Hebron Destroyed From Within

7/29/2019 Hebron Destroyed From Within

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FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENTDESTROYED FROM WITHINHEBRON

1HEBRONFRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENTDESTROYED

FROM WITHIN

MAAN DEVELOPMENT CENTER

September 2008


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2

Overview

Designedby:Ashraf

Zoreqy/0599821716

Contents

The IbrahimiMosque

International

presence in

Hebron

Settlements:

A Culture of

Impunity

Movement

and Access

Restrictions

Education

under Threat

Hebrons

Economic

Decline

Forced

Displacement

4 6

8

16

26

10

22

28


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3HEBRONFRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENTDESTROYED

FROM WITHIN


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4

OverviewIntroduction

Known as El Khalil in Arabic, Hebronis the largest, most populated and

southern most governorate of the WestBank. Home to 551,130 Palestinians who livein 145 communities it covers a total area of1,067.5 km square.1 The biggest and mostimportant of these communities is Hebron city,with over 170,000 residents.

Hebron under attack

6LQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRISHRSOHLQ

Hebron governorate have been killed and508 injured in direct conflict with IsraeliOccupation Forces and settlers.

KRXUVRIFXUIHZKDYHEHHQLPSRVHGE\

IOF on the governorate since J anuary 2005 %\$SULOWKHUHZHUHVHSDUDWH

movement restrictions Placed by IOF in thecity of Hebron

+HEURQKDVWKHKLJKHVWXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWH

in the West Bank at 28%. ,Q+HEURQV2OG&LW\IRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW

reduced the population from around 10,000in the 1950s to just 400 by the mid 90s, as aresult of IOF measures

6RXUFH2&+$DQG3&%6

The Hebron Protocol

In 1997 in accordance with the HebronProtocol agreement the city was dividedinto 2 administrative areas H1 (areato come under the full control of thePalestinian Authority) and H2 (underfull Israeli control). H2 covers 20 percent of the city, including the Old City,4 central settlements and the outlyingKiryat Arba settlement block. UnderIsraeli control, H2 has been subjectto hundreds of military orders, violentmilitary incursions, severe movementand access restrictions and numerousattacks by settlers. The situation haseffectively isolated the centre of thecity from the rest of the urban area andundermines the unity and contiguityof the city which was explicitly calledfor in the protocol. During the secondintifada the Israeli army also reoccupiedH1, placing checkpoints and movementrestrictions across the area, effectivelysubverting Palestinian Authority controlof the area, further undermining theagreements.

1 3DOHVWLQHLQILJXUHV3&%6 *Source: Foundation for Middle East Peace

Map of Hebron city with Oslo divisions*


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5

Background

LRFDWHGRQWKHKLVWRULF&DLURto Damascus trade route andsituated 1,000 metres above the

0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD+HEURQHQMR\V

fertile agricultural lands and has longbeen a hub for trade and commerce.6KRHPDNLQJSURGXFWLRQRIOHDWKHUV

and distinctive glassware and ceramicsthat are sold across Palestine andDEURDGDUHVRPHRIWKHFLW\VEHVW

known products while the rolling hills

allow for numerous vineyards fromZKLFK+HEURQVIDPRXVEODFNKRQH\RU

Dibs, comes.

In stark contrast to its rich andcolourful past, Hebron today is asuppressed and fragmented city. It isthe only city in the West Bank, andonly Palestinian urban centre outsideof J erusalem where Israeli settlementshave been established in its core. Thepresence of the settlers has resultedin insecurity, segregation and severerestrictions on the movement of3DOHVWLQLDQVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFLW\V

historic and once vibrant centre.

