ABSTRACT

Occupational exposures to chemicals on a every day basis can have severe consequence on the

physical condition and well being of employees in the laboratory The topic of this study; Impact

of, Exposures of chemical on health of workers and improving the safety in Chemical

laboratories. examine and analyze if the exposure to the chemicals can impact the healthy and

life of the workers working in the chemical industry.

The theoretical part includes Responsibility Social Relationships in the Work Environment and

Organizational safety culture.

The study done at chemical industry represents the case study. Triangulation approach was

selected. Researcher conducted interviews from management and then questionnaires were

created to view that if the employees are aware about the health and safety issues and the

concern of management towards the employees. A total of 200 questionnaires were circulated to

respondents through Simple Random Sampling selected from the list provided.

The results are examined in descriptive as well as inferential statistics. The work concludes that

the management was concerned relating to the issues of health and safety of the employees and

provide every complete secure working environment while some employees do not follow the

safety issues. It is made clear that the employees when know about the safety issues can save

themselves from the threats and risks associated with the chemicals

Finally, a discussion on findings and conclusion along with the suggestions comprise in the final

part of the research

Key words: Chemical Industry, Health and safety issues, Exposure to the chemicals

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Introduction

Today, representatives anticipate that their executives will furnish work situations that are

sheltered, secure and sound.

Health alludes to a general state of physical, mental and enthusiastic prosperity (Robert and John,

2004). A sound and healthy individual is free of disease, harm or mental and enthusiastic issues

that debilitate typical human progress. Health administration in associations strive to look after

the general prosperity of people.

Safety then again alludes to ensuring the physical prosperity of individuals (Robert and John,

2004).

Chemical industries might be places of disclosure and knowledge however they can likewise be

places of risk if security measures are not taken. Bretherick (1990), Furr (1990) and Ridgway et

al. (2003).

Exposure to chemicals relies upon work conditions and practices. These exposures could be

intense exposures that may initiate poisonous reactions or can have impact on the working of

body organs Furr (1990). Nonetheless, a certain set of screening and working practices are

obliged to counteract unfavorable health impacts (Dimenstein 2009)

After going through various studies this part of the research will contain key thoughts that are

essential for related to safety issue in the work place and especially in the chemical industry.

This part will be based on 3 subparts which are as under

Responsibility

Social Relations in the Work Atmosphere

Organizational safety culture

Accountability is being obliged to response for one's dealings and procedures Romzek and

Dubnick, (1987) and could apply first to the unique individual working in the lab and the bottom

level. The social relationships in the work environment Stillman, (2005) stated that personal

qualities or conviction can affect efficiency, productivity and yield, or on account of chemical

industries, its wellbeing and safety Utterback and Nelson (1998). This thought adjusts to the

responsibility and includes distinctive qualities or convictions. Culture of organization joins

together the two ideas together by observing how the organizations promote the wellbeing of

industry and is responsible to the representatives.

Responsibility

Responsibility for lab security is crucial, particularly when working with chemicals. Some

chemicals are extremely perilous to work with and require particular trial methods Utterback &

Nelson (1998). When somebody is working with chemicals there is an increase in personal

safety danger. If an unforeseen reaction while working with chemical happened, the individual

utilizing the chemicals could be harmed.

Social Relations in the Work Atmosphere

A distinctive convictions and qualities can impact their conduct and the social relationships they

have Stillman, (2005). Rieger, (1995); Johnson (2004) in his research mentioned that

Roethlisberger contended cash was not the primary inspiration; inspiration originated from social

recognition inside the work environment. People esteemed being acknowledged parts of an

assembly. Other has likewise observed that it is paramount to think about what encourages

individuals and to consider the interpersonal circumstances in the work place.

There are a numerous explanations why people may be inspired to accompany the security

regulations. These explanations incorporate distinguishing the danger of the chemicals being

utilized, tending to their own particular individual wellbeing, and the risk of not agreeing and

fulfilling to the regulations Utterback & Nelson (1998). Personal wellbeing could be an

extremely solid inspiration, particularly when working with chemicals. Management must think

about the human needs, values, and concerns of the individuals so as to be successful Stillman,

(2005). More research with respect to social relationships and inspiration laboratory security

requirements to be carried out so we can figure out how to provoke individuals to follow safety

procedure while working in the chemical factories.

