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PREFACE

Marketing should not be looked upon in a vacuum or in isolation.

It is an essence taking a view of the whole business organization and itsultimate objective concern for marketing must penetrate all areas of the

enterprise. Market survey in todays competitive world is a must for

every organization.

This project is a study of market potential of Digital camera Sector.

The rationale behind this particular study is to find out the present

market scenario of various brands & to find out the corporate need and

perception. It was a pleasurable experience to conduct a research on

behalf of Digital camera sector. Pertaining to the study of the Digital

camera Sector.

Conclusion and there by recommendation has been arrived at by

proper and justified interpretation of the result derived from the above

said analytical tools and techniques.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Preparing a project of this nature is an arduous task and I was fortunate

enough to get support from a large number o persons. I wish to express my

deep sense of gratitude to all those who generously helped in successful

completion of this report by sharing their invaluable time and knowledge.

It is my proud and previledge to express my deep regards to Respected

Head of Department Dr. Pramesh Gautam, Department of Business

Management , Swami Vivekanand Institute of Technology, College Sagar

for allowing me to undertake this project.

I feel extremely exhilarated to have completed this project under the

able and inspiring guidance of Miss. Amrita Rawat He rendered me all

possible help me guidance while reviewing the manuscript in finalising the

report.

I also extend my deep regards to my Digital camera cheers. Family

members, friends and all those whose encouragement has infused courage in

me to complete to work successfully.

(Ankita Jain)

B.B.A II nd Sem

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DELCLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

Date :

I declare that the project report titled " " Marketing Strategies of

Top Five Brands in Digi tal cameraSector" on Market Segmentation is

nay own work conducted under the supervision of Miss. Amrita

Rawat Department of Business Management , Swami Vivekanand

Institute of Technology, College Sagar To the best of my knowledge thereport does not contain any work , which has been submitted for the

award of any degree , anywhere.

(Ankita Jain)

B.B.A II nd Sem.

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CERTIFICATE

The project report titled " Marketing

Strategies of Top Five Brands in Digital camera

Sectorbeen prepared by Miss. Ankita Jain BBA II

nd Semester, under the guidance and supervision of

Miss. Amrita Rawat for the partial fulfillment of the

Degree of B.B.A.

Signature of the Signature of the Signature of the

Supervisor Head of the Department Examiner

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CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgement

Certificate

Declaration

Chapter I - Introduction

(a) About product

(b) Company History

(c) Mission and vision

(d) Objectives

(e) Standing position of company

(f) Brand value

Chapter II - Objectives of the study

Chapter IIIResearch Methodology

Chapter IV

Market Analysis(a) Over View

(b) Brands

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Chapter VConsumer Groups

(a) Consumer Behavior

Chapter VI

Product Profile

(a) Planning for Product Mix

(b) Product Range

Chapter VIIMarketing Strategies

(a) Pricing(b) Positioning and Destitution

(c) Promotion

Chapter VIIIabout competitions

(a) Competitors of product

(b) Price of competitors product

Chapter IX Data analysis and interpretations

Chapter XLimitations

Chapter XIConclusion and suggestions

Chapter XIIBibliography

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Digital camera

A digital camera (ordigicam) is a camera that takes video or still photographs by recordingimages on an electronic image sensor. Most cameras sold today are digital,[1]and digital camerasare incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called cameraphones) to vehicles.

Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a variablediaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit thecorrect amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronicrather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a

screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory. Manydigital cameras can also record moving video with sound. Some digital cameras can crop andstitchpictures and perform other elementary image editing.

History

Steven Sasson as an engineer at Eastman Kodak invented and built the first electronic camerausing a charge-coupled device image sensor in 1975.[2][3]Earlier ones used a camera tube; laterones digitized the signal. Early uses were mainly military and scientific; later medical and newsapplications became prominent, and in the 1990s digital cameras became a mainstream consumerproduct.

Image sensors

Image resolution
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The resolution of a digital camera is often limited by the image sensor (typically a CCD orCMOS sensorchip) that turns light into discrete signals. The sensor is made up of millions of"buckets" that essentially count the number ofphotons that strike the sensor. The brighter theimage at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending onthe physical structure of the sensor, a color filter array may be used which requires a

demosaicing. The number of resulting pixels in the image determines its "pixel count". Forexample, a 640x480 image would have 307,200 pixels, or approximately 307 kilopixels; a3872x2592 image would have 10,036,224 pixels, or approximately 10 megapixels.