Past and present

The second oldest city inPalestine, Hebron hasconsiderable religious, cultural

and historical significance. Romans,Byzantines, the Muslim Empire,Ottomans and the British have allpassed through Hebron and left theirmark, much of which is still visibletoday in the streets and buildings of the2OG&LW\7KHPRVWZHOONQRZQRIWKHVH

sites is the Ibrahimi mosque, site of the&DYHRI3DWULDUFKVZKHUH$EUDKDP

KLVZLIH6DUDDQGWKHLUVRQVDQGZLYHV

are reputedly buried. A central figurein all three monotheistic religions, itspresence means Hebron is a holy siteIRU-HZV0XVOLPVDQG&KULVWLDQV

During the Nakba of 1948, residentsIURPWKH%HHU$O6DEHUHJLRQIOHG

to the Hebron governorate where

many still live in two refugee camps,$O$UURXESRSXODWLRQDQG$O

)DZZDUSRSXODWLRQ6RPH

of these refugees live just walkingdistance from their homes.2 Followingthe 1967 occupation, settlements wereestablished in the centre of Hebronand in 1997 administration of the citywas divided under the Hebron protocol,part of the Oslo accords. Today the2OG&LW\RQFHWKHYLEUDQWKHDUWRI

Hebron filled with markets and diversegoods is deserted and severed fromthe rest of the city by a plethora ofPRYHPHQWUHVWULFWLRQV6HUYLFHVKDYH

been shut down, traders forced out andpoverty has risen culminating in theforced displacement of thousands ofresidents.

2815:$ZHEVLWHwww.un.org/unrwa/refugees/westbank.html

5


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6

THE IBRAHIMI

MOSQUE

Israeli military checkpoint outside the mosque


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7RGD\3DOHVWLQLDQVIUHHGRPRIUHOLJLRXV

worship is greatly restricted. Theymust pass through a turnstile and

no fewer than 3 checkpoints throughwhich access is frequently denied.During Ramadan 2007 for example,the mosque was closed for 6 days.On one occasion the closure trappedworshippers inside for 2 hours whileduring, the holiest night in Ramadan,settlers threw garbage on Palestinianworshippers who were trying to reachthe mosque and the Israeli militaryfired sound bombs inside the yards,interrupting prayers and creatingchaos.3

No such restrictions or threats apply tosettlers, who continue to celebrate theanniversary of the massacre.

T

he reputed burial site of Abraham,6DUDK,VVDF5HEHFFD-DFRE

/HDKDQG-RVHSKWKH&DYHRI

the Patriarchs located in the Ibrahimimosque is one of the holiest sites in,VODPDQG-XGDLVP+HEURQVPRVW

famous and historic landmark, it is alsoRQWKHIURQWOLQHRI,VUDHOVRFFXSDWLRQDQG

colonisation policies.

Prayers Under Fire

On 25 February 1994, during the month

of Ramadan*, an Israeli settler fromKiryat Arba settlement, dressed inmilitary uniform entered the Friday dawnprayer and opened fire on worshippers.29 Palestinians were killed and over 125injured. In the immediate aftermath ofthe massacre, Israeli Occupation Forcesplaced Palestinians under curfewand prohibited them from visiting thePRVTXH7KHUHIROORZHGLWVGLYLVLRQ

per cent remains a mosque while 60 per

cent was set aside as a synagogue forthe much smaller settler population.

Checkpoint into the mosque

3VHH2&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU6HSWHPEHU

*Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the holy month of fasting in whichparticipating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset.

7


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8

INTERNATIONAL

PRESENCE IN HEBRON

Christian Peacemaker Team watching at a roadblock in Hebron


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A

s a result of the currentsituation, several internationalorganisations maintain

a presence in Hebron. Thelargest of these is the TemporaryInternational Presence in Hebron7,3+DJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQ

established following the 1994Ibrahimi mosque massacre andHQVXLQJ6HFXULW\&RXQFLOUHVROXWLRQ

904. Essentially a product of theOslo accords, TIPH does not operatewithin the UN system but instead

has a 6 month renewable mandateagreed upon by the PLO and IsraeliJRYHUQPHQW7,3+VDFWLYLWLHVDUH

limited to observing, monitoring andreporting to its member countries,who may then intervene with theappropriate authorities throughdiplomatic channels. It also has alimited budget to fund and supportcommunity projects.

