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Health and Climate Change
Dianne KatscherianDepartment of Health
Contents
• Introduction• DOH and Climate Change• Health Impacts from Climate
Change• Temperature related health
impacts: Extreme events and temperature
increases• Direct Impacts to health• Other Impacts to health• Risk Assessments• Adaptation responses• LG Planning for Health
Introduction
• Changes will affect environmental, human and built systems and alter the way we live
• The impacts on human health and safety could be of major significance
• Important we understand the potential health impacts and develop appropriate adaptation responses
DOH and Climate Change• WA Greenhouse Strategy
(GHS) and the Premier’s Climate Change Action Statement Making Decisions for the Future: Climate Change committed Government sectors to actions
• WA Health responses included assessment of impacts of climate change on population of WA
• Undertook Health Impact Assessment of climate change in collaboration with the WHO Centre for Environmental and Health Impact Assessment at Curtin University
Health impacts identified:• The impacts from
environmental changes were identified as:– Health impacts of extreme events– Health impacts of temperature
related events– Water-borne diseases– Vector-borne diseases– Air Quality Health Impacts– Food-borne diseases– Health Impacts from Food Production– Social/Community/Lifestyle Impacts,
and– General Principles and Adaptation
Measures.
Temperature related health impacts:
Extreme events and Temperature increases
Temperatures in WA• WA is likely to become warmer, especially in
inland areas, with more hot days and fewer cold nights
• And has been estimated that the number of days above 35ºC could average:Location Current 2030 2070 2100
Perth 27 29-43 56 72
Broome 54 64-141
Kalumburu 140 168-214
Halls Creek 156 168-214
Climate variable 2030 2070
Mean summer temperature (ºC) +0.5 to +2.1 +1.0 to +6.5
Mean winter temperature (ºC) +0.5 to +2.0 +1.0 to +5.5
Direct Impacts to Health from Heat
• The human body maintains body temperature in ambient temperatures not exceeding 32 degrees.
• Above this temperature, heat lost through the skin and sweating.
• Heat-related illness occurs when the body unable to adequately cool.
• Minimum ambient temperatures are also important– Difficulties cooling when minimum temperatures
greater than 22 degrees• High humidity reduces effectiveness of sweating
and increases the risk of heat-related illness at any given temperature.
Relative Atmospheric temperature (oC)
Humidity(%) 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
0% 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 36 37 38
10% 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 41
20% 26 27 28 30 32 34 37 39 42 46
30% 26 27 29 31 33 36 39 43 47 52
40% 26 28 30 32 35 39 43 48 54 6050% 27 28 31 34 38 43 49 55 62
60% 27 29 33 37 42 48 55 62
70% 27 31 35 40 47 54 63
80% 28 32 38 44 52 61
90% 28 34 41 49 58
100% 28 36 44 56
At an apparent temperature, (Ta) of:32-40 Heat cramps or heat exhaustion possible41-54 Heat cramps or heat exhaustion likely, heat stroke possible54-more Heat stroke highly likelyExposure to full sunshine can increase the heat index value by up to 8oC
Heat Illness• Heat cramps – muscular pains and spasms.
– Are the least severe– Early signal of concerns with heat
• Heat exhaustion – body fluids are lost through heavy sweating– Typically with heavy exercise or work in a hot, humid
place – Blood flow to the skin increases causing a decrease of
flow to vital organs. – Results in mild shock with cold, clammy and pale skin
together with fainting and vomiting. – If not treated the victim may suffer heat stroke;
• Heat stroke – is life threatening. – The temperature control system stops working. – If body temperature >39oC, potential for brain damage
and death if cooling does not occur.
Vulnerability• Those at greatest risk of harm from high
temperatures include: – The old, especially >65 years – The young, especially <2 years – The pregnant and breastfeeding – The obese – Those who are not acclimatized to the heat,
e.g. new arrivals – Those who have underlying medical conditions,
especially cardiovascular disease – Athletes and other participants in outdoor
recreational activities – Manual labourers, outdoor workers
DOH and Heat Alerts
• DOH puts out alerts for the public when:– Maximum daily temperatures
exceed 35 degrees for 3 days or more
– Minimum daily temperatures exceed 23 degrees for 3 days or more
• Heat wave information on Public Health Website at:http://www.public.health.wa.gov.au
Other Health Impacts from Increased Temperatures
• Water Borne Disease (Gastro-intestinal)– Temperature increase in
recreational waters– Change in incidence of water-
borne pathogens such as cryptosporidium, campylobacter, amoeba
– Increase in toxic algal blooms
• Water Supply (Increased treatment costs)– Warmer temperatures and thus
reduced dissolved oxygen– Reduced water quality– Warmer water from rainwater
tanks
Other Health Impacts from Increased Temperatures
• Food borne Disease (Food Poisoning) – May increase proliferation of bacterial
pathogens including Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria spp.