The pixel count alone is commonly presumed to indicate the resolution of a camera, but thissimple figure of merit is a misconception. Other factors impact a sensor's resolution, includingsensor size and lens quality.

Since only a few aspect ratios are commonplace (mainly 4:3 and 3:2), the number of sensor sizesin use is limited. Furthermore, sensor manufacturers do not produce every possible sensor size,but take incremental steps in sizes. For example, in 2012 the three largest sensors (in terms of

pixel count) used by Canon were the 22.3, 21.1, and 17.9 megapixel CMOS sensors.

Demanding high quality and resolution (e.g. for use in professional photography), this count isan object of manufacturer competition. The highest resolution available on the market forconsumer digital cameras is 80.1 MP.[4]

Methods of image capture

Since the first digital backs were introduced, there have been three main methods of capturingthe image, each based on the hardware configuration of the sensor and color filters.

The first method is often called single-shot, in reference to the number of times the camera'ssensor is exposed to the light passing through the camera lens. Single-shot capture systems useeither one CCD with a Bayer filter mosaic, or three separate image sensors (one each for theprimary additive colors red, green, and blue) which are exposed to the same image via a beamsplitter.

The second method is referred to as multi-shotbecause the sensor is exposed to the image in asequence of three or more openings of the lens aperture. There are several methods of applicationof the multi-shot technique. The most common originally was to use a single image sensor withthree filters (once again red, green and blue) passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtainthe additive color information. Another multiple shot method is called Microscanning. This

technique utilizes a single CCD with a Bayer filter but actually moved the physical location ofthe sensor chip on the focus plane of the lens to "stitch" together a higher resolution image thanthe CCD would allow otherwise. A third version combined the two methods without a Bayerfilter on the chip.

The third method is called scanningbecause the sensor moves across the focal plane much likethe sensor of a desktop scanner. Their linearor tri-linearsensors utilize only a single line ofphotosensors, or three lines for the three colors. In some cases, scanning is accomplished by
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moving the sensor e.g. when using color co-site sampling or rotate the whole camera; a digitalrotating line camera offers images of very high total resolution.

The choice of method for a given capture is determined largely by the subject matter. It is usuallyinappropriate to attempt to capture a subject that moves with anything but a single-shot system.

However, the higher color fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions available with multi-shotand scanning backs make them attractive for commercial photographers working with stationarysubjects and large-format photographs.

Dramatic improvements in single-shot cameras and raw image file processing at the beginning ofthe 21st century made single shot, CCD-based cameras almost completely dominant, even inhigh-end commercial photography. CMOS-based single shot cameras remained somewhatcommon.

Filter mosaics, interpolation, and aliasing

Most current consumer digital cameras use a Bayer filter mosaic in combination with an opticalanti-aliasing filter to reduce the aliasing due to the reduced sampling of the different primary-color images. A demosaicing algorithm is used to interpolate color information to create a fullarray of RGB image data.

Cameras that use a beam-splitter single-shot 3CCD approach, three-filter multi-shot approach,color co-site sampling orFoveon X3 sensordo not use anti-aliasing filters, nor demosaicing.

Firmware in the camera, or a software in a raw converter program such as Adobe Camera Raw,interprets the raw data from the sensor to obtain a full color image, because the RGB color modelrequires three intensity values for each pixel: one each for the red, green, and blue (other color

models, when used, also require three or more values per pixel). A single sensor element cannotsimultaneously record these three intensities, and so a color filter array (CFA) must be used toselectively filter a particular color for each pixel.

The Bayer filter pattern is a repeating 22 mosaic pattern of light filters, with green ones atopposite corners and red and blue in the other two positions. The high proportion of green takesadvantage of properties of the human visual system, which determines brightness mostly fromgreen and is far more sensitive to brightness than to hue or saturation. Sometimes a 4-color filterpattern is used, often involving two different hues of green. This provides potentially moreaccurate color, but requires a slightly more complicated interpolation process.

The color intensity values not captured for each pixel can be interpolated (or guessed) from thevalues of adjacent pixels which represent the color being calculated.