Invited in 1995 by the Mayor of+HEURQWKH&KULVWLDQ3HDFHPDNHU

7HDP&37KDVPDLQWDLQHGD

presence ever since. In 2001 itwas joined by the EcumenicalAccompaniment Programme in3DOHVWLQHDQG,VUDHO($33,%RWK

of these NGOs carry out observerfunctions and accompany Palestiniansin the especially vulnerable areas ofH2, especially on school runs.

4 ,Q$XJXVWWZR,VUDHOLVHWWOHUVIURP0LW]SH


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10

SETTLEMENTS:

A CULTURE OF IMPUNITY

A view through Israeli barbed wires to Shavei Hebron Yeshiva [originallyPalestinian building] in Beit Romano settlement in Shuhada Street


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H

ebron has been a majorWDUJHWRI,VUDHOVFRORQLVDWLRQ

policies in the West Bank and

outside of J erusalem, is theonly Palestinian city to have settlementsin its centre. 25 settlements litter thegovernorate and outposts continueto be established with both theacquiescence and open support ofthe Israeli authorities. Between 1979and 1983, Israel established AvrahamAvino, Beit Romano, Beit Hadassahand Tel Rumeida which house 500 to600 religious settlers whose behaviour

Source: UN OCHA. Almost 70 per cent of the incidents charted above took place in the H2 area of Hebron. 49 percent of incidents resulted in casualties while 52 per cent resulted in prevention of access for Palestinians.

is characterized by continued acts of

violence towards Palestinians.

+HEURQVVHWWOHUVHQMR\WKHVXSSRUWand protection of the Israeli military, arelationship that has allowed them todispossess the indigenous Palestinianpopulation and annex much of the2OG&LW\$GLUHFWUHVXOWRIWKHVHWWOHU

violence and the hundreds of militaryand closure orders, Palestinians haveEHHQIRUFLEO\GLVSODFHGDQG+HEURQV

2OG&LW\LWVFXOWXUDODQGUHOLJLRXVKHDUW

has become a virtual ghost town.

IOF accompanying settlers in H2

11

o. f Sett ler Inc ents in ebron G v e no te by a ty A fected nd Month, Ju e 2007 J ne 2008

1

14

16

20

en

s


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Israeli settlements in Hebron governorate

SETTLEMENT DATE ESTABLISHED POPULATION (2006)

Adora 1983 220Asfar 1984 257

Eshkelot 1982 225

Hagai 1984 477

Karme Zur 1984 696

Karmel 1981 357

Kefar Ezyon 1967 448

Kiryat Arba and Givat Kharsina 1972 &RPELQHGSRSXODWLRQ

0DRQ 1981 370

Mezadot Yehuda 1980 462

Migdal Oz 1977 345

Negohut 1982 172

2WQHLO 1983 752

Pene Hever 1982 392

6DQVDQD 1997 NA

6KDQL 1989 416

6KLPD 1985 368

6XVH\D 1983 737

Telem 1981 167

Tene 1983 538

OLD CITY OF HEBRON

Abraham Avino

Beit Hadassa

Beit RomanoTel Rumeida

6WDUWHGLQ &RPELQHGSRSXODWLRQ

6RXUFH)RXQGDWLRQIRU0LGGOH(DVW3HDFH

No. of Settler Incidents in HebronGovernorate by Locality, June2007 -- June 2008

Other, 34

Yatta, 10

Hebron H2, 96

7KHQXPEHURIDVVDXOWVRQFLYLOLDQVKDVJURZQVWHDGLO\,&5&GDWDFROOHFWHGLQWKH

field indicates that the number of offenses has more than tripled in the last five years,while police investigations are rare and most of the time reach the conclusion that theculprits could not be identified.,&5&'LJQLW\GHQLHG1RYHPEHU


12


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Settlers across the West Bankbenefit from almost total impunity.Nowhere is this more obvious than

in Hebron.

