Healthy Gut, Healthy Calf, Productive Future · Study Milk yield, kg Foldager and Krohn, 1991...

Healthy Gut, Healthy Calf, Productive Future

Michael A. Steele, Department of Animal Biosciences

I. Calf Management Trends

II. Pre-weaning

Neonatal

Feeding Plane

III. Weaning

Strategy

Post-weaning

Healthy Gut, Healthy Calf, Productive Future

Dietary regimes in early life influence lifetime productivity

1kg of pre-weaning ADG = 1,540 kgs of milk in first lactation

(Soberon et al., 2012)

Early Life Nutrition

Study Milk yield, kg

Foldager and Krohn, 1991 1,405s

Bar-Peled et al., 1998 453t

Foldager et al., 1997 519t

Ballard et al., 2005 (@ 200 DIM) 700s

Shamay et al., 2005 (post-weaning protein) 981s

Davis-Rincker et al., 2011 416ns

Drackley et al., 2007 835s

Raith-Knight et al., 2009 718ns

Terre et al., 2009 624ns

Morrison et al., 2009 (no diff. calf growth) 0ns

Moallem et al., 2010 (post-weaning protein) 732s

Soberon et al., 2012 552s

Early Life Nutrition: Future Milk

(Adapted from Conrad’s Waddington epigenetic landscape)

“…early adaptation to a stress or stimuli that permanently changes the physiology and metabolism of the organism and continues to be expressed even in the absence of the stimulus/stress that initiated them…”

(Patel and Srinivansan, 2002)

“Nutritional Programming”

Gut Health and Dairy Calves 10% mortality and over 50% of morbidity is

related to calf diarrhea (NAHMS, 2007)

19% of calves fail passive transfer of Ig and 24% of calves have calf diarrhea in the first month (NAHMS., 2007)

Antibiotic use pre-weaning has been associated with decreased lifetime milk production (Soberon et al., 2012)

Pre and Post-WeaningPre-ruminant Ruminant

Milk Solid Feed

Weaning Transition

1 wk 4 wk 8 wk 12 wk


Milk Solid Feed

Weaning Transition


Mixture of absorptive, goblet, paneth and neuroendocrine cells

Microbial richness and diversity increases through the lower gut

Cell junction proteins are expressed differentially (Malmuthuge et al., 2012)

Gut Epithelium

(Steele et al., 2016)

104/mL 1010/mL1010/mL

Industry Concerns

AntimicrobialMaternal

Colostrum Plane of Nutrition

Knowledge Gaps

(Sharifi et al., 2009)

Bottle Tube

Colostrum Feeding Method

0

10

20

30

40

0 120 240 360 480 600Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(m

g/L

)

Time Relative to Colostrum Feeding (minutes)

Acetaminophen

Bottle

Tube

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Me

an

IgG

Co

nc.

(m

g/m

l)

Time Relative to Colostrum Feeding (minutes)

BottleTube

IgG

Colostrum Feeding Method

(Desjardins-Morrissette et al., 2018)

Delayed Colostrum Feeding

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48

0 h 6 h 12 h

(Fischer et al., 2018)

IgG

mg/ml

Hours after birth

0.0

1.0

2.0

0h 6h 12h

Pro

po

rtio

n (

%)

Treatment

Bifidobacteria associated with colon mucosa

a

ab

b

0.00.10.20.30.4

0h 6h 12h

Pro

po

rtio

n (

%)

Treatment

Lactobacillus associated with colon mucosa

aab

b

Delaying the first colostrum meal may delay the colonization of

beneficial bacteria to the calf intestine


Delayed Colostrum Feeding

Heat Treatment of Colostrum

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NC FC HC

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f B

ifid

ob

act

eri

um

6hr 12hr

aa

b

x

y

xy NC = No Colostrum

FC = Fresh Colostrum

HC = Heated Colostrum

Heat-treated colostrum increases Bifidobacterium and reduced the colonization of E. coli in the small intestine

(Malmuthuge et al., 2015 )

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3'SLN 6'-SLN 3'-SL 6'-SL DSL

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(µg

/g)

Bovine Colostrum Oligosaccharide

Fresh Colostrum

Heated Colostrum

Heat-treatment may cleave prebiotic oligosaccharides from colostral proteins and lipids


Heat Treatment of Colostrum

Bovine colostrum oligosaccharides (bCOs) produced in higher concentrations immediately after parturition


Oligosaccharides – Transition

0

200

400

600

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14

con

cen

tra

tio

n (

µg

/ml)

Milking After Calving

3’sialyllactose Concentration After Calving

Primiparous

Multiparous

First Feeding Wk 1

Colostrum Solid Feed

Transition

First Feeding

Colostrum Milk

Wk 1

Milk

From Colostrum to Milk

Improved health status in calves fed transition milk

(Conneely et al., 2014)

