Health Sciences 1101

Medical Terminology

Module 6The Digestive System

General Digestive System TermsGastr/o: Pertaining to the stomach

Enter/o: Pertaining to the intestines

Gatrologist, enterologist and gastroenterologist

-pepsia: Pertaining to digestion

Dent/o: Pertaining to the teeth

Odont/o: Pertaining to the teeth

Dentist, odontist, periodontist, orthodontist

Digestive System Basics

Digestive System Organ Terms

Gingiv/o: Gums

Gloss/o or lingu/o: Tongue

Or/o or stomat/o: Mouth

Esophag/o: Esophagus

Pharyg/o: Pharynx

Maxill/o: Jaw

Digestive System Organ Terms

Gastr/o: Stomach

Duoden/o: Duodenum

Enter/o: Intestines

Jejun/o: Jejunum

Ile/o: Illeum

Digestive System Organ Terms

Append/o or appendic/o: Appendix

Col/o or colon/o: Colon

Proct/o: Anus or rectum

Rect/o: Rectum

Sigmoid/o: Sigmoid colon

Digestive System Organ Terms

Cholangi/o: Bile vessel

Cholecyst/o: Gallbladder

Choledoch/o: Bile duct

Hepat/o: Liver

Pancreat/o: Pancreas

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Products of the Digestive System

Ptyal/o: Saliva

Sial/o: Saliva or salivary gland

Bowel movement: Feces or defecation

Diarrhea: Passage of watery bowel movements

Chol/e: bile or gall

Emesis: vomit

Muc/ous: Mucus

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Digestive System Pathology

Ascites: Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Borborygmus: Gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine.

Cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease caused by prolonged destruction of liver cells. Can lead to ineffective liver function and jaundice.

Digestive System Pathology

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver

Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas

Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix

Dysentery: Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon which can be caused by irritants, bacteria, or parasites.

Digestive System PathologyFistula: Abnormal passage from one

site to another or from a hollow organ to the surface.

Hernia: Protrusion of projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it.

Polyp: Small, tumor like, benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface.

Ulcer: Open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of necrotic tissue.

Digestive System Pathology

Jaundice: Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by high blood levels of bilirubin

Obesity: The accumulation of body fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards. Typically 20% above ideal body weight.

Morbid Obesity: More severe than obesity. A body mass index (BMI) over 40 which is generally more than 100 pounds above ideal body weight.

Digestive System PathologyInflammatory Bowel Disease

(IBD): Ulceration of the mucosa of the colon. Also known as ulcerative colitis.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Condition characterized by gastrointestinal discomfort, signs and symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating. Also called spastic colon.

Crohn disease: Chronic IBD that usually affects the ileum. Also called regional colitis.

Digestive System Pathology

Gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GRD): Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter

Volvulus: Twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction.

Diverticular disease: Bulging pouches or diverticula push the mucosal lining outward through the surrounding muscle.

Digestive System Diagnosis and Treatment

Barium swallow: Radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate

Barium enema: Radiographic examination of the rectum and colon using barium sulfate as a contrast medium

Scopes: A number of different scope techniques can be used to observe the various organs of the digestive system.

Other imaging techniques:

Digestive System Diagnosis and Treatment

Endoscopy: Visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called and endoscope.

Stool Guaiac or hemoccult test: Test performed on feces to detect the presence of blood.

Digestive System Diagnosis and Treatment

Bariatric surgery: Group of procedures to treat morbid obesity

Vertical banded gastroplasty: vertically stapling the stomach near the esophagus to reduce the size of the stomach

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: Stomach is stapled and the duodenum is shortened to reduce the absorption of calories and fats. End result is a Y shaped configuration.

Lithotripsy: Crushing of stones using sound waves.

Nasogastric Intubation: Insertion of a tube into the stomach through the nose