Sensor size and angle of view

Cameras with digital image sensors that are smaller than the typical 35mm film size have asmaller field orangle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length. This is becauseangle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used.
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If a sensor smaller than the full-frame 35mm film format is used, as in most digicams, then thefield of view is cropped by the sensor to smaller than the 35mm full-frame format's field of view.This narrowing of the field of view is often described in terms of afocal length multiplierorcropfactor, a factor by which a longer focal length lens would be needed to get the same field of view

on a full-frame camera.

The result is geometrically similar to taking the image from the film camera and cutting it down(cropping) to the size of the sensor, ignoring various questions such as resolution. Formoderately large DSLRs the crop factor may be in the range of 1.3-2 while smaller cameras usesmaller sensors with a larger crop factor.

If the digital sensor has a higher or lower density of pixels per unit area than the film equivalent,then the amount of information captured differs correspondingly. While resolution can beestimated in pixels per unit area, the comparison is complex since most types of digital sensorrecord only a single colour at each pixel location, and different types of film have different

effective resolutions. There are various trade-offs involved, since larger sensors are moreexpensive to manufacture and require larger lenses, while sensors with higher numbers of pixelsper unit area are likely to suffer higher noise levels.

For these reasons, it is possible to obtain cheap digital cameras with sensor sizes much smallerthan 35mm film, but with high pixel counts, that can still produce high-resolution images. Suchcameras are usually supplied with lenses that would be classed as extremely wide angle on a35mm camera, and that can also be smaller size and less expensive, since there is a smallersensor to illuminate. For example, a camera with a 1/1.8" sensor has a 5.0x field of view crop,and so a hypothetical 5-50mm zoom lens produces images that look similar (again thedifferences mentioned above are important) to those produced by a 35mm film camera with a

25250mm lens, while being much more compact than such a lens for a 35mm camera since theimaging circle is much smaller.

This can be useful if extra telephoto reach is desired, as a certain lens on an APS sensor producesan image equivalent to a significantly longer lens on a 35mm film camera shot at the samedistance from the subject, the equivalent length of which depends on the camera's field of viewcrop. This is sometimes referred to as the focal length multiplier, but the focal length is aphysical attribute of the lens and not the camera system itself. The disadvantage of this is that
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wide angle photography is made somewhat more difficult, as the smaller sensor effectively andundesirably reduces the captured field of view. Some methods of compensating for this orotherwise producing much wider digital photographs involve using a fisheye lens and"defishing" the image in post processing to simulate a rectilinearwide angle lens.

Full-frame digital SLRs, that is, those with sensor size matching a frame of 35mm film, includeCanon 1D X, 1Ds and 5D series, and 6D; Kodak Pro DCS-14n; Nikon D3, D4, D600, D700 andD800 lines; and Contax N Digital. There are very few digital cameras with sensors that canapproach the resolution of larger-format film cameras, with the possible exception of theMamiya ZD (22MP), the Hasselblad H3D series ofDSLRs (22 to 39 MP), and the Nikon D800(36 MP).

Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs include 1.3x for some Canon (APS-H) sensors,1.5x for Sony APS-C sensors used by Nikon, Pentax and Konica Minolta and for Fujifilmsensors, 1.6 (APS-C) for most Canon sensors, ~1.7x for Sigma's Foveon sensors and 2x forKodakand Panasonic 4/3" sensors currently used by Olympus and Panasonic. Crop factors for

non-SLR consumer compact and bridge cameras are larger, frequently 4x or more.

Types of digital cameras

Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority arecamera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professionalphotographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras(DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras andbridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras.Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue toserve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography

was invented.

Compact digital cameras

Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and"snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generallyless than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearlycredit card size.[6]
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Most, apart from ruggedized orwater-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assemblyallowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an imagesensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens whenretracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thusmaking it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist

strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs forattaching a neck strap.

Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features andpicture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossycompression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearbysubjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motionpicture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lensesbut the zoom range isusually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system,using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.

Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutterinto the lens but play a simulatedcamera sound[7]forskeuomorphicpurposes.

For low cost and small size, these cameras typically use image sensor formats with a diagonalbetween 6 and 11 mm, corresponding to a crop factor between 7 and 4. This gives them weakerlow-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smallercomponents than cameras using larger sensors. Some cameras use larger sensor including, at thehigh end, a full-frame sensor.[8]

Some cameras have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter.[9] and some are rugged andwaterproof.

Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compactstereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.

