Heating Solutions for the Passive House – Review and New...

Heating Solutions for the Passive House – Review and New Developments

Fabian Ochs, Dr.-Ing.

Unit for Energy Efficient Buildings

University of Innsbruck

14.11.2016 Fabian Ochs - Unit for Energy Efficient Buildings 1

Outline

General aspects, introduction

Overview of HVAC solutions for PH/EnerPHit

Thermal comfort/indoor air quality and heat emission

Heat distribution

Review / Market Overview (PH) compact units (MVHR + Heat pump)

split units

Heat distribution: Supply air heating and split unit concepts

Compact heat pumps for façade integration

Boiler-HP

Alternative Ground Source HP Concepts

Renewables (PV + ST)

Test Facilities at UIBK (Compact unit test rig, Passys test cells)


Application and Classification

• Single Family House (SFH) vs. Multi Family House (MFH), block/district

• Passive House vs. EnerPhit (New vs. renovation)

• Large or small (house or flat)

• Heating and DHW vs. Cooling

• Central or decentral mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR)

11/14/2016 Fabian Ochs - Unit for Energy Efficient Buildings 3

N

Typical MFH

Example: Project NHT - Vögelebichl (IBK, AT)

MFH in PH Standard

Ground water heat pump with ST and PV

Optimized heat distribution with 4-pipe

system and decentral DHW preparation

«Zero-Energy»

West view, NHT Tirol, Innsbruck

Low-cost/cost-effective (LCC) ortop-performance (low-PE consumption)?

+588,74= hmax lt.

Flugsicherung

+575,73 = -1,35

+575,70 = -1,38

Gru

nd

gre

nze

Sonnenkollektoren

WA

ND

HO

HE

WA

ND

HO

HE

8,1

88

,18

7,07

6,07

6,80

0,00

-1,35

9,58

6,65 6,65

5,37

3,75

2,47

3,75

8,27

8,93

9,50

10,25

-1,38

3,75

10

,92

6,7

21

,28

1,6

21

,31

6,7

21

,28

1,6

21

,31

6,7

21

,28

1,6

21

,31

6,7

21

,28

1,6

21

,31

5,37

2,47

0,00

1,02

HVAC in PH: Boundary Conditions


PH (new)

EnerPhit(renovation)

EnerPhit (w\ PH components)

Heating Demand [kWh/(m² a)] 15 25 > 25

Heating load [W/m²] 10 ca. 20 > 20

Domestic Hot Water [kWh/(m² a)] 15 15 15

Cooling demand [kWh/(m² a)] depends*) depends*) depends*)

Cooling load [W/m²] max. 10 depends*) depends*)

Typical specific values for heating, DHW and cooling for a SFH

Spec. DHW demand usually higher in MFH (occupation + distribution losses)

Supply air heating is limited to 10 W/m² for a typical occupation density of

30 m²/P and a hygienic air flow rate of 30 m³/h/P (► large SFH !!!)

Supply air cooling is even more challenging (H: 52 to 22 °C, C: 16 to 26 °C)

*) … on climate, shading, mass of building, internal gains


central renovation(house-wise)

yes

no

Gas connection (+ chimney)

Existing radiator

yes Existing radiator

no

Floor- gas boiler (HW)

Floor- gas boiler (HW + H)

yes

no

Decentral HP(air heating + bath radiator)

HW-HP

central generationH + HW

Heat distribution losses acceptable

HW-HP

yes

Decentral HP(air heating + bath radiator)

central-H.no

no

yes Decentral HP(hydronic)

HW-HP

Space restrictions, fire protection,flat-wise renovation, Inhomogeneous heat generation/emission, technically/economically non feasible, …

HW: Hot waterH: Heating

Central vs. Decentral Renovation – Decision Structure

HVAC Solutions for Passive Houses (PH)

Generally, all HVAC technologies are possible in a PH

• Electricity

• Oil (condensing) boiler,

• Gas (condensing) boiler,

• Biomass boiler

• Heat pump (air sourced, brine sourced)

