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HEART DISEASE
Health education and promotion HSC 122
Lecturer :Nrs Afesha Marshall
Group #3
Group members
• Ashley Adams• Luciean Andrews• Audit Arjun• Omesh Balmacoon• Kizzy Cooke-Mcrae• Stefon Dundas• Imran Khan• Samuel King• Monique Miller• Shavon Moses
• Olly Perreira• Dominique Russel• Leeann Sills• Gwen Tinnie
Objectives
• Define the term heart disease
• Discuss the common types of heart diseases
• Identify risk factors of Heart disease.
• Describe the signs and symptoms of heart disease .
• Describe the common diagnostic measures used in heart
disease.
• Describe the common treatment interventions
• Discuss the preventative measures .
What Is Heart Disease?
• Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a
class of diseases that affects the heart and
blood vessel many of which are related to a
process called atherosclerosis.
• Cardio –relates to the heart
• Vascular –relates to the veins and arteries
• Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops
when a substance called plaque builds up in the
walls of the arteries This buildup narrows the
arteries, making it harder for blood to flow
through. If a blood clot forms, it can stop the
blood flow.
Incidence and prevalence
GLOBALLY• CVDs are the number one cause of death globally: more people die annually
from CVDs than from any other cause.• An estimated 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008, representing 30%
of all global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.3 million were due to coronary heart disease.
• Over 80% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and occur almost equally in men and women.
• By 2030, almost 23.6 million people will die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease and stroke(WHO ,20011)
GUYANA • CVD is one of the leading causes of death in Guyana• SEX -Males are more affected than females with heart disease • AGE – greater prevalence of hypertensive diseases 45 and greater age
group and the 4th amongst 15 -44 yrs old .• RACE -Most common cause of death among indo and afro-
Guyanese ,Chinese and Portuguese .• REGION -Major cause of death in regions 2,3,6,10(MOH ,GUYANA,2008)
COMMON TYPES OF HEART DISEASE
Preventable –
• Heart disease can affect the structure of the heart –valves ,muscles ,fibers
and blood supply e.g. coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels
supplying the heart muscle.
• The common cause of coronary heart disease result from - Atherosclerosis –
this is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in
the walls of the arteries. Coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle
become blocked And as a result can cause:
• Hypertension (increased pressure )
• Angina /Ischemic heart disease (partially blocked)
• Heart attack /M.I(Fully blocked )
• Heart failure (damaged valves and enlargement),arrythmias (damaged heart
fibers)
COMMON TYPES OF HEART DISEASE • Heart disease can also result from infection –rheumatic
heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves
from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria ,and
endocarditis .
Non-preventable –
• Heart disease can also be congenital -congenital heart
disease - malformations of heart structure existing at birth
Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors-Some risk factors can be avoided or altered,
potentially slowing the disease process or even reversing it. These
factors include:
• elevated serum lipid levels
• hypertension
• cigarette smoking
• diabetes mellitus
• sedentary lifestyle
• stress
• obesity—especially abdominal (waist measurement greater than 40″
[101.6 cm] in men and greater than 35″ [88.9 cm] in women)
• excessive intake of saturated fats, carbohydrates, and salt.
Risk Factors Con’t
Non-modifiable risk factors- there are four non-modifiable
factors increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease:
• age
• male gender
• family history
• race.
Common signs and symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Hypertension -A sustained blood pressure above 140/90mmhg .
Dizziness ,or may be ASYMPTOMATICComplications- Cardiac complications include CAD, angina, MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death,stroke,blindness,kidney failure
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—primary disease of the heart muscle that's characterized by a thickened, inflexible heart muscle-results from extensively damaged myocardial muscle fibers
shortness of breath,fatiguedry cough at night,palpitations,nauseaEdema of the legs , chest pain
Common signs and symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Heart attack /MI
Angina /ischemic heart disease
Symptoms: chest /thumb /back pains that is not relieved by rest or medications .(nitrates)light headednessAnxiety/nervousnessPalenessIncreased, irregular heart rate
Chest pain is relieved by medications and rest.