Bridge cameras

Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs andshare with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and asmall sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses thesame contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in somecases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between

affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier DSLRs.

Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have veryhighly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for theinability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for thelesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an imagestabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
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These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since theappearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usuallyfitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attachaccessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. Thescene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder

(EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true DSLR, but they are capable of good imagequality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-endmodels of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of thesecameras can store images in a raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both.The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.

In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR isminimal but bridge cameras are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability toDSLR. Thus a bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seekingprofessional-quality photos.[10]

In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (ormegazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, theirlarger depth of field due to small size is usually an advantage in snapshots and sometimes inmore studied work.

A 3D photo mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a secondimage from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard MPO file for stereodisplay.[11]

Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeablelenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through anelectronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs dueto the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of eitherDSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from theFour Thirds DSLR system. Some MILCs use a larger APS-C sensor, such as the Sony NEXseries, Pentax K-01, and Canon EOS M.

Digital single lens reflex cameras

Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex

cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirrorreflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure themirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on theimager.

Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specializedsensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st-century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode thatemulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
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These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on thediagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth offield at a given aperture, and a larger size.

They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of

lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lensdesigned for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does notrequire its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutterin front of the imager, behind the mirror.

Digital rangefinders

A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widelyused on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically usingelectro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.

Line-scan camera systems

A line-scan camera has a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. The frames arecontinuously fed to a computer that joins them to each other and makes an image. This makespossible sharp pictures of objects that have passed the camera at high speed. Sporting racescommonly use this kind of camera to make photo finishes, i.e. determine the winner whenmultiple competitors cross the finishing line at nearly the same time. These cameras can also beused as industrial instruments for analyzing fast processes.

Integration

Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile

phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other smallelectronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops andBlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st-century camcorderscan also make still pictures.

Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than imagequality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compactJPEG file format.

Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based

cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold inonly five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones werecamera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.[12]

Integrated cameras tend to be the low end of the scale of digital cameras in technicalspecifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapiddevelopment, however, a typical year brings new high-end camera phones with capabilitiessimilar to the low end of separate subcompacts of yesteryear.
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Waterproof

Waterproof digital cameras include those that can be totally submerged for underwaterphotography and those designed to operate in wet conditions on land. Many waterproof digitalcameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures. Waterproof housings are available to

protect non-waterproof cameras in wet or submerged conditions.

21st century trend

In 2012 compact camera sales are declining as ever-present smartphone cameras, with integratedphoto sharing become more capable. DSLR-like Bridge Cameras continue to sell, having asuperzoom capability that camera phones lack.[13] DSLRs lose ground to Mirrorlessinterchangeable-lens camera (MILC)s offering the same sensor size in a smaller camera. A fewexpensive ones use a full frame sensor as DSLR professional cameras.[14][15]

Connectivity

Transferring photos

Many digital cameras can connect directly to a computer to transfer data:

Early cameras used the PC serial port. USB is now the most widely used method (mostcameras are viewable as USB mass storage), though some have a FireWireport. Somecameras use USB PTP mode for connection instead of USB MSC; some offer bothmodes.

Other cameras use wireless connections, via Bluetooth orIEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, such as theKodak EasyShare One.

Cameraphones and some high-end stand-alone digital cameras also use cellular networksto connect for sharing images. The most common standard on cellular networks is theMMS Multimedia Messaging Service, commonly called "picture messaging". The secondmethod with smartphones is to send a picture as an email attachment. Manycameraphones do not support email, so this is less common.

A common alternative is the use of a card readerwhich may be capable of reading several typesof storage media, as well as high speed transfer of data to the computer. Use of a card reader alsoavoids draining the camera battery during the download process. An external card reader allowsconvenient direct access to the images on a collection of storage media. But if only one storagecard is in use, moving it back and forth between the camera and the reader can be inconvenient.Many computers have a card reader built in, at least for SD cards.

Printing photos

Many modern cameras support the PictBridge standard, which allows them to send data directlyto a PictBridge-capable computer printerwithout the need for a computer.
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Wireless connectivity can also provide for printing photos without a cable connection.

Polaroid has introduced a printer integrated into its digital camera which creates a small, printedcopy of a photo. This is reminiscent of the original instant camera, popularized by Polaroid in1975.[16]

Displaying photos

Many digital cameras include a video output port. Usually sVideo, it sends a standard-definitionvideo signal to a television, allowing the user to show one picture at a time. Buttons or menus onthe camera allow the user to select the photo, advance from one to another, or automatically senda "slide show" to the TV.

