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Healthy Joints for Life Bibliography

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It is a bit unusual that I'm the one to present nontraditional, nonsurgical treatments for joint pain. I am an orthopaedic surgeon with over twenty years of experience who has performed more than 5,000 successful joint surgeries. I maintain a full-time practice as a managing partner in the largest provider of orthopaedic care in the state of Connecticut. It may be unusual but it should be reassuring that a surgeon with the power to cut is the one giving the advice on how to avoid the knife.My background is a little unconventional as well. Before becoming an orthopaedic surgeon I was a Miami Dolphin football player and Yale collegiate All American. In 2008 I went to a Miami Dolphin 25th reunion celebrating our team's Super Bowl XVII appearance. The health problems affecting many of my teammates gave me pause. Joint pain had drained too much vitality from the men I battled alongside and remembered so fondly as healthy, vigorous, and full of energy. I became consumed by thoughts of helping them. I realized that I couldn't go around the country doing surgery on all of them. I needed to help them in a different way. It didn't take me long to realize that I had a treasure trove of information to give them that was already benefiting my patients. With this book I knew I could reach beyond my patients and teach many how they can overcome joint pain through diet, exercise, and supplements.Like many mainstream doctors, I didn't start out as a believer in holistic treatments. Years of treating patients has changed that. I believe in the power of a joint healthy lifestyle that can be achieved through diet, exercise, and supplements. I have been using this approach to treat patient's joint pain for many years. During my research on this subject I came across information about a little known molecule in the cell that is extraordinarily important in controlling inflammation, the process that is responsible for the 'pain' of joint pain. If you can control this molecule, you can control inflammation and thereby help patients with joint pain. While I may be unconventional, I am not a snake oil salesman, so I'm not promising a cure and the suggestions for modifying diet, engaging in exercise, and using supplements are very reasonable, not outlandish. And the recommendations found in my book are substantiated by scientific literature.But, there is more behind this than molecules and scientific study. I've spent countless hours with my own patients--men and women, young and old--developing a plan to nonsurgically treat their joint pain. As a trained and experienced surgeon, I know that some patients do require surgery to repair damage to their joints, but I have discovered that surgery isn't the only answer. For those who don't need surgery this program is a perfect answer. This program is road-tested and scientifically based and the benefits will not only lead to joint pain relief, but can contribute to heart health and cancer prevention. What a triumvirate!I am very excited to be presenting this book to you and hope that through it you can reduce your joint pain and reclaim the ability to move through your life with ease and happiness..
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Healthy Joints for Life, Rich Diana, M.D. BIBLIOGRAPHY Inflammation: The Cornerstone of Disease Almonte-Becceril M, Navarro-Garcia F, Gonzalez-Robles A, Vega-Lopez MA, Lavalle C, Kouri JB. “Cell death of chondrocytes is a combination between apoptosis and autophagy during the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis within an experimental model,” Apoptosis. 2010 May; 15(5):631-8. Attur M, Samuels J, Krasnokutsky S, Abramson SB. “Targeting the synovial tissue for treating osteoarthritis (OA): where is the evidence?” Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Feb; 24(1):71-9. Baldwin AS. Series Introduction: “The transcription factor NF-kB and human disease,” J. Clin Invest. 2001 January 1; 107(1):3-6. Checker, R. "Potent anti-inflammatory activity of ursolic acid, a triterpenoid antioxidant, is mediated through suppression of NF-KB, AP-1 and NF- AT.." PLoS One. 7.2 (2012): e31318. Chen F, Castranova V, Shi X, Demers LM. “New insights into the role of nuclear factor- kappaB, a ubiquitous transcription factor in the initiation of diseases,” Clin Chem. 1999 Jan;45(1):7-17. Chung HY, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Yu BP. “The inflammation hypothesis of aging: molecular modulation by calorie restriction,” Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001 Pri; 928:327-35. Csisar A, Wang M, Lakatta EG, Ungvari Z. “Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction during aging: role of NF-Kb,” J Appl Physiol. 2008 105:1333-1341. Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP. “The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis patho- physiology,” Biorheology. 2002;39(1-2):237-46. Goldring, MB. “Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and the new approaches to treating cartilage diseases,” Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 20.5 (2006): 1003-25 Grimble RF. “Nutritional antioxidants and the modulation of inflammation: theory and practice,” New Horiz. 1994 May;2(2):175-85. Hellsten Y, Skadhauge L, Bangsbo J. “Effect of ribose supplementation on resynthesis of adenine nucleotides after intense intermittent training in humans,” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Jan: 286 (1): R 182-8. Hogan, P.G., “Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT,” Genes and Dev.. 17. (2003): 2205-2232 Kakkar P, Singh BK. “Mitochondria: a hub of redox activities and cellular distress control,” Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Nov;305(1-2):235-53. Epub 2007 Jun 12. Karin M, Lin A. “NF-kappa.B at the crossroads of life and death,” Nature Immunology (2002), 3(3), 221-227. CHAPTER 1 304 Bibliography Kumar A, Takada Y, Boriek AM, Aggarwal BB. “Nuclear factor-kappaB: its role in health and disease,” J Mol Med. 2004 Jul;82(7):434-48.