Attacks on Palestinians

Zleikhah, who has been renting anDSDUWPHQWRQ6KDOODODVWUHHWIRUWKHODVW

2 years has been attacked by a femalesettler, suffers constant verbal abuse and

stone throwing, and the water pipes to herapartment have been cut. Her experienceis by no means unique. From J anuary 1st to

J une 30th, 26 separate incidents of settlerviolence directed towards Palestinians andtheir property in H2 area were recordedLQ812&+$VZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHV

These include shooting, throwing Molotovcocktails, throwing stones and attackingpeople inside their homes. Thirteen ofWKHVHDWWDFNVSHUFHQWUHVXOWHGLQ

injury to 35 Palestinians. At least 8 of thevictims were children. 3 of the incidentsinvolved attacks on Palestinian schoolsand 5 incidents resulted in damage toPalestinian property.

Overall, a response or intervention by the

Israeli military or police was recorded on

only 6 occasions. On 4 of these occasions

however, it was the Palestinians who

were attacked by settlers who were then

arrested while on another occasion it wasIsraeli activists protesting the settlements

The situation is compounded by

Palestinians lack of trust in the complaintsprocedures. As Zleikhah explains,

Palestinians must go to Givat Kharsina

settlement to file complaints, a process

that can take up to 6 hours. Most of the

time the perpetrators are not prosecuted

and victims risk mistreatment by Israeli

authorities and further victimization. It

is a situation that results in significant

underreporting and underestimates of

the problem. Zleikhah however continues

to file complaints in the belief that it mayRQHGD\\LHOGUHVXOWV

Approximately 81% of Palestinianchildren injured by Israeli settlers in2007 were in the Hebron governorate,particularly the H2 area.

2&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU6HSWHPEHU

We have a major problem here. They[the settlers] understand our weak point and they use children under the ageof criminal responsibility, under the ageof twelve. They do this intentionally. Thechildren throw stones, break walls. Theyare the tactical wing, even the strategicwing, of the adults.Israeli police commander, Hebron District4XRWHGLQ*KRVW7RZQ%7VHOHPDQG

$&5,0D\

who were arrested. Only once were

settlers apprehended by IOF and then

they were merely removed from a school

they had broken into. No attacks were

recorded on settlers by Palestinians

during this period.5

5'DWDFROOHFWHGIURP2&+$ZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHV

Zleikhah made this mural that says Salam (peace in Arabic)from stones settlers throw at her in her house

13


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Abuses are increasinglycommitted by settler children

Settler violence in Hebron is increasinglyperpetrated by children who are encouraged bytheir parents and communities to commit crimes

in a deliberate effort to avoid legal consequences.6

Israeli laws applied to settlers set the age of criminalresponsibility at 12 and rather than enforcing the lawon minors, the police and army are granting them

absolute immunity.6 This phenomenon is referenced in Ghost Town%W6HOHPDQG$&5,0D\as well as in interviews with residents of and organisations operating in H2


14


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Israeli military abuses

Undoubtedly the most aggravated settler behaviour occurs inHebron, where Palestinian schoolchildren are assaulted andhumiliated on their way to schools, shopkeepers are beaten

and residents live in fear of settler terror. Despite rulings of theHigh Court of Justice that it is the duty of the IDF to protectPalestinian farmers from settlers, there is still evidence thatthe IDF turns a blind eye to settler violence and, on occasion,collaborates with the settlers in harassing and humiliatingPalestinians. Indeed I have witnessed such conduct on thepart of the IDF myself in Hebron.

816SHFLDO5DSSRUWHXURQWKHVLWXDWLRQRIKXPDQULJKWVLQWKH

Palestinian territories, J anuary 2007.(report retrieved 18 July 2008 from OHCHR websi te)

The 600 Israeli settlers in+HEURQVFHQWUHDUHSURWHFWHG

by around 1,500 Israelisoldiers and police, exposing the35,000 Palestinians in H2 to violencefrom both settlers and the military.Hebronites are routinely subject toarbitrary search, arrest and detentionand there have been numerous casesof Israeli Occupation Forces abusingPalestinians and participating in actsof violence alongside settlers. One ofthe worst attacks was the killing of 18year old Imran Abu Hamdiya in 2002.He was forced into a military jeep inH2, beaten and abused before beingdriven to the industrial area of thecity whereupon he was thrown out ofthe vehicle while it was travelling atspeed, killing him.7