HDMI has been adopted by many high-end digital camera makers, to show photos in their high-resolution quality on an HDTV.

In January 2008, Silicon Image announced a new technology for sending video from mobiledevices to a television in digital form. MHL sends pictures as a video stream, up to 1080presolution, and is compatible with HDMI.[17]

Some DVD recorders and television sets can read memory cards used in cameras; alternativelyseveral types of flash card readers have TV output capability.

Modes

Many digital cameras have preset modes for different applications. Within the constraints ofcorrect exposure various parameters can be changed, including exposure, aperture, focusing,

light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity. For example a portrait might use awider aperture to render the background out of focus, and would seek out and focus on a humanface rather than other image content.

Image data storage

A CompactFlash (CF) card, one of many media types used to store digital photograpsManycamera phones and most separate digital cameras use memory cards having flash memory tostore image data. The majority of cards for separate cameras are SD format; many areCompactFlash and the other formats are rare. In January 2012, a faster XQD card format was

announced.

[18]

Digital cameras have computers inside, hence have internal memory, and many cameras can usesome of this internal memory for a limited capacity for pictures that can be transferred to or fromthe card or through the camera's connections.
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The Joint Photography Experts Group standard (JPEG) is the most common file format forstoring image data. Other file types include Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) and various Rawimage formats.

Many cameras, especially high-end ones, support a raw image format. A raw image is the

unprocessed set of pixel data directly from the camera's sensor, often saved in a proprietaryformat. Adobe Systems has released the DNG format, a royalty-free raw image format used by atleast 10 camera manufacturers.

Raw files initially had to be processed in specialized image editing programs, but over timemany mainstream editing programs, such as Google's Picasa, have added support for raw images.Rendering to standard images from raw sensor data allows more flexibility in making majoradjustments without losing image quality or retaking the picture.

Formats for movies are AVI, DV,MPEG,MOV (often containing motion JPEG), WMV, andASF (basically the same as WMV). Recent formats include MP4, which is based on the

QuickTime format and uses newer compression algorithms to allow longer recording times in thesame space.

Other formats that are used in cameras but not for pictures are the Design Rule for CameraFormat (DCF), an ISO specification for the camera's internal file structure and naming, andDigital Print Order Format (DPOF), which dictates what order images are to be printed in andhow many copies.

Most cameras include Exifdata that provides metadata about the picture. Exif data may includeaperture, exposure time, focal length, date and time taken, and location.

Batteries

Digital cameras have high powerrequirements, and over time have become smaller, resulting inan ongoing need to develop a battery small enough to fit in the camera and yet able to power itfor a reasonable length of time.

Two broad types of batteries are in use for digital cameras.

Off-the-shelf

Off-the-shelf batteries may be single-use disposable or reusable rechargeable batteries. In either

case they conform to an established off-the-shelf form factor, most commonly AA, CR2, orCR-V3 batteries, with AAA batteries in a handful of cameras. The CR2 and CR-V3 batteries arelithium based, and intended for single use. They are also commonly seen in camcorders. AAbatteries are the most common; however, the non-rechargeable alkalinebatteries supplied withlow-end cameras are capable of powering most cameras for only a very short time. They mayserve satisfactorily in cameras that are only occasionally used.
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Consumers with more than an occasional need use AA Nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMH)instead, which provide adequate energy and are rechargeable. NIMH batteries do not provide asmuch energy per volume as lithium ion batteries, and they also tend to discharge when not used.For the same energy, a NiMH rechargeable battery takes up to twice the volume of a Li-onrechargeable battery, and is three to five times heavier, but only costs half as much.

Rechargeable batteries are available in various ampere-hour (Ah) ormilli-ampere-hour (mAh)ratings, which are approximately proportional to shots per charge.