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Page 1: Healthy Joints for Life Bibliography

Healthy Joints for Life, Rich Diana, M.D.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Inflammation: The Cornerstone of Disease Almonte-Becceril M, Navarro-Garcia F, Gonzalez-Robles A, Vega-Lopez MA, Lavalle C, Kouri JB. “Cell death of chondrocytes is a combination between apoptosis and autophagy during the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis within an experimental model,” Apoptosis. 2010 May; 15(5):631-8. Attur M, Samuels J, Krasnokutsky S, Abramson SB. “Targeting the synovial tissue for treating osteoarthritis (OA): where is the evidence?” Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Feb; 24(1):71-9. Baldwin AS. Series Introduction: “The transcription factor NF-kB and human disease,” J. Clin Invest. 2001 January 1; 107(1):3-6. Checker, R. "Potent anti-inflammatory activity of ursolic acid, a triterpenoid antioxidant, is mediated through suppression of NF-KB, AP-1 and NF- AT.." PLoS One. 7.2 (2012): e31318. Chen F, Castranova V, Shi X, Demers LM. “New insights into the role of nuclear factor- kappaB, a ubiquitous transcription factor in the initiation of diseases,” Clin Chem. 1999 Jan;45(1):7-17. Chung HY, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Yu BP. “The inflammation hypothesis of aging: molecular modulation by calorie restriction,” Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001 Pri; 928:327-35. Csisar A, Wang M, Lakatta EG, Ungvari Z. “Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction during aging: role of NF-Kb,” J Appl Physiol. 2008 105:1333-1341. Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP. “The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis patho- physiology,” Biorheology. 2002;39(1-2):237-46. Goldring, MB. “Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and the new approaches to treating cartilage diseases,” Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 20.5 (2006): 1003-25 Grimble RF. “Nutritional antioxidants and the modulation of inflammation: theory and practice,” New Horiz. 1994 May;2(2):175-85. Hellsten Y, Skadhauge L, Bangsbo J. “Effect of ribose supplementation on resynthesis of adenine nucleotides after intense intermittent training in humans,” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Jan: 286 (1): R 182-8. Hogan, P.G., “Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT,” Genes and Dev.. 17. (2003): 2205-2232 Kakkar P, Singh BK. “Mitochondria: a hub of redox activities and cellular distress control,” Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Nov;305(1-2):235-53. Epub 2007 Jun 12. Karin M, Lin A. “NF-kappa.B at the crossroads of life and death,” Nature Immunology (2002), 3(3), 221-227. CHAPTER 1 304 Bibliography Kumar A, Takada Y, Boriek AM, Aggarwal BB. “Nuclear factor-kappaB: its role in health and disease,” J Mol Med. 2004 Jul;82(7):434-48.

