECRETION!
Secretory PathwaySecretory Pathway
Fig. 3.8
MITOCHONDRIA
MitochondriaMitochondria
Structure: folded membrane within an outer membrane– The folds of the inner
membrane are called cristae
Function: -converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work– cellular respiration
Fig. 3.11.a
Fig. 3.9
Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella
Structure: hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of cells– When they are present in large numbers on a
cell they are called cilia– When they are less numerous and longer they
are called flagella– Both organelles are composed of nine pairs of
microtubules arranged around a central pair. Function: cell motility
Cillia and FlagellaCillia and Flagella
PLANT CELLSPLANT CELLS
The other Eukaryotic Cell
Fig. 3.5.b
Fig. 3.5.a
Fig. 3.5.b
Cell WallCell Wall
Structure: rigid wall made up of cellulose, pectin, proteins, and carbohydrates
Function: boundary around the plant cell outside of the cell membrane that provides structure and support
VacuolesVacuoles
Structure: a sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane– Very large in plants
Function: used for temporary storage of wastes, nutrients, and water
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Structure: stacked sacs (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll surrounded by a double membrane
Function: photosynthesis (conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose)
Fig. 3.10.a
Structural Organization of Eukaryotic Structural Organization of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cellsand Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes vs. ProkaryotesEukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists) and prokaryotes (bacteria) differ greatly in structure.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
nucleus? NO (nucleoid) YES
membrane-bound organelles?
NO YES (Many)
size 1 - 10 m 10 - 50 m
when evolved? 3.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago
cytoplasm? YES YES
cell membrane? YES YES
cell wall? Some Do Plants
ribosomes? YES YES
DNA? CircularFree Floating
Chromosomes in Nucleus
examples Bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists
Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Animal cells are very similar to plant cells except for the following major differences:– Animal cells do not contain
chloroplasts– Animal cells are not
surrounded by cell walls– The vacuoles in plants are
much larger than those of animals
Microscope Pictures of aMicroscope Pictures of aPlant Cell and an Animal CellPlant Cell and an Animal Cell
ElodeaElodea Human Cheek CellsHuman Cheek Cells
Cellular Levels of OrganizationCellular Levels of Organization
Cell TissueOrganOrgan SystemOrganism
THE END!THE END!