Typically mid-range consumer models and some low end cameras use off-the-shelf batteries;only a very few DSLR cameras accept them (for example, Sigma SD10, or some Pentax DSLRsvia an optional adapter). However, most battery grips for DSLRs come with a separate holder toaccommodate AA cells. Rechargeable RCR-V3 lithium-ion batteries are also available as analternative to non-rechargeable CR-V3 batteries. Cameras, especially earlier ones made for AA-size batteries assumed that these would be of the non-rechargeable, preferably alkalinemanganese type delivering 1.5 volts per cell. Rechargeable NiCd or NiMH cells only deliver 1.2volts, which means that many such cameras will only operate for a short time or not at all even

with new and newly charged 1.2 volt units. A portable ultra-high-endurance external power-supply for the shoulder bag to operate older 6 volt cameras can be made up of five 1.2 volt C-size cells which can be either NiCd or NiMH, with a cable and 4mm DC-plug.

Proprietary

The second type of battery for digital cameras is proprietary battery formats. These are built to amanufacturer's custom specifications, and can be either aftermarket replacement parts or OEM.Almost all proprietary batteries are lithium ion. While they only accept a certain number ofrecharges before the battery life begins degrading (typically up to 500 cycles), they provideconsiderable performance for their size. A result is that at the two ends of the spectrum both high

end professional cameras and low end consumer models tend to use lithium ion batteries.

Conversion of film cameras to digital

When digital cameras became common, a question many photographers asked was whether theirfilm cameras could be converted to digital. The answer was yes and no. For the majority of35 mm film cameras the answer is no, the reworking and cost would be too great, especially aslenses have been evolving as well as cameras. For most a conversion to digital, to give enoughspace for the electronics and allow a liquid crystal display to preview, would require removingthe back of the camera and replacing it with a custom built digital unit.

Many early professional SLR cameras, such as the Kodak DCS series, were developed from35 mm film cameras. The technology of the time, however, meant that rather than being digital"backs" the bodies of these cameras were mounted on large, bulky digital units, often bigger thanthe camera portion itself. These were factory built cameras, however, not aftermarketconversions.

A notable exception is the Nikon E2, followed by Nikon E3, using additional optics to convertthe 35mm format to a 2/3 CCD-sensor.
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A few 35 mm cameras have had digital camera backs made by their manufacturer, Leica being anotable example. Medium format and large format cameras (those using film stock greater than35 mm), have a low unit production, and typical digital backs for them cost over $10,000. Thesecameras also tend to be highly modular, with handgrips, film backs, winders, and lensesavailable separately to fit various needs.

The very large sensor these backs use leads to enormous image sizes. For example Phase One'sP45 39 MP image back creates a single TIFF image of size up to 224.6 MB, and even greaterpixel counts are available. Medium format digitals such as this are geared more towards studioand portrait photography than their smaller DSLR counterparts; the ISO speed in particular tendsto have a maximum of 400, versus 6400 for some DSLR cameras. (Canon EOS-1D Mark IV andNikon D3S have ISO 12800 plus Hi-3 ISO 102400 with the Canon EOS-1Dx's ISO of 204800)

Digital camera backs

In the industrial and high-end professional photography market, some camera systems use

modular (removable) image sensors. For example, some medium format SLR cameras, such asthe Mamiya 645D series, allow installation of either a digital camera back or a traditionalphotographic film back.

Area arrayo CCDo CMOS

Linear arrayo CCD (monochrome)o 3-strip CCD with color filters

Linear array cameras are also called scan backs.

Single-shot Multi-shot (three-shot, usually)

Most earlier digital camera backs used linear array sensors, moving vertically to digitize theimage. Many of them only capture grayscale images. The relatively long expsoure times, in therange of seconds or even minutes generally limit scan backs to studio applications, where allaspects of the photographic scene are under the photographer's control.

Some other camera backs use CCD arrays similar to typical cameras. These are called single-

shot backs.

Since it is much easier to manufacture a high-quality linear CCD array with only thousands ofpixels than a CCD matrix with millions, very high resolution linear CCD camera backs wereavailable much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts. For example, you could buy an(albeit expensive) camera back with over 7,000 pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s.However, as of 2004, it is still difficult to buy a comparable CCD matrix camera of the sameresolution. Rotating line cameras, with about 10,000 color pixels in its sensor line, are able, as of
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2005, to capture about 120,000 lines during one full 360 degree rotation, thereby creating asingle digital image of 1,200 Megapixels.

