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Heart & Circulatory System
Heart (1): structuremade of cardiac musclesurrounded by the
pericardium (Herzbeutel)coronary arteries supply
the heart muscle2 sides - La-rve (!) each side consists of 2
chambers: an atrium and a ventricle
heart valves prevent back flow during contraction
Valves of the heart
Atrio-ventricular valves
(Segelklappen)
Mitralklappe (I)Tricuspidalklappe(C)
Between atrium and ventricle
Semilunar valves
(Taschenklappen)
Aortenklappe (K)Pulmonalklappe (E)
Where blood exits (=leaves) the heart
11 Herzscheidewand
Die Herzteile
1 Hohlvene (vena cava)
2 rechte Herzvorkammer
3 rechte Herzkammer
4 Aorta
5 Lungenarterie6 Lungenvene
7 Taschenklappe8 linke Herzvorkammer
9 Segelklappe
10 linke Herzkammer
Heart(2): Activity
Atria and ventricles always contract alternately: Systole:
period when atrium relaxes & ventricles contract
Diastole: period whenatrium contracts & ventricles relax
Stethoscope: to hear the heart beats
http://pediatriccardiology.uchicago.edu/PP/heart_murmur.htm
Atrium
Ventricle
Heart (3): Activity
The cardiac pacemaker
Control of the heartbeat electrical impulses are sent
from the SA (sinoatrial) node (“Sinusknoten”) and AV-node (=Vorhofknoten) and.
through the autonomic
nervous system
(sympathetic NS/
parasympathetic NS )
These impulses first cause the atria to contract and then they cause the ventricles to contract. They control and coordinate the beating exactly. The cardiac pacemaker sends
out electrical impulses.
“Heartfacts”
An adult’s heart beats about 70 times a minute. That means when you are 70 years old your heart would have beaten 3 billion times.
It has the power of about 580 PS a day and weighs about 350 g.
It pumps about 5 litres of blood a minute.
The blood needs about 1 minute to circulate through the body.
Types of blood vessels (1)
Arteries (sg. artery):Take blood away from the heart, their walls are muscular and elastic (blood pulses through them with high pressure).Arteriosclerosis can lead to an infarct.
main artery: aorta
capillariesartery vein
arteriole venu
le
tissue fluid
tissuecells
capillary wall
O2 glucose CO2 wastes
Types of blood vessels (2)Veins (sg. vein):Blood flows back to the heart, the walls are thin and not muscular.They have valves to prevent backflow of blood. This is also done by the arteries which are next to them (a. & v. are mostly grouped together), sometimes through the contraction of striated muscles („Muskelpumpe“)main vein: vena cava (Hohlvene)
Capillaries (sg. capillary):
„Haargefäße“ , can only be seen under a microscope (diameter about 8/1000 mm),
their functions are the exchange of materials (through diffusion) between blood and cells and the regulation of body temperature.
Valves allow bloodto go forward...
…but notbackward
valveopen
musclescontracted
valveclosed
valveopen
musclesrelaxed
valveclosed
Varicose veinsVaricose veins arise when there are weaknesses in the vein walls
Der Blutkreislauf (2)
1 Kopfvene2 Lungenkapillaren3 Lungenarterie
4 rechte Herzvorkammer5 Hohlvene6 rechte Herzkammer7 Beinvene8 Kopfkapillaren9 Kopfarterie
10 Lungenvene11 linke Herzvorkammer12 Körperarterie13 Herzklappen14 linke Herzkammer15 Leberkapillaren16 Darmkapillaren17 Beinarterie18 Muskelkapillaren
Circulatory System (1)
The Heart pumps the blood through a double circulatory system.
The “journey of the blood”: systemic circulation (Körperkreislauf): blood
from left ventricle > aorta > arteries > capillaries > exchange with cells > veins > vena cava > right atrium
pulmonary circulation (Lungenkreislauf): blood from right ventricle >deoxygenated blood over pulmonary artery > lungs > becomes oxygenated > oxygenated blood pulmonary vein > left atrium
Circulatory System (2) The blood flows
permanently through blood vessels, which are more than 1000 kilometres long.
About 13% of the blood is always in the pulmonary circulatory, about 15% in arteries & 59% in veins of the systemic circulation. 5% in capillaries and about 9% in the heart.
hepatic portal vein brings blood with nutrients from the digestive system to the liver.
Der embryonale Blutkreislauf
Der embryonale Kreislauf besitzt „Kurzschlussver-bindungen“: das Foramen ovale und den Ver-bindungsgang zwischen Lungen- und Hauptschlag-ader. Beide sorgen dafür, dass die noch nicht entfaltete Lunge umgangen werden kann.
Blood vessels
Terminology
What is an artery? What is a vein? What is deoxygenated blood?
(=“venöses Blut”) What is oxygenated blood?
(=arterielles Blut”) Gibt es Venen mit arteriellem Blut
und Arterien mit venösem? (=Are there veins with deoxygenated blood and arteries with oxygenated blood?)
On which side of the heart is the blood oxygenated/deoxygenated?
Each organ has its own blood supply
it depends on: their need for oxygen their amount of
supporting blood vessels
their function
Individual Organs require different amounts of blood
Blood Pressure (Blutdruck) Blood pressure – the pressure,
the blood exerts on the wall of the actual blood vessels – and is measured is measured in terms of millimeters of mercury (mmHg).Example- 140/90 mm Hg. Both values are used in BP assessment however it is the lower number which is more important.
The normal range for the upper figure is 100 plus the individual‘s age(however this does not apply to the elderly where it is usually higher!).
The upper figure is the systolic and the lower figure is the diastolic value.
High and Low Blood Pressure
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)Is not always a cause for concern nor does it always cause problems. Usually symptoms include: Dizziness, Reduced appetite, Morning listlessness, Sleep disturbances, Cold shivers, etc.Low blood pressure is usually not life threatening, and among the elderly there exists the possibility of collapse during a dizzy spell.High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)When The upper value is above 160 and the lower value is above 95, then this indicates elevated blood pressure.If the BP is elevated over a longer period of time, there is the risk of damage to various organs including: Vascular disease, Eyes -, Kidneys - and Heart disease, and leading possibly to a Cerebral hemorrhage.
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) With an ECG electrical activity in
the heart is measured. This isindicated as curves or spikes.
By measuring blood flow, it can determine whether there has been previous damage to the heart muscle from heart attacks or from inflammation, and whether blood flow is adequate
For an exact diagnosis a Stress – ECG (Belastungs-EKG) needs to be performed (Ergometer).
The P-spike indicates stimulation in the frontal chamber. QRS- spike indicates stimulation over all the chambers. And the T- curve indicates the decrease in overall electrical stimulation.
The heart lung machine
Herz und Lunge im Verbund
Quellen
Timm, Michael: „Gesundheit in Frage und Antwort“, Midena- Verlag, Augsburg 1997
Natur und Wissen3: „Der Mensch“, Bertelsmann international, München 1984
de Bernabe, Dr. E. G., „Schülerwissen aktuell“, Tosa- Verlag, Wien 1998
Brenner, Klaus- Ulrich: „Der Körper des Menschen“, Weltbild- Verlag, Augsburg 1996
www.mallig.de Atlas der Anatomie, Buch und Zeit Verlagsgesellschaft,
Köln 1990 Unger, Hödl, Kalnoky u.a., „Biologie und Ökologie“ Band II
WB, Trauner Verlag, Linz 1997 Animationen: http://www.le.ac.uk/pathology/teach/va/titlpag1.html