Organizational Culture

Stillman (2005) depicts Organizational Culture as shared meaning values and convictions about

suitable practices events and proceeding. According to Petersen (2004), a positive safety and

wellbeing culture happens when the workers sincerely accept the association acknowledges

security a high necessity. Management can influence workers to accompany suitable wellbeing

methods by making security a necessity. Making security a necessity could influence the

judgment of wellbeing for the people working in a chemical industries and laboratories Kemsley

(2010). Some specialists think security training and consciousness ought to be expanded to

fabricate a safety culture in the industry Kemsley (2010).

Petersen (2004) accepts a positive safety culture in an association is more significant than a

particular safety policy. Other analysts think personal and organizational components impact the

safety behavior of individuals Wu, Liu, and Lu, (2007); Blair (2003). The security atmosphere

measurements relied on upon the duty and commitment of the CEO and the supervisors, the

security responsibility of every worker, the measure of determined danger, and the urgent

reaction. However, wellbeing preparing was demonstrated to have an impact on discernment of

security atmosphere.

The principle motivation behind successful safety programmes in associations is to avert work

related damages and mischances. The motivation behind security is to ensure representatives and

organizational services.

Robert and John.(2004) state that at the heart of security administration is an organizational duty

to an exhaustive safety and security endevor. This exertion ought to be composed from the top

level of administration to incorporate all parts of the association. It may as well likewise be

reflected in managerial activities.

Managements can avoid a few mishaps by having machines, gear and work zones so who

perform conceivably risky occupations can't harm themselves or others. Giving wellbeing gear

and protects on hardware, introducing crisis switches, introducing sufficient ventilation,

introducing crisis switches, introducing security rails, keeping walkways clear, lighting, warming

and ventilating can all help make work environment more secure. Outlining occupations

correctly and in a proper way obliges attention of physical setting of an occupation. The way the

work space encompassing an occupation is used can impact the laborer's execution of the

employment itself. A few variables that influence wellbeing have been distinguished;

incorporating size of work territory, sorts of materials utilized, physical conditions, distance

between work territories, and obstruction noice. Outlining wellbeing/ safety policiies and

teaching violators are imperative parts of security endeavors. Often fortifying the requirement for

safe conduct and supplying feedback on positive wellbeing practices additionally are compelling

in enhancing laborer security. Such deliberations must include workers, managers and

administrators.

David,and Stephen (1999) demonstrate that harmful and injurious work environment is a concern

to every one of us. In the event that specialists can't work properly at their work on account of

consistent pains, watering eyes, breathing troubles, or anxiety of exposure to materials that may

cause long haul health issues, efficiency will diminish. Thus, making a sound and healthy work

environment not just is the best possible thing to do, yet it likewise profits the business.

Occupational diseases are basically preventable and might be attributed to defective working

conditions. The control of Occupational diseases diminishes the frequency of work-related

troubles and accidents and mishaps and enhances the health and spirit of the work power,

prompting diminished non-appearance and expanded laborer proficiency. As a rule the ethical

and monetary profits far exceed the expenses of taking out occupational hazards.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter makes available details of procedures, methods and techniques the researcher

implemented in the research work. In additional the methodology explain the tools or techniques

for research design, data collection, the population and sampling techniques, and data sources,

data collection instruments, and data analysis plan.

Research Methodology

Research methodology is a “blueprint” or sketch for research to be carried out stated by Polit and

Hungler (1999:155). Research Methodology is a map figure out by the investigator to acquire the

response for the research questions. Burns and Grove (2001:223) suitable plan aids the

researcher to obtain the requisite answers and probability to assemble the information that give

an idea about the genuine image.

Research Question

What is the Impact of exposures of chemical on health of workers? What management can do in

improving the safety in Chemical laboratories?

This study plans to analyze how the exposure to the chemicals can impact the healthy and life of

the workers working in the chemical industry. It will study if the safety measures are taken in the

industry. Such practices that help in lessening the impact of chemicals on human must be

adopted. The study on the other hand will also evaluate if the workers have appropriate and

ample knowledge about the safety related issues. The research aims to answer the following

questions:

The research is to find what measure can be taken to ensure health safety in the chemical

industry.

What guidelines management should formulate to control or reduce unnecessary

exposure of chemicals.

How the management create awareness relating to the health safety issues of its

employees.

Research Approach

This demonstrates the plan to that has to be followed in conducting the research. It is necessary

to select the best approach from the qualitative and quantitative and their combination

(Triangulation) for a successful result.

The researcher has made use of both qualitative and quantitative tools in analyzing the data

gathered through questionnaire, interview etc. The said approach is mainly used to get better

understanding of the knowledge as stated by (Creswell and Clark, 2007). Triangulation method

is used to get better understanding and it for the assurance of research validity.