Unit

Colostrum Milking

1 2 3 4 5 Mature Milk

Dry Matter % 24.5 19.0 16.0 15.5 15.3 12.2

Fat % 6.4 5.6 4.6 5.0 5.0 3.9

Protein % 13.3 8.5 6.2 5.4 4.8 3.2

Essential Amino Acids

mM 390 230 190 140 115 ND

Lactoferrin g/L 1.84 0.86 0.46 0.36 ND ND

Insulin µg/L 65 35 16 8 7 1

Growth Hormone µg/L 1.5 0.5 ND ND ND ND

Insulin-like growth factor I

µg/L 310 195 105 62 49 ND


All calves fed one meal of colostrum followed by:

Milk

50% milk/ 50% colostrum (Transition)

Colostrum (Pyo et al., 2018)

Milk 50%/50% Colostrum


(Pletts et al., 2018)

IgG

mg/ml

Hours after birth

0

10

20

30

40

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Second Meal

First Meal

Milk 50%/50% Colostrum


Passive Transfer Trancytosis of immunoglobulins

(Jochims et al., 1997)

Receptor mediated and highly regulated

Trancytosis (to blood)

Recycling (back to lumen)

Metabolism (endosome)

Regulation of these pathways in calves is unclear

Endosome Formation

Basal Membrane Release

Recycled to Lumen

Metabolized

Pinocytosis

Passive Transfer

Normal Pre-Weaning Milk Intake

(de Passille et al., 2016) (Jasper and Weary, 2002)

d4 of life

Automated Feeding

Feeding Large Meals

Calves typically nurse 6-12 times per day in the first weeks of life (Jensen, 2004)

Larger meals fed less frequently increase the risk of: Abomasal inflammation & lesions

Milk overflow into the rumen

Ruminal acidosis, decreased passage rate and digestion

(Berends et al., 2012; 2015)

Inflamed

Abomasum

Abomasal Capacity

(Ellingsen et al., 2016)

Young calves fed 2 litres of milk per meal (3 x)

Offered ad libitum meal of milk with barium sulfate

Most calves drank more than 5 litres with no evidence or ruminal overflow

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420Ace

tam

ino

ph

en

(m

g/L

)

Time (min)

Larger Meal Size and Insulin Sensitivity

Compared calves fed elevated (8L/d) vs low (4L/d) plane of milk 2x per day

No evidence of post-prandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia

No difference in glucose tolerance

Slower (41% reduction, P = 0.02) abomasal emptying rates during the pre-weaning phase

(MacPherson et al., 2016)

Elevated, KSB = 0.21Low, KSB = 0.34

Gastric emptying rate will influence glucose appearance in blood

(Stahel et al., 2016)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

10

20

30

0 100 200 300 400

Glu

cose

(Mm

) an

d

Insu

lin

(ng

/ml)

Ace

tam

ino

ph

en

(m

g/m

l)

Time (min)

Glucose

Insulin

Acetaminophen

Gastric Emptying and Glucose-Insulin Dynamics

Glucagon-like Peptides

Proliferation

Nutrient absorption

Gut motility

Blood flow

Gut Permeability

Milk Replacer vs Whole Milk Most MR are high in lactose and osmolarity, low in fat compared with whole milk

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Milk MR

other

ash

protein

fat

lactose

18%

45%37%

31%

300 mOsmwhole milk /body fluid

400-600 mOsmMR

Milk Replacer vs Whole Milk

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Glu

cose

(mm

ol/

L)

Time (min)

FAT LACTOSETrt: P < 0.001

Time: P < 0.001 Trt · time: P = 0.227

Area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax: LACTOSE > FAT Higher supply of lactose results increased gastric emptying and lower glucose tolerance in

the first week of life (Welboren et al., 2018)

Weaning Challenges A smooth transition from a monogastric to a ruminant

Decreases morbidity and mortality and increases gain (Khan et al., 2012)

Requires adequate size and function of the rumen (Baldwin, 2004)

Elevated plane of nutrition pre-weaning makes weaning more challenging (Khan et al., 2011)


Milk Solid Feed

Weaning Transition


Rumen Papillae - Birth

300 µm

Rumen Papillae - Transition

Papillae Protrude from Polyps

150 µm

Rumen Papillae - Transition

Abnormal GIT Development Ruminal parakeratosis is

common during weaning(Bush, 1965)

Ruminal acidosis has been documented however to date, no research has linked it to impairment of gut health (Laarman et al., 2012)

Parakeratosis

Is ruminal acidosis good or bad for the calf?