Year

Number of searches

carried out by IOF on

residents of Hebron

governorate

Number of arrest

and detentions on

Palestinian residents

by IOF

2005 619 427

2006 1413 736

2007 925 930

2008XQWLOHQG-XQH

391 398

6RXUFH2&+$SURWHFWLRQRIFLYLOLDQVGDWDEDVH

76HHDFFRXQWRIFDVHKWWSZZZEWVHOHPRUJHQJOLVK

beating_and_abuse/20080429_abu_hamdiyeh_verdict.asp

Settler children enter H with IOF escort

15


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MOVEMENTAND

ACCESS RESTRICTIONS

Gun-toting IOF restricting a road in H2


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In H2, 89 movement and accessrestrictions;

14 checkpoints13 iron walls44 roadblocks13 road gates

5 observation towers

6RXUFH812&+$FORVXUHPDSV$SULO

H

ebron has the most closurerestrictions of any governoratein the West Bank dictating daily

life, and greatly compromising accessto basic services and livelihoods.

By April 2008, 316 separaterestrictions on movement wererecorded.8 A staggering 40 per cent ofthese some 89 separate restrictionsDUHIRXQGLQLWV2OG&LW\5HVLGHQWV

of H2 are required to register with theIsraeli occupying Power to access

their homes meaning that almostany journey outside ones houseis punctuated by time consumingquestions and humiliating searches.

Restric ted roads

Palestinians are restricted from usingall roads running between, adjacent ortowards settlements. This includes 21roads that are banned to Palestiniantraffic (under a military order renewed

LQ-XO\7KHPRVWIODJUDQW

example of this road apartheid is theprohibition of Palestinian access to the

PDLQVWUHHWLQWKHFLW\6KXKDGDK6WUHHWDVZHOODV2OGDQG1HZ6KDODOD6WUHHWV

which form the backbone of the Old&LW\7KHHQIRUFHGSHGHVWULDQLVDWLRQ

of this area has also greatly affectedbusiness as traders must findalternative ways to transport goods totheir shops.

By April 2008,

316 separate

restrict ions on

movement were

recorded in

Hebron

8

The next closest being Nablus governorate which counted 104 separateUHVWULFWLRQVRQPRYHPHQW6RXUFH2&+$FORVXUHPDSV$SULO

Restricted road in H2

17


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Curfews

Since the beginning of the secondIntifada, Israel has imposedhundreds of hours of curfew on

the Palestinian population in Hebron.The curfews may last for weeks ormonths at a time, with residentsonly allowed to leave their homes topurchase basis provisions. They havenot only added to the near economiccollapse in the heart of the city but placeimmense economic and psychologicalpressures on families who may bestuck indoors for months on end,prevented from accessing educationaland health services, or from pursuingtheir livelihoods. Although the numberof curfews has fallen in recent years asIsraeli control on Palestinian movement

is near complete, 43 hours of curfewwere recorded in the governorate from6HSWHPEHUWR-XQHRYHU

a third of which was imposed on H12&+$7KHVHWWOHUSRSXODWLRQKDV

never been placed under curfew.

Flying checkpoints

From J une 2007 to June 2008 thenumber of flying checkpoints in thegovernorate fluctuated from no fewerthan 50, to a high of 99 per month.

It is estimated that during the secondintifada the IOF imposed 584 days ofcurfew on the Old City of Hebron.812&+$

Restric ted access into the city

Farmers from surroundingvillages are unable to accessmarkets. Of the 11 accesspoints controlling entry and

exit from local villages into the city all11 were closed until May 2008 (oneaccess point has since been opened

DW$O)DKDV$VZLWKHOVHZKHUHLQWKH

West Bank, the matrix of checkpointsand bypass roads also means thatcommunities outside of the mainmunicipal area have been cut off fromthe social and public services they relyupon. The situation will be aggravatedas the separation wall is completed inWKH6RXWKDQQH[LQJPRUHODQGWR,VUDHO

and increasing displacement pressures

on dispossessed Palestinian villagers.