• District heating / district cooling

The lower the heating demand the more solutions are possible … However, the investment costs limit the choice …

High performance vs. low-cost


src: wodtke.de src: passipedia.depelletlog

Overview of heat generation technologies


Pro Con recommendation

Electricity (supply

air-post heater,

radian panel,

convector,

boiler)

+ low investment cost

+ flexible installation

+ easy control

+ high efficiency (no

distribution and storage losses)

+ smart grid ready

- high quality energy source

(exergy), poor overall efficiency

- high primary energy

conversion factor

only for very low HD (<

15 kWh/(m² a)) and low DHW,

better in combination with ST

Oil Boiler + mature technology - high environmental impact

- rel high operation costs

No

Gas Condensing

Boiler

+ rel. low investment costs

+ mature technology

+ long experience

+ environmentally friendly with

RE gas

+ relative compact, no storage

- fossil fuel (fPE = 1.1)

- gas infrastructure not always

available (storage)

- maintenance costs

yes, in combination with ST for

DHW

Biomass Boiler + low PE conversion factor

+ local manufacturer

- storage required

- limited availability of biomass

- high Investment costs

- downscaling limits

- particulate matter

for MFH and renovation

Overview of heat generation technologies (cont.)



District Heating + low primary energy

conversion factor (depending

on the plant structure)

+ low maintenance

- high initial costs

- rel. high energy cost

yes, if available, and particular

with “green” district heating

Ground Sourced

HP

+ rel. high efficiency (COP)

+ cooling possible

- high investment (digging,

drilling)

only if easy and cost-efficient

access to ground source

possible

Air-Sourced HP + reasonable efficiency

+ rel. low investment costs

+ easy scalable

+ “smart grid ready” with

storage

- sound emissions

- less efficient than GS-HP

- rel. high operation costs

- large break-through required

in case of indoor installation

- rel. poor efficiency when

installed outside

yes, in combination with PV

Refrigerant Split

HP

+ low initial cost

+ flexible

+ allow for cooling

+ no additional costs for heat

distribution and emission

- sound emissions

- depending on country no

culture for refrigerant cycle

installations

single Split: Heat / Cold

distribution

multi-Split: less cost effective

Overview of heat generation technologies (cont.)



Compact Unit,

Exhaust Air-HP

+ air heating, no additional

costs for heat distribution and

emission

- sound emissions

-space requirements (requires

technical room or cellar for

installation)

for SFH PH, difficult in flats and

for renovations

DHW (boiler)

heat pump

+ low investment - rel. poor efficiency (cascade

HP if indoor air sourced)

- sound emissions

no, return flow HP interesting

in combination with floor

heating

ST (large ST with

long-term

storage)

+ renewable energy - high investment

- large storage required (space,

overheating)

not for SFH, MFH

maybe for districts

CHP + high total efficiency - high investment

-with current energy price

situation not economic

- downscaling very limited

No

Gas Sorption

Heat Pump

+ rel. high efficiency - high cost No

Fuel Cell + high efficiency

+ H2 / RE-Gas

- not yet mature no

Review of (PH) Compact Units

• “classic” compact units with PHI certificate have heat capacities ranging from 1.4 kW to 2 kW.

• “XL” compact units with speed controlled compressor start at some 4 KW and deliver up to 13 kW (Zehnder) and even 22 kW (Effiziento).


drexel & weiss, aerosmart xls

Markus Meyer, Kompakt und komfortabel Lüftungs-kompaktanlagen und Alternativen für das Passivhaus

Effiziento HTZ 4

VP 18 Compact von Nilan LWZ 304 SOL von Stiebel Eltron

AEREX BW 175x² von drexel und weiss Zehnder ComfoBox

„XL“ compact units for „large“ PH

Compact unit market overview


Company Product MVHR PH compact unit remark

Alpha InnoTec Kompaktheizzentrale KHZ-SW 50 / 70 Sole-WP

Bau Info Center Lüftungstechnik ZG 334 / 134 Yes Yes f. Schwörer Haus

Bösch - - - supplier of D+W

Buderus WPLS+Logalus H+Logavent HRV Yes ?