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

tim

e b

elo

w t

hre

sho

ld (

min

/d)

pH 5.8

pH 5.5

pH 5.2

week

6 week wean

Ruminal pH During Weaning

(Kohler et al., 2017)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

tim

e b

elo

w t

hre

sho

ld (

min

/d)

pH 5.8

week

6 week wean



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

tim

e b

elo

w t

hre

sho

ld (

min

/d)

surfacearea

pH 5.8surf

ace

are

a (

µm

2 )

week

6 week wean



Ruminal Gene Expression


3063 557

Common genes are predominately metabolic Ketogenesis

Fatty acid metabolism

It takes time for the genes involved in structural adaptations to change

Early and Abrupt Weaning

Pre-ruminant Ruminant

Milk Solid Feed

Transition

Pre-ruminant Ruminant

Milk Solid Feed

Weaning Age

0

2

4

6

8

10

1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64

EarlyLate

Calf Age (Eckert et al., 2015)

L/d

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70

EarlyBW

(kg)

6 week wean


Weaning Age - Bodyweight

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70

Early

Late

6 week wean

8 week wean

* **

**P<0.05*


Weaning Age - Bodyweight

BW

(kg)

(Eckert et al., 2015)

Weaning Age – ME Intake

In both treatments, weaning increased (P<0.01) ruminal SCFA, blood BHBA and fecal starch

Yet, the differences between the week before and after weaning were greater (P<0.01) in calves weaned at six weeks

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

35 42 49 56 63 70

Weaning Strategy – Delayed WeaningImpact on Ruminal Development

Calf Age (d)

Weaning Strategy – Delayed WeaningImpact on Ruminal Development

Wean

6 wk wean

8 wk wean

Wean

Post-weaning

(Meale et al., 2016)

Pre-weaning

L/d

Calf Age (d)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Step-Down

Abrupt

Step-Down Weaning


30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Step-Down

Step-DownWeight (kg)

Weaning

Calf Age (d)

Step-Down

Step-Down - BodyweightP<0.05


30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

AbruptStep-Down

*

Weight (kg)

Calf Age (d)

*

Step-Down - BodyweightP<0.05


WeaningStep-Down

0

2

4

6

8

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

AbruptStep-Down

Intake (Mcal/d)

Calf Age (d)

Weaning

Step-Down

Metabolizable Energy Intake


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

30 36 42 48 54

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

PCoA plot_weighted unifrac distance

PC1 Percent variation explained 17.8%

PC

2 P

erce

nt v

aria

tion

expl

aine

d 9.

1% Abrupt_post-weaning

Abrupt_pre-weaning

Step-down_post-weaning

Step-down_pre-weaning

(Meale et al., 2016)

Weaning Strategy – Abrupt WeaningImpact on Ruminal Development

Calf Age (d)

Pre-weaningPost-weaning

Wean

Gradual

Abrupt


Milk Solid Feed

Weaning Transition


Fecal microbiota displayed more diversity post-weaning (Meale et al., 2015)

0

2

4

6

8

10

36 48 54

** P = 0.04

Abrupt Weaning – Delayed WeaningImpact on Hindgut

Calf Age (d)

Fecal Starch %

Step-down

Abrupt

Wean

Diversity in Fecal Scores

Barrier Function at Weaning Starter feeding in calves decreased the expression of

tight junctions (Malmuthuge et al., 2012)

Weaned (d 40)

Not Weaned

(Wood et al., 2015)

Barrier Function at Weaning Weaning related changes of the gut epithelium (Pletts et al., 2016)

Not-Weaned, d 42

Weaned, d 42

Rumen Duodenum

Endoscopic Biopsy

Post-Weaning and Beyond An area that has not been studied

Need to integrate pre and post weaning planes of nutrition with lifetime performance

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DM

I (k

g/d

)

Week of Experiment

70

85

Dry TMR - Dry Matter Intake

All 85% Concentrate% Concentrate

% ConcentrateAll Silage

(Groen et al., 2015)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

DM

I a

s %

of B

W

Week of Experiment

Dry TMR – Average Daily Gain

1.75 kg/day 70% = 1.28 kg/day 1.05kg/day

85% = 1.69 kg/day

(Groen et al., 2015)

Take Home Messages There are still some basic concepts in calf biology and

nutrition that we do not understand

No difference between tube vs. bottle feeding colostrum for passive transfer

Delaying colostrum by six hours can impact passive transfer and gut microbiology

Pasteurizing colostrum may help to improve calf gut health if managed properly

Take Home Messages An abrupt transition from colostrum to milk can

compromise gut development

Elevated planes of milk can be fed early in life

Elevated planes of milk can be fed with 2x/day feeding schemes

Milk replacer formulations high in lactose may impact gut health and insulin sensitivity

Take Home Messages Weaning in dairy calves is one of the largest

transformations of the gut in nature

Milk feeding plane can have a large impact on weaning stress

Weaning age and abruptness impact performance on high planes of milk nutrition

Weaning is also associated with gut health problems

Post-weaning nutrition is another area left undiscovered in calf nutrition

Industry Collaborators

Academic Collaborators

Thanks to my Team

Recruiting Starts Early

Hazel Steele, Age: 4, Interests: Cows and Coloring

Early-life programming: Case Study

Early-life programming: Case Study

Questions

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Healthy Gut, Healthy Calf, Productive Future · Study Milk yield, kg Foldager and Krohn, 1991...

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