Heart failure -When the heart can't pump effectively enough to meet the body's metabolic needs, heart failure occurs
Fatigue, Difficulty breathing,dependent edema, unexplained, steady weight gain,nausea,chest tightnessslowed mental response, anorexia
How is heart disease
diagnosed? LABORATORY TESTING –measures heart enzymes/proteins and reveals the
extent of damage and monitor healing.
• Creatine kinase (CK)-Elevated levels indicate death to heart
muscles.
• Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)-indicates lack of oxygen
supply to the heart .
• Myoglobin- indicates damage to the heart muscle
• Troponin I and T-indicates heart damage
• Cholesterol levels-detects cholesterol levels-LDL/HDL
GRAPHIC RECORDING STUDIES –used to detect heart disorders .
• ECG- graphically records electrical current generated by the heart.
• Exercise ECG(stress test)-assess heart response to an increased
workload.
How is heart disease diagnosed? Imaging studies –
• Chest X-ray-may detect enlargement or structural
changes of the heart
• Echo- visualize heart size and shape, heart wall
thickness and motion, and cardiac valve structure and
function
• CT /MRI-detect changes in the structure of the heart
Interventional studies –
• Cardiac catheterization and coronary
angiography-determines location of
blockage ,pressure and oxygen levels of the heart.
How is heart disease
treated ?Treatment of heart disease depends on the causative factor or
the disorder present;
• Pharmacological –medications may be used to reduce blood
pressure(anti –hypertensives),control heart rate(ant-
arrythmias) ,reduce pain(anti –anginal) ,lower cholesterol(anti
–lipidemics),dissolve or prevent blood clots (anti –platelet
/thrombolytics)and reduce fluid accumulation(diuretics)
How is heart disease treated ?• Non –pharmacological -lifestyle changes-education,diet
(DASH diet ),exercise
• Invasive interventions (surgery)
• Coronary artery with an autogenous graft-restores blood
flow to the heart
• Bypass grafting -bypasses the obstruction resulting from
arteriosclerosis
• Embolectomy- removes the blockage (blood clot)
Valve repair
HOW CAN HEART DISEASE BE
PREVENTED ?DIETARY MEASURES-These are based on the DASH (Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension)• Limiting use of salt to less than 2.4 grams of sodium (6 gm �
salt) per day i.e. no added salt in cooking or at table); avoid canned foods, salted meat, etc.
• Reducing excessive dietary fat (especially saturated fat �and trans-fatty acids) to no more than 30% of calories. Saturated fat should not exceed 10% of total calories.
• Ensuring intake of fibre of at least 30-40 gm/day.�• Ensuring intake of potassium between 70-80 mmol/l daily. �
This can be achieved by a good selection of fruits and vegetables especially bananas,tomatoes and oranges as well as coconut water.
• Avoiding red meat .
HOW CAN HEART DISEASE BE PREVENTED ?
Physical Exercise
• This should be undertaken for 30-60 minutes at least five times
each week,but preferably daily. Walking is the easiest form of
exercise for most people.
Weight Management
• This aims at the attainment and maintenance of desirable body
weight i.e.
• BMI <25 or at least a significant reduction, if overweight or
obese. There is a possibility of 5-20 mmHg decrease in systolic
pressure for every 10kg (22lb) weight loss.
HOW CAN HEART DISEASE BE PREVENTED ?
Reduction of Alcohol Intake
• Alcohol use should not exceed 2 drinks/day for men
and 1 drink/day for women. (1 drink = one ounce of
spirits or 1 bottle of beer or 1 glass of wine)
Cessation of Tobacco Use
• Tobacco should be avoided.
Education
• Every opportunity should be taken for education of
the patient, with partner and relatives. The education
should include diet, exercise and other lifestyle
advice(stress reduction)
References
• Statistical Bulletin 2007 - Ministry of Health• www.health.gov.gy/pub/moh_stats_bulletin_07.pdf• 2.MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,GUYANA ,STATISTICAL BULLETIN ,2008• http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/en/• http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Caregiver/Resources/
WhatisCardiovascularDisease/What-is-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_301852_Article.jsp
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002091/• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001238/• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120/
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