Caldyn Apparatebau GmbH Freshercon Yes Yes not any more on the market

Dimplex TrendActiv not any more on the market

Drexel und Weiss aerosmart m

X²

xls

Yes

Yes

Yes

certified Brine-HP

Effiziento HTZ 4 Yes Yes see Paul compakt 350

EMB Wohnbau und

Projektmanagement

Kompaktgerät Yes Yes availability unclear

EMCO emcovent FLH for tertiary buildings

Genvex Combi 185L Yes certified

Gorenje Aerogor HP AW 9-17 ? ?

Helios Ventilatoren Helios Trio 3 Yes Yes availability unclear

Hautec Extract air - HP

KNV Kompaktgerät - F750 see Nibe

Krantz LG-ZA-M-SB yes facade-/reveal-Integration, poor

efficiency

Ochsner 3in1 combi Yes Not any more on the market

Compact unit market overview (cont.)


Company Product MHVR PH compact unit remark

Maico Haustechnik Aerex BW 175 Yes certified

Nibe Fighter 315 P

Fighter 410 P

Extract air - HP; dec. supply air

Extract air - HP

Nilan Compact P

VP 18 Compact

Yes

Yes

certified

Yes

Paul Lüftung compakt 350 DC Yes Yes not any more on the market

Pichler PKom4 Yes Yes most recently certified unit

Spartec Bravour Split- direct evaporator

Stiebel-Eltron LWZ 304

LWZ 404 sol

LWZ 504

Yes Yes

SystemAir Genius Yes Yes Regenerator, humidity recovery,

secondary air

Tecalor THZ 303/304 SO

THZ 304/304 SOL

THD 400 AL

TVD 100-250 SOL

Yes certified Ambient air HP without heat

recovery

Viessmann Vitotres 343 Yes Yes not active on the market

Wölfle Haustechnik Wölfle-Kombi ZL 26S WP-BW Yes Yes not any more on the market

Zimmermann Proxon Combi

Proxon PH-S

Yes

Yes

Yes

certified

not available

Zehnder ComfoBox Yes Yes

Certified compact units (www.passiv.de, October 2016)


Product Manufacturer Application

range [m³/h]

Effective heat

recovery

SFP /

[Wh/m³]

COP

H / DHW (Jamb)

Acoustic emissions

/ [dB]

aerosmart m Drexel und Weiss. 137 204 78 % 0.29 2.73 / 2.39

(2 °C)

46

Combi 185L

(150 m³/h)

Genvex A/S 110 175 76 % 0.31 2.35 / 1.98

(4 °C)

49

Combi 185L

(200 m³/h)

Genvex A/S 110 190 76 % 0.31 2.35 / 1.98

(4 °C)

49

Compact P

(92 m³/h)

NILAN A/S 52 120 77 % 0.43 2.55 / 2.5

(1.9 / 2.1 °C)

57

Compact P

(172 m³/h)

NILAN A/S 120 205 80 % 0.4 2.55 / 2.5

(1.9 / 2.1 °C)

57

LWZ 304 Stiebel Eltron GmbH & Co. KG 160 230 87 % 0.42 2.86 / 2.76

(2 °C)

56

LWZ 504 Stiebel Eltron GmbH & Co. KG 160 230 85 % 0.37 3.49 / 2.7

(2 °C)

56

PHK 180 Aerex Haustechnik-systeme GmbH 130 220 80 % 0.28 3.02 / 2.42

(2 °C)

48

PKOM4 Pichler Luft 121 192 85 % 0.28 3.15 / 2.88

(2 °C)

48

Proxon PH-S ZIMMERMANN Lüftungs-

und Wärmesysteme

124 195 85 % 0.42 2.91 / 3.0

(2.1 / 3 °C)