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Kumar, D. “Transcriptional synergy mediated by SAF-1 and AP-1: critical role of N-terminal polyalanine and two zinc finger domains of SAF-1,” J Biol Chem 284.3 (2009): 1853-62 Kundu JK, Surh YJ. “Inflammation: gearing the journey to cancer,” Mutat Res. 2008 Jul-Aug;659(1-2):15-30. Li Q, Withoff S, Verma IM. “Inflammation-associated cancer: NF-kappaB is the lynchpin,” Trends Immunol. 2005 Jun;26(6):318-25. Mantovani A, Marchesi F, Porta C, Sica A, Allavena P. “Inflammation and cancer: breast cancer as a prototype,” Breast. 2007 Dec;16 Suppl 2:S27-33. Martel-Pelletier, Pelletier JP. “Is osteoarthritis a disease involving only cartilage or other articular tissues?” Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2010 Apr;21(1):2-14. MCcAnn SM, Mastronardi C, de Laurentiis A., Rettori V. “The Nitric Oxide Theory of Aging Revisited,” Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1057:64-84. Neelands PJ, Clandinin MT. “Diet fat influences liver plasma membrane lipid composition and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity,” Biochem J. 1983: (212): 573-583. Ottestad I, Hassani S, Borge GI, Kohler A, Vogt G, Hyo tyla inen T, Ores ic M, Brønner KW, Holven KB, Ulven SM, Myhrstad MC. “Fish Oil Supplementation Alters the Plasma Lipidomic Profile and Increases Long-Chain PUFAs of Phospholipids and Triglycerides in Healthy Subjects,” PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42550. Epub 2012 Aug 28. Porta C, Larghi P, Rimoldi M, Totaro MG, Allavena P, Mantovani A, Sica A. “Cellular and molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer,” Immunobiology. 2009 214(9-10):761-77. Rao, A. “Transcription factors of the NFAT family: regulation and function,” Annu Rev Immuno;.. 15. (1997): 707-47. Ray, A. “An inflammation-responsive transcription factor in the pathophysiology of osteo- arthritis,” Biorheology. 45.3-4 (2008): 399-409. Rodova, M. “Nfat1 regulates adult articular chodrocyte function through its age-dependent expression mediated by epigenetic histone methylation,” J Bone Miner Res. 26.8 (2011): 1974-86. Schroeppel, JP. "Molecular regulation of articular chondrocyte function and its significance in osteoarthritis." Histol Histopathol. 26.3 (2011): 377-94. Sen R, Baltimore D. 1986a. “Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences,” Cell 46: 705–716. Sica A, Allavena P, Mantovani A. “Cancer related inflammation: the macrophage connec- tion,” Cancer Lett. 2008 Aug 28;267(2):204-15. Sikora E, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Mosieniak G, Piwocka K. “The promise of slow down ageing may come from curcumin,” Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(7):884-92. Sikora E, Scapagnini G, Barbagallo M. Curcumin, “Inflammation, ageing and age-related diseases,” Immun Ageing. 2010 Jan 17;7(1):1. Sirhan C N, Arita M, Hong S and Gotlinger K. “Resolvins, Docosatrienesx, and Neuroprotectins, Novel Omega-3-Derived Mediators, and Their Endogenous Aspirin- Triggered Epimers,” Lipids. 2004 39 (11) 1125-1132. Solinas G, Germano G, Mantovani A, Allavena P. “Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer-related inflammation,” J Leukoc Biol. 2009 Nov;86(5):1065-73.