– May increase mycotoxins and aflatoxins in seafood
• Food Production (Dietary and nutritional changes)– Changes in crop yields and protein
levels (+/-)– Effects on feed intakes and animal
reproduction– Changes to pests, weeds and
diseases– Changes to use of agrochemicals
Other Health Impacts from Increased Temperatures
• Air Quality (Respiratory Effects)– Increased production pollen, aeroallergens,
dust, increased off-gassing of VOCs– Increased risks from particulates associated
with bushfires or controlled burning– Increased use of evaporative air conditioners
and water conserving products (mulch) with links to Legionnaire's Disease
– Increased exposure to pesticides• UV Exposure (Skin cancers, eye disease)
– increase time spent outdoors and thus increase UV exposure
Other Health Impacts from Increased Temperatures
• Vector Borne (Ross River Virus, Barmah Forrest Virus, Dengue, Murray Valley Encephalitis, Other exotic diseases)– Impacts on:
• Complex ecological cycles of the diseases,
• Ability for systems to respond
• Lifestyle/behavioural – Increases in crime - particularly
involving aggression, – Accidents - workplace and
traffic, – Decline in physical health – Hot nights cause sleep
deprivation
Other Health Impacts from Increased Temperatures
• Lifestyle/behavioural – Recreational opportunities - changes to
exercise patterns, – Changes in alcohol consumption, – Stress– Lack of cold water – reduced ability to
cool down• Economic
– Loss of income and/or assets, – Reduction of goods and services, – Higher costs of insurance, food, water, energy– Financial strain for LG’s.
Risk Assessments and HeatRisk Health Impacts arising from:
Extreme Heat events UV exposure Reduced access to health care, food and water Inability to meet energy demand
Extreme/High Fires Changes to air quality
High Flooding Drinking water contamination Pathogens in recreational waters Changes to disease vector distribution and
abundance Exposure to allergens Food Poisoning Impacts to Mental Health
Adaptation Responses
• Health sector not responsible for implementation of actions to mitigate the effects of heat (and other aspects of climate change)
• Requires consideration by sectors tasked with planning for and responding to changes
• LGs have key role in many areas
Adaptation Responses• Must be formulated to cope with the
effects of unavoidable climate change• Can be broken down into measures similar
to those used for public health: – “primary adaptive measures: actions taken to
prevent the onset of disease arising– secondary adaptive measures: preventive
actions taken in response to early evidence of health impacts, and
– tertiary adaptive measures: health-care actions taken to lessen the morbidity or mortality caused by the disease”
• Most LG involvement in Primary and Secondary measures
Adaptation Responses
• Adaptation measures were categorised as:– Legislative or Regulatory– Public Education or Communication– Surveillance and Monitoring– Ecosystem Intervention– Infrastructure Development– Technological/Engineering– Medical Intervention– Research/ Further Information
LG Planning for Health
• Input to regulatory changes:– Minimum energy efficiencies in homes– Limiting power use in high demand/emergency
periods– Energy for essential services and communal
cooling centres– Protection of vulnerable groups – Periodic reassessment of building codes– Other infrastructure requirements– Funding requirements
LG Planning for Health
• Local public health response mechanisms:– Heat Event Response Plans– Air quality improvement plans– Raising awareness locally and increasing
community engagement• Communication to aged care facilities, refuges for
homeless, day-care centres, schools• Communication for difficult to reach groups – remote,
non-English speaking tourists, mobile population• Education campaigns on heat management and
avoidance procedures• Local information (websites, newspapers, etc)• Local partnerships
LG Planning for Health
– Integrated vulnerability assessments– Incorporation of adaptation measures
into long term planning and policies– Monitoring and surveillance programs– Community response mechanisms
LG Planning for Health
• Input to local infrastructure change requirements:– Housing and public buildings (eg, insulation,
guidelines, passive-solar)– Air conditioning unit design– Preventative measures other than air
conditioning– Urban design to reduce urban heat island effect– Costs associated with vegetation loss in
development– Local green space– Water efficiency and building material
improvements– Alternative energy use and diversification of
power supplies
For further information
•For WA Government publications– Office of Climate Change WA
• http://dec.wa.gov.au
•For WA Health Climate Change Publications– Public Health Division
• http://public.health.wa.gov.au
Thank you