Research Strategy

The current study is based on case study strategy. As this the most appropriate strategy for

dealing with practice based research problems and those dealing with real life experience,

Bonoma (1983). Robson (2002) case study strategy is for the researches that investigate

particular existing facts within its real life context (Lewis, Thorhill, 2007).

According to Thomas (2011) Case studies are examinations of persons, events, decisions,

periods, projects, and policies. Case studies can be based on any mix of quantitative and

qualitative evidence supported and well-formulated in Robert (2009).

As we dealing with real-life situation, impacts of chemicals in chemical industry and health

safety and investigating the policies of the management so it is the best approach.

Research Design

The researcher has selected the following mentioned research design

Descriptive research – Blumberg et al (2008) suggests that this design tries to solve the research

problems and answer to who, what, when, where and sometimes how questions. This research

will answer the question how the exposure can impact the healthy and life of the workers.

Inspection or evaluation research – In this research the researcher wants to understand and

inspect the safety procedure adopted by the Chemical industries. The researcher from the

experience of respondents, evaluate the effects of specific involvement. On that basis, evaluation

research was considered an appropriate medium for this study.

Hypothesis

Statement for checking the authenticity is referred as Hypothesis. (Good & Hatt, 1971) states that

they can either be accepter and rejected. Following is the hypothesis that has been generated.

Hypothesis One

H0:- Awareness about harmful impact of chemicals and the appropriate safety precautions can

save the health of workers

H1:- Awareness about harmful impact of chemicals and the appropriate safety precautions

cannot save the health of workers

Population

Collis and Hussey (2003) states population, as the group from which sample is selected. The

population in this Study is employees working in the chemical industry.

Sample

Workers directly in contact with the chemical will be selected as respondents for this research.

Sample size of 200 respondents will be used for the survey whereas 2 interviews for the

designing the questionnaire from the management.

Sampling Technique

The researcher selected a sample from Simple Random sampling. In simple random sample each

individual has the same possibility of selection. There is no biasness in this type of selection.

Fraenkel & Wallen (2006).

Data Collection Method

Data is collected using the following methods;

Survey Interviews. For gathering data from the management regarding the safety

practices the face to face interview was conducted.

Primary data was collected by survey questionnaires which were filled by the workers of

the chemical Industry.

Questionnaire was designed keeping in on the bases of literature and management interview. The

main aim of the questionnaire is know if the workers have the knowledge attitude and practice

concerning the security and protection of their health.

Data Analysis Plan

The analysis of the data collected was done at the end of the data collection. The responses were

classified and summarized on the basis of the information provided by the respondents.

The analysis was done using both qualitative and quantitative tools. Microsoft Excel, tables,

percentages, and statistical tools such as graphs, charts, were used.

Scope

The scope of this study needs to be defined in two horizons.

Geographic: The scope of this research would be limited to Chemical Industry only.

Time horizon: this study will take about duration of 8 months. A cross sectional

research study will be performed with data only gathered once in order to

complete the questionnaire.

Conclusion

In this chapter we have discussed an extensive review of the research process giving reason for

the method chosen for the research, strategy, design and philosophy.

The chapter also covers the sample of respondents chosen to take part in the study and explained

how the questionnaire was considered appropriate to acquire data aimed at effectively meeting

the objectives of the research.

DATA ANALYSIS

Introduction

This chapter comprise of the research findings, analysis and interpretation. 200 respondents from

chemical industry participated in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as

frequency table, percentage charts are used in data analysis.

Demographic Information

The demographic data collected include:

Age

The demographic information of the respondents is show using tables and pie charts. Table

shows that most of the respondents are in the age group of 40-50 years with the percentage of

35%.

Gender

Age Frequency %20-30 30 1530-40 52 2640-50 70 3550-60 48 24

The Data analysis shows that in the survey 69% of the total respondents were the females. It can

be concluded that number of females might me greater as compared to men.

Level of education

It can be concluded from the finding of the survey that most of the employees working in the

chemical industry 46% have post graduate degree followed by 33% having Bachelors degree.

The employees are mostly educated and can better understand the importance of healthy and

secure working environment.

Job Experience

The demographic information of the respondents also show work experience. Of the

respondents 94% of the respondents have more than 2 years of experience.

Job Type

The analysis of the survey question on the nature of tells us that the respondendants that

participated is the survey among them 50% were reseach staff, 22 % were working as

supervisors other 22% were technicians and the remaining 6% were the students in the chemical

industry who were practicing there.

The second part of the Questionnaire contains the questions to study the knowledge, attitude and

practices of employees working in the chemical industry.

