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Alcohol
• Identify reasons Americans choose to drink or abstain from drinking.
• Describe the impact of alcohol misuse among college students.
• Define a standard drink and binge drinking.• Identify factors that affect an individual’s BAC and
response to alcohol.• Describe the symptoms of alcohol poisoning and steps
taken to assist someone with it.• Define alcohol abuse, dependence, and alcoholism.• List the effects of alcohol on the body.• Evaluate their drinking habits and identify behaviors
they can modify to reduce the risk.]
Chapter Learning Objectives
Topics Of Focus For This Chapter
Blood Alcohol Content
Individual differences
Alcohol UseAbuse, dependence and alcoholism
Alcohol Effects
Impact of use
Body effects
Alcohol poisoning
Reasons People Don’t Drink
31% of men and 18% of women reported no alcohol in last year
Drivers and boaters
Health conditions that worsen with alcohol
Taking medication that is affected by alcohol
Antidepressants, antibiotics, muscle relaxers
History of alcoholism
Older and can’t tolerate alcohol
Avoid Drinking If:
Trying to get pregnant or are pregnant
Under 21 years old
Planning to operate equipment or participate in sports
History of alcoholism
Reasons People Drink
To relax
Heighten sense of masculinity or femininity
Social ease
Role models drink
Advertising
Relationship issues
Individuals With Drinking Problems
These individuals usually drink for different reasons such as:
Psychological factors
Self-medication
Childhood trauma
Depression
Inherited susceptibility
Impact Of Alcohol Misuse In College
Lowered GPA during first year
Depression and anxiety among binge drinkers
Binge within 30 days prior to testing affected spatial working memory
College drop-out after first year
Death, injury, physical attacks and sexual assaults
Binge Drinking Defined
Pattern of drinking that brings Blood Alcohol
Concentration to 0.08 gram-percent
or higher
Pattern of drinking that brings Blood Alcohol
Concentration to 0.08 gram-percent
or higher
Characteristics of College Binge-Drinkers
Binge-drinkers are more-likely to be:Male White
Under 24 years old In fraternity or sorority
Involved in athleticsPracticing unprotected sex
Dissatisfied with body 4-year college attendee
They are also likely to abuse other substances, put people at risk, miss
class and fall behind in school
Why Do Students Binge Drink?
Recreational drinking
at a young age
Low price ofalcohol
Parental acceptanceof drinking Peer pressure
and drinking games
Residing with binge drinkers
Easy access toalcohol
Binge DrinkingMen: 5+ alcoholic drinks
Women: 4+ alcoholic drinks
Other High-Risk Drinking
Caffeinated alcoholic beverages• The caffeine in these drinks may mask the
depressant effects of alcohol, but it has no effect on the metabolism of alcohol by the liver and thus does not reduce breath alcohol concentrations or reduce alcohol-related risks.• Three times more likely to reach the breath
alcohol levels associated with binge drinking than are those who do not report mixing alcohol with energy drinks.• Twice as likely as other drinkers to report
being taken advantage of sexually, taking advantage of someone else sexually, and driving or getting into a car with a driver under the influence of alcohol.
Consequences of Drinking
Atypical behavior
Academic problems
Risky sexual behavior
Sexual assault
Unintentional injury
Consequences beyond college
Illness and death
Alcohol and Academic Success
How to Prevent Drunk Driving
• Designate a driver.• Never get behind the
wheel if you have had two or more drinks within two hours.
• Never let intoxicated friends drive home.
Changing Drinking Patterns on Campus
• Social norms
• Motivational enhancement
• Challenge alcohol expectancy
• Freshman education
• E-interventions
• Alcohol policies
Standard Drinks
Drink DefinitionAlcohol Content
One bottle or can
12 ounces beer 5%
One glass 4-5 ounces table wine 12%
One small glass
2.5 ounces fortified wine 20%
One shot 1 ounce distilled spirits 50%
Standard Drinks
Blood Alcohol Content : BAC
Measured from breath or urine samples
Legal Limit Below 0.08 percent
Pass Out Possible at 0.2%
Coma Possible at 0.3%
Death Possible over 0.4%
Positive effects of alcohol can be felt at BAC of 0.05%
Many Factors Affect BAC
How much and how quickly you drink
Women have fewer alcohol neutralizing enzymes, so one drink has double the impact
People over 50 more sensitive
Tylenol and ulcer medications interfere with alcohol absorption
Race
Eating dilutes alcohol
Size – larger people get drunk more slowly
Alcohol Impairment Chart
Alcohol Impairment Chart
Alcohol Poisoning
Signs
Mental confusion, stupor, coma, person cannot be roused
Vomiting and seizures
Irregular breathing (10 sec between breaths)
Less than 8 breaths/minute
Hypothermia
Alcohol poisoning is a medical emergency.
Without treatment, breathing and heartbeat stop
Overview: Effects Of Alcohol
Body Systems Affected By Alcohol
Body Systems Affected By Alcohol
Race and Gender
Alcohol Abuse Defined
Diagnosing Alcohol Abuse
One or more happening in 12-month period:
Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school or home
Use of alcohol when it is physically dangerous
Alcohol-related legal problems
Continued use despite persistent or recurring social or interpersonal problems exacerbated by alcohol
Alcohol Dependence
Tolerance and Withdrawal In Dependence
Tolerance = 1 or more in 12 monthsMust drink more for desired effect, or less effect when drinking same amount
Withdrawal = 3 or more in 12 monthsAutonomic hyperactivity
Hallucinations
Agitation
Anxiety
Hand tremor
Insomnia
Illusions
Nausea or vomiting
Grand Mal seizure
Diagnosing Alcohol Dependence
Three or more happening in 12-month period:
Tolerance
Withdrawal and drinking to avoid withdrawal
Drinking more or over longer periods
Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to reduce drinking
Significant amount of time spent acquiring, drinking and recovering from alcohol
Characteristics of alcohol dependence
Alcoholism
Characteristics Of Alcoholism
Three or more happening in 12-month period:
Preoccupation with alcohol
Great deal of time spent drinking.
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up
Continued use of alcohol despite adverse consequences
Distorted thinking, most notably denial
Consuming larger amounts of alcohol
Causes of Alcoholism
Exact cause is not known; these factors play a role:
Genetics
Stress and traumatic experiences
Parental alcoholism
Drug abuse
Treatment For Alcoholism
DetoxificationFirst phase of treatment; gradual withdrawal of alcohol or treatment with valium or Ativan
Medical Treatments
Antianxiety and antidepressant medications
Disulfiram (Antabuse) to deter drinking
Residential/In-Patient Programs
Demonstrated success, but expense reduces availability
Treatment For Alcoholism
Outpatient Programs
12-Step self-help programs
Moderation Training
Harm Reduction Therapy
Brief intervention
Responsible Drinking
• Set a limit on the number of drinks consumed.
• When you’re mixing a drink, measure the alcohol.
• Alternate nonalcoholic and alcoholic drinks.• Drink slowly.• Eat before and while drinking.• Develop alternatives to drinking.• Avoid tasks requiring skilled reactions during
or after drinking.• Don’t encourage or reinforce others’
irresponsible behavior.