Most modern digital camera backs use CCD or CMOS matrix sensors. The matrix sensorcaptures the entire image frame at once, instead of incrementing scanning the frame area through

the prolonged exposure. For example, Phase Oneproduces a 39 million pixel digital camera backwith a 49.1 x 36.8 mm CCD in 2008. This CCD array is a little smaller than a frame of120 filmand much larger than a 35 mm frame (36 x 24 mm). In comparison, consumer digital camerasuse arrays ranging from 36 x 24 mm (full frame on high end consumer DSLRs) to 7.2 x 5.3 mm(on point and shoot cameras) CMOS sensor.

Relatively few complete digital SLR cameras have sensors large enough to compete (except byimage stitching) with the image detail offered by medium to large format film cameras. PhaseOne, Mamiya, and Hasselblad in 2011 manufacture medium format digital devices that cancapture 30MP up to 80MP. These large and expensive cameras, having high build quality andfew moving parts, tend to be long lasting and are prominent on the used market

The Top 5 Digital camera Brands with the Highest Customer Satisfaction

Digital camera Brand Satisfaction RatingChange in Satisfaction

(from 2010)

1 Samsung 834/ 10000.24 %(increase in satisfaction)

2 Panasonic 827/ 10001.9 %(increase in satisfaction)

3 Canon 825/ 1000 0.9 %(increase in satisfaction)

4 Sony 822/ 10000.7 %(increase in satisfaction)

5 Nikon 807/ 10003.5 %(increase in satisfaction)
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=1. Olympus Stylus XZ-2

=1. Canon Powershot G15

=1. Nikon Coolpix P330
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4. Canon Powershot S100

=4. Nikon Coolpix P7700

=6. Panasonic Lumix LX7
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=6. Fujfilm X10

8. Samsung EX2F

=8. Fujifilm XF1
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=8. Sony Cybershot RX100

=8. Canon PowerShot S110
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1.Panasonic

LG Electronics is a Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Yeouido,Seoul, South Korea. The company operates its business through four divisions: MobileCommunications, Home Entertainment, Home Appliances, and Air Conditioning & EnergySolutions. It is the world's second-largest manufacturer of television sets[2] and third-largestproducer of mobile phones.[3] It is a flagship subsidiary company of LG Group, one of theworld's largest conglomerates.

History

The company was originally established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs,refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners.[4]The LG Group was formed through the

merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation ofLG wasderived. The current "Life's Good" slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change toLG, household products were sold under the brand name ofLucky, while electronic products

were sold under the brand name ofGoldStar(Hangul:). In January 2009 LG was able to buy

the domain nameLG.com, for a price reportedly to be more than $100 million, placing it amongthe companies who own their two letter brand's domain name.[5]

In 1994 GoldStar gained sponsorship from The 3DO Company to make the first 3DO InteractiveMultiplayer. In 1995, GoldStar was renamed LG Electronics, and acquired Zenith Electronics ofthe United States. LG Solar Energy is a subsidiary formed in 2007 to allow LG Chem to supplypolysilicon to LG Electronics for production ofsolar cells. In 2008, LG took its first dive into the

solar-panel manufacturing pool, as it announced a preliminary deal to form a joint venture withConergy. Under the deal, set to be completed by year's end, LG would acquire a 75 percent stakein Conergy's Frankfurt solar-panel plant.[6]LG has produced camcorders called ARTCAM andDSLRs.[7]

By 2005, LG was a Top 100 global brand, and in 2006, LG recorded a brand growth of 14%.[8]Its affiliate, LG Display, is now the world's largest plasma panel manufacturer.[9]
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Operations

LG Electronics has around 75 subsidiaries worldwide. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronicsand controls 37.91 percent ofLG Display.[10]

Home Entertainment

The Home Entertainment division offers Plasma TVs, LCD TVs, PDP Modules, OLED Panels,USB Memory, Flat Panel Computer Monitors, Home Theater Systems, Blu-ray Disc players,DVD Recorders, Super Multi DVD Rewriters, CDRW, Notebook PCs, Desktop PCs, MP3Players

The Home Entertainment division merged with the Business Solution Division in October 2010.

Home Appliances

The Home Appliances division provides refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens,cleaners, compressors, motors.

Its 2007 sales totaled KRW 11.8 trillion, accounting for 29% of the company's total revenue. Thedivision's profit was KRW 717.1 billion. About 35% of the company's home appliance revenuecomes from the North American market.[13]

Air Conditioning & Energy Solutions

The Air Conditioning & Energy Solutions division makes air conditioners and LED lighting.