Have your employer provided any health and safety information

The question about the health and safety information makes it clear that the management and the

administration of the chemical industry are concerned about the health and safety of their

employees and the respondents agreed that the organization provides them the necessary

information regarding the health and safety issues that can arise when employs are exposed to

the harmful chemicals.

In which format information is provided

This question is designed for those individuals who agreed that the management provides them

related information regarding health and safety. As all the respondents agreed to that so all

answered this question as well. 43% of the respondents agreed that the management of the

chemical industry provides them information in training sessions which is held frequently and

which tells the protective use of the equipments and chemicals and training provided at the

orientation level.

What sort of information is provided?

The question was regarding the information that is mostly provided to the employees

regarding the health and safety to enhance their knowledge as dealing with chemicals could

have adverse affect on the life. 88% of the respondents agreed that the information that is

provided contains The possible health risk from use of chemicals The proper usage of

personal protective equipment and the Handling with the chemicals and their Hazards.

Have sufficient knowledge about chemicals that you are currently using in the laboratory

On the question related to the knowledge the respondent’s posses about the chemicals mostly

people agreed that they are aware of the chemicals that they are being using in the laboratory.

The 6% that negate the questions were mostly the students that are training in the chemical

laboratories.

Rate knowledge about secure practices

In the question in which the respondents had to rate the knowledge regarding the safety practices.

65% agreed that they know a quite bit about. None among the respondents 29% had a very high

and none replied that they had no knowledge, while the trainee students respondent they they

knew a bit.

Contact to chemicals has any destructive result to health

On the questions regarding the effect of chemical on the health. 100% agreed that chemicals

have destruct impact on the life of people. They agreed acertain amount of a harmful chemical

that enters their body makes them sick. Harmful chemicals can get into body if they inhale,

consume, or swallow them or if they are absorbed through skin.

Chemicals are safe as long as they are handled and used in the correct.

The respondents strongly agree if they handle the chemicals using precautionary measures only

then the chemicals are safe else they can have adverse negative impact on the lives of the people.

I wear gloves and other safety gadgets when working with chemicals

The response to the question regarding wearing the gloves while working with the chemicals

indicated that 20% people while knowing that direct exposure of chemicals can be bad for them

they do not wear gloves and other safety gadgets they are being negligent regarding their health

issues which can be dangerous to them.

Are chemicals stored in suitable conditions?

From the survey it is obvious that the management and the administration is really concerned

about the health and safety of the people working there. The industry not only provides safety

gadets to the workers but also provides regular training to keep them aware of the dangers

impacts of the. On the other hand there is a proper and accurate way of storing the chemicals

in the industry to avoid any sort of mishap that can endanger the life health and safety of the

workers in the chemical industry.

Hypothesis Acceptance

The above data findings make it clear that an employee when have knowledge about the

chemicals and its various harmful imfact are very essential as thet save the health of the workers

as they are aware of the risks and threats associated with the exposure of chemicals they are

dealing with during their work. Thus this research accepts the below mentioned hypothesis.

H0:- Knowledge about the harmful impact of various chemicals and the safety precautions

can save the health of workers

Conclusion

This chapter presented the result of each of the question asked from the respondents during the

study. The chapter analyzed the data gathered from the chemical industry workers. The

interpretation is discussed with the help of graphs and table. For the data collected it can be

concluded that:

Mostly the respondents agreed that the employer provide them the related information

about health and safety

The respondents mentioned that during the training the employer give them the

knowledge of how to handle the chemicals and the proper usage of the equipment.

Mostly there was a positive response regarding the knowledge of chemicals employees

use in the laboratory.

The result shows that the employers are concerned about the health and safety of the

worker.

The study shows there is a relation between Knowledge about the harmful impact of

various chemicals and the safety precautions. If people are aware of the consequences

they can better handle the situation.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusions

There can't be strategy related wellbeing and security if both management and workers neglect to

perform their particular obligations. The management of chemical industry is believed to

document government mishap reports; administer records on wellbeing and security issues,

posting wellbeing notices and authoritative data, giving instruction and training on the issue of

wellbeing and safety.

The management is obliged to establish a wellbeing board to be responsible for all wellbeing and

security related issues. The wellbeing advisory group is answerable for contemplating patterns in

mischance with the perspective to making recommendations for remedial activities, looking at

protection reports and making suggestions for keeping away from mishaps, analyzing and talking

about reports from security delegates, making suggestions for new or updated security

techniques. The board will be responsible for checking and assessing the association's security

arrangements, and making recommendations for progressions, if fundamental.