48

THZ 304 Tecalor GmbH 160 230 87 % 0.42 2.86 / 2.76

(2 °C)

56

THZ 504 Tecalor GmbH 160 230 85 % 0.37 3.49 / 2.7

(2 °C)

56

http://www.passiv.de/

Certified compact units

• Compact units from 7 companies certified (products from Tecalor and Stiebel Eltron are identical)

• Volume flow typically rel. high (up to 230 m³/h, exception: Nilan 52 m³/h)

• 1 or 2 compressors, speed controlled (PKOM4)

• COP from 2.3 until 3.49 (at 2 °C) for heating and from below 2 to 3 (at 2 °C) for reheating the DHW storage tank

• Sound emissions from 46 to 57 dB

• For SFH, usually not for MFH


Air Heating and Heating Power

• Supply air heating is limited to hygienic air flow rate (20 to 30 m³/h/P) – usually 10 W/m²

• Higher heating power possible with recirculation of air

• Split Unit

• Fan Coil

• Most systems use hydronic heat emission (combined with supply air heating)

• Some systems use secondary air (e.g. Systemair, max. heating power 6 kW)


src. systemair

supply overflow extract

exhaust

feshrecirculation

MVHR+ HP

Mini-Split / Multi-Split


http://www.toshiba-klima.de/http://www.mitsubishicomfort.com/

Example of Mini-Split Systems

Selection of Split Units (Refrigerant Split)


Company Product Heating capacity [kW]

Min./Nom./Max.

Cooling capactiy [kW]

Min./Nom./Max.

Argo XFetto 245C Monoblock 2.45

Daikin ATXS25K 1.3 /2.8 /4.7 1.3 /2.5 /3.2

Fujitsu ASYG-07LEC Inverter 2.1

Haier AC12CS1ERA(S) 1 - 4.8 0.9 - 4.5

Vaillant - Saunier Duval SDH 17-050 M2NW 2.5 - 5.6 2.05 - 5.2

Junkers Mono Split Mural 2.6; 3.5; 5.3; 6.5

LG LG PRESTIGE INVERTER H12AK 0.3 / 4.0 / 6.8 0.3 / 3.5 / 4.0

Midea – Comfee MSR23-09HRDN1-QE/12F 2.8 2.8

Panasonic Etherea CS-E7QKEW Inverter Plus 2.4

Samsung Wall mounted Etesia Eco 2.2 2

Toshiba RAS-10G2KVP-E 3.2 (0.45 - 5.8) 2.5 (0.55 – 3.5)

Uncountable product range

Heating power between 1 and 6 kW

Speed controlled compressor

Good/fair performance

Rel. low price

Heating and cooling (reversible HP)

Example

• Small flat in MFH with 68 m² each

• 90 to 120 m³/h

• EnerPHit with ca. 25 kWh/(m² a)

• Center flats PH with < 15 kWh/(m² a)


N

Supply Air Heat Pump vs. Split Unit


Supply air heating (with central MVHR)+ Rel. low cost- No individual room control

(additional radiant panel required)- Performance

additional bathroom radiator (towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)from/to

MVHR



Several Mini-Splits:several indoor and outdoor units:+ Individual temperature control- Rel. high cost- High sound emissions outside and inside- Performance

(oversized, on/off operation)

additional bathroom radiator (towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)MVHR not depicted



Multi-Splits:several indoor and one outdoor unit:+ Individual temperature control- Performance- High cost

additional bathroom radiator (towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)MVHR not depictedVRF for simultaneous heating and cooling(heat recovery)



Multi-Splits:several indoor and one outdoor unit:+ Individual temperature control- Performance- High cost




Single + Multi-Splits:several indoor and > one outdoor units:+ Individual temperature control- Performance- High cost- Sound emissions




Mini-Split:one indoor unit, one outdoor unit:+ Low cost+ Low sound emissions outside- Heat distribution is challenging

(active overflow elements)- No individual room control- Performance (over-heating of corridor)




Mini-Splitwith radiant heater+ low sound emissions outside+ Individual room control- Performance (electric heating)


Multi Split (or VRF) for MFH


Multi-Split (with radiant heater)

+ low sound emissions outside

+ rel. low cost.