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Tchetina, EV. “Developmental mechanisms in articular cartilage degradation in osteoar- thritis,” Arthritis Res Ther. (2011): Valen G, Yan ZQ, Hansson GK. “Nuclear factor kappa-B and the heart,” J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Aug;38(2):307-14. Wang J, Gardner BM, Lu Q, Rodova M, Woodbury BG, Yost JG, Roby KF, Pinson DM, Tawfik O, Anderson HC. “Transcription factor Nfat1 deficiency causes osteoarthritis through dysfunction of adult articular chondrocytes,” J Pathol. 2009 Oct;219(2):163-72. Wu, Y, Zhou BP. “Inflammation: a driving force speeds cancer metastasis,” Cell Cyle. 2009 Oct 15;8(20):3267-73. Yudoh K, Trieu N, Nakamura H, Hongo-Masuko K, Kato T and Nishioka K. “Potential involvement of oxidative stress in cartilage senescence and development of osteoarthritis: oxidative stress induces chondrocyte telomere instability and downregulation ofchondro- cyte function,” Arthritis Res Ther 2005, 7:R380-R391 CHAPTER 2 Joints: How they Work and What Can Go Wrong Abramson SB, Attur M. “Developments in the scientific understanding of osteoarthritis,” Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(3):227. Aigner T, Kim HA. “Apoptosis and cellular vitality: issues in osteoarthritis human articular cartilage,” Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 59:959-965. Akhtar, N. “Epigallocaatechin-3-gallate supresses the global interleukin-1-beta-induced inflammatory response in human chondrocytes,” Arthritis Res Ter. 13.3 (2011): R93. Print. <PID 21682898>. Akiyama H, Chaboissier MC, Martin JF, Schedl A, de Cruombrugghe B. “The transcrip- tion factor Sox9 has essential roles in successive steps of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway and is required for expression of Sox5 and Sox6,” Genes Dev. 2002, 16: 2813-2828. Akiyama H, Lyons JP, Mori-Akiyama Y, Yang X, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Deng JM, Taketo MM, Nakamura T, Behringer RR, McCrea PD, de Crombrugghe B. “Interactions between Sox9 and beta-catenin control chondrocyte differentiation,” Genes Dev. 2004 May 1;18(9):1072-87. Bibliography 305 306 Bibliography Almonte-Becceril M, Navarro-Garcia F, Gonzalez-Robles A, Vega-Lopez MA, Lavalle C, Kouri JB. “Cell death of chondrocytes is a combination between apoptosis and autophagy during the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis within an experimental model,” Apoptosis. 2010 May;15(5):631-8. Amano K, Hata K, Sugita A, Takigawa Y, Ono K, Wakabayashi M, Kogo M, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. “Sox9 family members negatively regulate maturation and calcification of chondrocytes through up-regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein,” Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Nov;20(21):4541-51. Appleton CT, Usmani SE, Bernier SM, Aigner T, Beier F. “Transforming growth factor alpha suppression of articular chondrocyte phenotype and Sox9 expression in a rat model of osteoarthritis,” Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Nov;56(11):3693-705.

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Attur M, Samuels J, Krasnokutsky S, Abramson SB. “Targeting the synovial tissue for treating osteoarthritis (OA): where is the evidence?” Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Feb;24(1):71-9. Bianco FJ, Guitian R, Moreno J, de Toro FJ, Galdo F. “Effect of antiinflammatory drugs on COX-1 and COX-2 activity in human articular chondrocytes,” J Rheumatol. 1999 26:1366-1373. Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Marcu KB, Facchini A. “Chemokines in Cartlage Degradation,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 Number 427S, pp. S53-S61. Checker, R. “Potent anti-inflammatory activity of ursolic acid, a triterpenoid antioxidant, is mediated through suppression of NF-KB, AP-1 and NF- AT,” PLoS One. 7.2 (2012): e31318. Print. Carter DR, Beaupre GS, Wong M, Smith RL, Andriacchi, TP, Schurman, DJ. “The Mechanobiology of Articular Cartilage Development and Degeneration,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. No. 427S, pp. S69-S77. DeGroot J. “The AGE of the matrix: chemistry, consequence, and cure,” Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004 Jun;4(3):301-5. Del Carlo M Jr, Loeser RF. “Cell death in osteoarthritis,” Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008 Jan;1(1):37-42. Duchene J, Lecomete, F Ahmed S, Cayla C, Pesquero J, Bader M, Peretti M, Ahluwalia A. “A Novel Inflammatory Pathway Involved in Leukocyte Recruitment: Role for the Kinin B1 Receptor and the Chemokine CXCL5,” The J of Immun, 2007, 179, 4849-4856. Eyre, DR. “Collagens and Cartilage Matrix Homeostasis,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 No. 427S, pp. S118-S122. Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP. “The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis patho- physiology,” Biorheology. 2002;39(1-2):237-46. Fulcher GR, Hukins DWL, Shepherd DET. “Viscoelastic properties of bovine articular car- tilage attached to subchondral bone at high frequencies,” BMC Musculoskeleta Disord. 2009; 10:61. Gannon AR, Nagel T, Kelly DJ. “The role of the superficial region in determining the dynamic properties of articular cartilage,” Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print] Goldring, MB. “Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and the new approaches to treating cartilage diseases.” Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 20.5 (2006): 1003-25. Print Goldring MB., Berenbaum, Francis. “The Regulation of Chondrocyte Function by Proinflammatory Mediators,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 Number 427S, pp. S37-S46. Goldring MB,Marcu KB. “Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases,” Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(3):224. Goldring SR, Goldring MB. “The Role of Cytokines in Cartilage Matrix Degeneration in Osteoarthritis”. Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 Number 427S, pp. S27-S36. Han Y, Lefebvre V. “L-Sox5 and Sox6 drive expression of the aggrecan gene in carti- lage by securing binding of Sox9 to a far-upstream enhancer,” Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Aug;28(16):4999-5013.

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Hashimoto M, Nakasa T, Hikata T, Asahara H. “Molecular network of cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis,” Med Res Rev. 2008 May;28(3):464-81. Hashimoto S, Ochs RL, Komiya S, Lotz M. “Linkage of chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation in human osteoarthritis,” Arthritis Rheum. 1998 41:1632-1638. Hogan, P. G. “Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT.,” Genes and Dev.. 17. (2003): 2205-2232. Print Ikeda T, Kamekura S, Maburchi A, Kou I, Seki S, Takato T, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H, Ikegawa S, Chung UI. “The combination of SOX5, SOX6, and SOX9 (the SOX trio) pro- vides signals sufficient for induction of permanent cartilage,” Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Nov;50(11):3561-73. Jerosch, JP. “Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on cartilage metabolism on OA: Outlook on other nutrient Partners especially Omega-3 fatty acids,” Int J Rheumatol. (2011): 969012. Web. 25 Jul. 2012. <PMID21826146>. Johnson EO, Charchandi A, Babis GC, Soucacos PN. “Apoptosis in osteoarthritis: mor- phology, mechanisms, and potential means for therapeutic intervention,” J Surg Orthop Adv. 2008 Fall;17(3):147-52. Katiyar, SK. “Green tea: a new option for the prevention or control of osteoarthritis,” Arthritis Res Ther. 13.4 (2011): 121. Print. <PMID 21861859>. Kevorkian L, Young DA, Darrah C, Donell ST, Shepstone L, Porter S, Brockbank SM, Edwards DR, Parker AE, Clark IM. “Expression profiling of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in cartilage,” Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jan;50(1):131-41. Bibliography 307 Kim W, Thambyah A, Broom N. “Does prior sustained compression make cartilage-on- bone more vulnerable to trauma?” Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012 Aug;27(7):637-45. Epub 2012 Apr 24. Kumar, D. “Transcriptional synergy mediated by SAF-1 and AP-1: critical role of N-terminal polyalanine and two zinc finger domains of SAF-1,” J Biol Chem.. 284.3 (2009): 1853-62.. Print. Knudson CB, Knudson W. “Hyaluronan and CD44 – Modulators of Chondrocyte Metabolism,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 Number 427S, pp. S152-S162. Lee JH, Fitzgerald JB, DiMicco MA, Cheng DM, Flannery CR, Sandy JD, Plaas AH, Gordzinsky AJ. “Co-culture of mechanically injured cartilage with joint capsule tissue alters chondrocyte expression patterns and increases ADAMTS5 production,” Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009 Sep;489(1-2):118-26. Epub 2009 Jul 14. Liacini A, Sylvester J, Li WQ, Zafarullah M. “Inhibition of interleukin-1-stimulated MAP kinases, activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) transcription factors down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in articular chondro- cytes,” Matrix Biol. 2002 Apr;21(3):251-62. Liacini A, Sylvester J, Li WQ, Huang W, Dehnade F, Ahmad M, Zafarullah M. “Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression by TNF-alpha is mediated by MAP kinases, AP-1, and NF-kappaB transcription factors in articular chondrocytes,” Exp Cell Res. 2003 Aug 1;288(1):208-17. Loeser RF Jr. “Aging cartilage and osteoarthritis—what’s the link?” Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2004 Jul 21;2004(29):pe31.