The representative then again is obliged to follow all wellbeing and security principles, realizing

that the individual at last answerable for his/her wellbeing and security is himself/herself. Staffs

are obliged to wear defensive dress; use the equipments and gadgets provided in doing their

work, and report any contradiction of the law by administration of the chemical industry.

Additionally the representative has the right to deny perilous work.

Mishaps are too much both to the influenced specialist and the association. Hence, every exertion

ought to be made with a specific end goal to stay away from them from happening at the work

place.

Suggestions

The accompanying suggestions were made dependent upon the findings

Workers must be provided with the complete knowledge of the chemicals they are using

and the effects of those on their life if not used with precautions

Instruction and Training: Management of the labs ought to continue their training

sessions, workshops, classes on wellbeing and security for staff, distribute materials on

security and numerous different steps to teach wellbeing to the employees working in the

chemical laboratories.

Workers ought to be made to comprehend that wellbeing and wellbeing practices are the

obligation of both administration and staffs and this will go far to make the work zone

safe.

Administration ought to give and keep up at the work environment, satisfactory plant and

arrangement of work that are sheltered and without danger to wellbeing. There ought to

be customary observing of to verify those representatives are depicting right attitude and

safe practices towards risky chemicals. Administration ought to show cautioning notice in

the chemical laboratories or other potential risk spots to make laborers mindful of

potential threat.

Give the fundamental data, guideline, training to guarantee, the wellbeing and security at

work of those different specialists on the specific work. Some l mishaps that happen

could have been kept away from if viable supervision were completed throughout the

execution of obligations at the work place.

Administration must offer peril and danger data with visitors on the premises of chemical

industry. Legitimate distribution of danger data is essential in guaranteeing protected and

sound working atmosphere. Guests must be made mindful of the preparatory measures

keeping in mind the end goal to forestall mishaps and damages.

Guarantee right stockpiling techniques of combustible fluids and different hazardous

materials. Administration ought to attempt to give sheltered and accurate method for

putting away perilous chemicals at the work keeping in mind the end goal to ensure the

security and strength of representatives. The unloading of chemical substances for

instance ought not to be compromised so as to keep away from fire.

Specialists ought to be given enough understanding of the danger and dangers intrinsic in

their work at the work places. Through training some of these mischance could be

minimized if not completely annihilated. Employments can likewise be outlined in such a

path as to evacuate all innate potential dangers to make the work ok for representatives.

The procurement of defensive clothes and putting set up wellbeing and wellbeing

measures is insufficient. Administration ought to put set up a standard following group

who will go round to check whether the workers truly do put on their defensive materials

given to them before doing their obligations and likewise see in strict terms wellbeing

measures keeping in mind the end goal to maintain a strategic distance from any incidents

and mischance.

The legislature ought to additionally establishment observing groups that will go adjust

occasionally to check whether bosses pass by the regulations as gave in the Labor Act.

The manufacturing plant inspectorate ought to concoct a blue print to be utilized as aide

for the outline of wellbeing and security arrangements for the workers in chemical

industry.

An authoritative structure on wellbeing and security is prescribed

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Appendix: Survey Questionnaire

1. Your age

o 20-30

o 30– 40

o 40 – 50

o 50 – 60

2. Gender

o Male

o Female

3. Level of education

o High School

o College/ Bachelor’s Degree

o Graduate Degree

o Post Graduate Degree

4. Working in Chemical Lab

o less than 6 months

o between 6 months and 2 years

o more than 2 years

5. Your job type

o Supervisor

o Research Staff

o Technician

o Other

6. Have your employer provided any health and safety information

o Yes

o No

7. If yes, what is the format?

o Orientation training

o Health and safety training session frequently

o Session on the use of personal protective equipment

o All of the above

8. The information includes which of the following?

o The possible health risk from use of chemicals

o The proper usage of personal protective equipment

o Handling with the chemicals and their Hazards

o All of the above

9. Do you have sufficient knowledge about chemicals that you are currently using in the

laboratory?

o Yes

o No

10. Please rate your knowledge about secure practices.

o none at all

o a bit

o quite a bit

o very high

11. Do you think that contact to chemicals has any destructive result to health?

o Yes

o No

12. Chemicals are safe as long as they are handled and used in the correct.

o strongly agree

o agree

o disagree

o strongly disagree

13. I wear gloves and other safety gadgets when working with chemicals

o Yes

o No

14. Are chemicals stored in suitable conditions

o Yes

o No

Thank you for taking part in survey!