+ Performance

- No individual room control

(only with additional radiant heater)

additional bathroom radiator

(towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)

MVHR not depicted

VRF: simultaneously heating and cooling

Single Split / Multi Split

• Heating and cooling with one device

• Various indoor unit designs

• Rel. good performance (SCOP > 3)

• Heating capacity from 2.5 to 12 kW

• Flexible design

• Rel. high cost for multi-split

• Challenging heat distribution for single split

• in combination with radiant heater


Summary of compact HP concepts


Type pro con remark

Split Unit inexpensive heat distribution, noise lack of refrigerant installation

culture in some countries

Multi-Split individual room

control

expensive requires additional MVHR

Compact Unit all in one space use, noise HP limited to hygienic air flow

rate

Extract Air HP higher HP efficiency no MVHR, poorer system efficiency,

Comfort (cold air down draught)

Boiler HP inexpensive poor efficiency for DHW room air (cascade)

Ambient Air Boiler HP inexpensive large break through, cold air ducts for DHW

return flow HP inexpensive, rel.

high efficiency

low total efficiency for DHW cascade

Split DHW inexpensive, rel.

high efficiency

compressor losses (compressor

outside)

lack of refrigerant installation

culture in some countries

Compact Systems for Façade Integration


Ambient air Exhaust air

Extraxt air Supply air

EU-project iNSPiRe (fp7)

MVHR with exhaust air heat

pump (with hot gas bypass for

deicing)

Functional Model and … …iNSPiRe Demo-Building,

Ludwigsburg (WB-L, G+M)

Supply Air Heat Pump (façade integrated) for PH standard


Supply air heating (with MVHR) for PH

+ rel. low cost- No individual room control

(additional radiant panel required)- Performance

additional bathroom radiator (towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)

MVHR with Micro-HP

Supply Air Heat Pump (façade integrated) with post-heater


Supply air heating (with MVHR) for PH with post-heater with

+ Individual room control - Higher investment and operation costs - Lower performance (electric heating)


MVHR with Micro-HP

PTCPTC

PTC

Supply Air Heat Pump (façade integrated) with radiant heater


Supply air heating (with MVHR)

+ Higher heating power (EnerPhit)+ Individual room control - Higher costs- Lower performance (electric heating)


MVHR with Micro-HP

Supply Air Heat Pump with recirculation


Supply air heating (with MVHR) for EnerPHit

+ higher heating power (EnerPHit)- Higher installation effort (ducts)


MVHR with Micro-HP with additional ambient air

Conclusion

PH + on-site Renewables (Solar Thermal, Photovoltaics)

• SFH• HP + PV

• Gas + ST (+ PV)

• MFH• HP + PV

• Gas + ST (or PV)

• Biomass + ST (or PV)


ST has the potential to perform slightly better than PV

PV is preferable in cases with high cooling loads

PV preferable over ST when appliances are taken into account

(depending on the local regulations)

Research Projects

• EU iNSPiRe (fp7)

• Landesförderung Tirol k-WP

• FFG SaLüH!

• NHT Vögelebichl

• IEA SHC Task 56

• IEA HPT Annex 49


Acknowledgements

This work is part of the Austrian research project SaLüH!

Renovation of multi-family houses with small apartments, low-

cost technical solutions for ventilation, heating & hot water (2015-

18); Förderprogramm Stadt der Zukunft, FFG, Project number:

850085.

A detailed report on the review of heat pumps in passive houses

is available German language and can be distributed on request.

thanks to …

Siko Energiesysteme (At)

Pichler Luft (At)

Gumpp & Maier (D)

Wohnungsbau Ludwigsburg (D)

Eurac (It)

AEE Intec (At)

Vaillant (D)

NHT (At)

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