Smart TVs and apps

LG Electronics introduced their first Internet TV in 2007, originally branded as "NetCastEntertainment Access" devices. They later renamed the 2011 Internet TV's to LG Smart TV

when more interactive television features were added, that enables the audience to receiveinformation from the Internet while at the same time watching conventional TVprogramming.[14][15] LG's Magic Remote uses Hillcrest Labs' Freespace technology to allowusers to change channels using gestures.[16]

As of early 2012, LG SmartTV customers using TalkTalk as in ISP are having significant serviceissues with the BBC iplayer[17]. LG have made no official comment, while the BBC have said

that they are aware of the issue and are investigating[18].
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2.Samsung

Samsung Group Notable Samsung industrial subsidiaries include Samsung Electronics (theworld's largest information technology company measured by 2011 revenues),[3][4] SamsungHeavy Industries (the world's second-largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues),[5]Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 35th- and 72nd-largestconstruction companies), and Samsung Techwin (a weapons technology and optoelectronicsmanufacturer).[6]Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th-largest life insurance company),[7] Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldesttheme parkin South Korea)[8]and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 19th-largest advertising agencymeasured by 2010 revenues).[9][10]

Samsung produces around a fifth of South Korea's total exports[11] and its revenues are largerthan many countries' GDP; in 2006, it would have been the world's 35th-largest economy.[12]Thecompany has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media andculture, and has been a major driving force behind the "Miracle on the Han River"

2010 to present

Despite consistent growth, Samsung, along with its chairman Lee Kun-hee, has developed areputation for insecurity regarding its financial stability and the potential for future crises toarise. After returning from a temporary retirement period in March 2010, Kun-hee stated that

"Samsung Electronics' future is not guaranteed because most of our flagship products will beobsolete in 10 years from now."[26]

According to the 2011 "Top 100" brand list compiled by Millward Brown, a British brandconsultancy firm, Samsung ranked at 67th position and was one of the world's most valuablebrands,[27] with a period of significant growth during the 20092010 period (the corporation'sbrand value, estimated to be as much as US$1.1 billion, grew by 80 percent during this time).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_technology_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Techwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Life_Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Everlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheil_Worldwidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-Hutson-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-Hutson-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-Hutson-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millward_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millward_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-Hutson-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheil_Worldwidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Everlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Life_Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Techwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_technology_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics

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In the "World's Most Reputable Companies" 2011 list, published by the Reputation Institute,Samsung Electronics was placed at 22nd,[28] consistent with the previous year (a significantadvancement occurred between 2009 and 2010 when the company leaped from 75th position [29]).The company was also ranked 11th in the "50 Most Innovative Companies 2010" list put out byBusinessWeek, a five-notch increase from the previous year's 16th.

3.Canon

Kenmore Appliances is a line of household appliances produced by a variety of manufacturerssuch as Whirlpool Corp, GE, Panasonic, LG, Bosch, Electrolux, and Mabe Mexico, andcontrolled by Sears Holdings Corporation; the brand is owned by KCD IP, LLC,[1] a specialpurpose entity created by Sears Holdings forsecuritizationpurposes.[2]The brand is sold at allSears Holdings stores including, Sears, Orchard Supply Hardware, The Great Indoors and, since2005, at Kmart. The first Kenmore branded product was a digital camera marketed in 1927.[3]The first Kenmore vacuum cleaners were sold in 1932. They are currently manufacturedprimarily by Panasonic.[4] Kenmore's upscale line of appliances is known as the Elite line.Kenmore also has a professional line of appliances calledKenmore Pro.

On March 12, 2010, the Kenmore brand launched its first interactive "Kenmore Live Studio" inChicago. The entire Kenmore Live Studio is equipped with cameras that broadcast video via

the Internet, so studio visitors, chef demonstrations, and presentations and unveilings of newproducts are shared in real time with those following the Kenmore brand via its social mediapage on Facebook.[5] Unlike traditional Sears stores, the "Kenmore Live Studio" specificallypromotes only Kenmore products.

Kenmore products

Water Softeners BBQ Grills Washing Machines Dryers Dishwashers Microwaves Refrigerators Stoves Cook tops Vacuum Cleaners Sewing Machines Air Purifiers Central Air Conditioning Heat Pumps Gas Furnaces Window Air Conditioners Dehumidifiers Other household products Water Heaters
http://www.reputationinstitute.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Elec

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