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Loeser RF Jr. “Aging and osteoarthritis: the role of chondrocyte senescence and aging changes in the cartilage matrix,” Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 Aug;17(8):971-9. Lopez-Armada MJ, Carames B, Martin MA, Cillero-Pastor B, Lires-Dean M, Fuentes- Boquete I, Arenas J. Bianco, FJ. “Mitochondrial activity is modulated by TNFalpha and IL-1beta in normal human chondrocyte cells,” Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Oct;14(10):1011- 22. Epub 2006 May 5. Malemud, CJ. “Protein Kinases in Chondrocyte Signaling and Osteoarthritis,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 Number 427S, pp. S145-S151. Malemud, CJ. “Anticytokine therapy for osteoarthritis: evidence to date,” Drugs Aging. 27.2 (2010): 95-115. Print. Marcu KB, Otero M, Olivotto E, Borzi RM, Goldring MB. “NF-kappaB signaling: multiple angles to target OA,” Curr Drug Targets. 2010 May; 11(5):599-613. Martel-Pelletier J. “Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis,” Osteoarthr Cartil 1998, 6:374-376. Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP. “Is osteoarthritis a disease involving only cartilage or other articular tissues?” Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2010 Apr;21(1):2-14. McKinley, TO, Rudert MJ, Koos, DC, Tochigi Y, Baer TE, Brown TD. “Pathomechanic Determinants of Posttraumatic Arthritis,” Clin Ortho and Related. 2004 Research. No. 427S, pp. S78-S88. Mix KS, Sporn MB, Brinckerhoff CE. “Novel Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Expression as Potential Therapies for Arthritis,” Clin Ortho and Related Research 2004 Number 427S, pp. S129-S137. Moreno-Rubio J, Herrero-Beaumont G, Tardio L, Alvarez-Soria MA, Largo R. “Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and prostaglandin E92) modulate the synthesis of osteoprotegerin and RANKL in the cartilage of patients with severe knee osteoarthritis,” Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Feb;62(2):478-88. Nah SS, Choi IY, Lee CK, Oh JS, Kim YG, Moon HB, Yoo B. “Effects of advanced glycation end products on the expression of COX-2, PGE2 and NO in human osteoarthritic chon- drocytes,” Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Apr;47(4):425-31. Okada A, Okada Y. “Progress of research in osteoarthritis. Metalloproteinases in osteo- arthritis,” Clin Calcium. 2009 Nov;19(11):1953-601. Okazaki K, Sandell LJ. “Extracellular Matrix Gene Regulation,” Clin Ortho and Related Research. 2004 Number 427S, pp. S123-S128. Orrenius S. “Reactive oxygen species in mitochondria-mediated cell death,” Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(2-3):443-55. Orrenius S, Gogvadze V, Zhivotovsky B. “Mitochondrial oxidative stress: implications for cell death,” Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol.2007;47:143-83. Pelletier JP, Fernandes JC, Jovanovic DV, Reboul P, Martel-Pelletier J. “Chondrocyte death in experimental osteoarthritis is mediated by MEK1/2 and p38 pathways: role of cyclo- oxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase,” J Rheumatol 2001, 28:2509-2519. Rao, A. “Transcription factors of the NFAT family: regulation and function,” Annu Rev Immuno;.. 15. (1997): 707-47. Print.

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