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The restrictions have severe

humanitarian and economic

impacts

As a result of the restrictions,

children are forced to make

arduous journeys to nearby

schools passing near settlements from

which they have been attacked and

access for humanitarian organizations

and ambulances and fire trucks into

WKH2OG&LW\KDVEHHQUHGXFHGWRjust one entry point (compared to

IRXUSUHYLRXVO\%HWZHHQ6HSWHPEHU

2000 and J anuary 2006 the Hebron

Fire department recorded an average

of 15 minutes waiting time to obtain

DXWKRUL]DWLRQWRDFFHVVWKH2OG&LW\2Q

RFFDVLRQVRXWRIDWRWDORIFDOOV

the delay was for more than one hour.

The fire department has consequently

been forced to open a branch in theindustrial zone of H2.

In addition, the Palestinian Red&UHVFHQWVRFLHW\HVWLPDWHVWKDWWKH

WLPHWRUHDFKSDWLHQWVLQWKH2OG&LW\

has increased from 7 to 14 minutes.When ambulances are required to passthrough a checkpoint the average timeto reach patients is 43 minutes.9

The closures have also forced anumber of Palestinian Authority and

civil society organizations to relocate to

areas less affected, consolidating the

marginalization of those residents who

remain.10

In June, the IOF announced that 20closures or physical obstacles tomovement were removed (ten in theHebron governorate, six in Ramallah

and four in Nablus). OCHA conducted aHOGVXUYH\UHJDUGLQJWKHVHUHPRYDOV

Nine closures could not be found within400 meters of the location providedby the IOF. Of the 11 located, six wereIRXQGWREHRIPLQLPDOVLJQLFDQFHIRXU

ZHUHRIQRVLJQLFDQFHDQGRQHZDV

not removed.

812&+$-XQH

From September 2000 January 2006,25% of the calls received by the HebronFire Department were subject to a delayof more than one hour before Israeliauthorization was given.

Movement and access restrictionsHebron governorate April 2008;

2 check points on Green Lineinto Israel

12 check points 6 partial checkpoints 29 road gates 29 road blocks 127 earth mounds

6RXUFH812&+$

9812&+$7KHFORVXUHRI+HEURQV2OG&LW\10

7KHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVLQFOXGHWKH+HEURQ:RPHQV6RFLHW\WKHMinistry of Information and the Union of Agricultural Workers&RPPLWWHH812&+$7KHFORVXUHRI+HEURQV2OG&LW\

Palestinians passing in front of Israeli settlement[originally Palestinian building] in H2

19


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I

WVDPLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHZHHN

DQGWKHKHDUWRI+HEURQVDQFLHQW

market area should be buzzing withactivity, yet barely any shops are open.Most are shuttered up padlocked orZHOGHGVKXW,QGHHG+HEURQVKLVWRULFDO

importance as a major commercialhub is a far cry from the currentreality. The decline has had severehumanitarian consequences includingincreased poverty and aid dependenceand increased forced displacementpressures.

Hebrons economic decline

started in the 1980s

The commercial decline of Hebronstarted with the proliferation of thesettlements. In 1983, settlers took

RYHU8VDPDLEQDO0XQTLGK6FKRRO

which resulted in the IOF shutting down

the main bus station and the gas station.

From trading hub to aid dependence:

Hebrons economic decline

Of the 10% of the original population whostill live in the Old City, eight out of tenadults are unemployed and an estimated

75% live below the poverty line. A recentsurvey conducted by the Ministry ofNational Economy found that the averageincome per household in the area is about$160 per month while the average for theWest Bank is $405.

812&+$7KH+XPDQLWDULDQ,PSDFWRI,VUDHOL

infrastructure in the West Bank, 2007.

It is hard to underestimate the impact ofWKHVHFORVXUHVWKHEXVVWDWLRQZDVDW

the time the busiest in the Middle Eastafter those of J erusalem and Amman.,WVFORVXUHHIIHFWLYHO\FXWWKH2OG&LW\

off from customers and suppliers whorelied on the public transport to accessWKHPDUNHWV7KH+HEURQ&KDPEHURI

&RPPHUFHUHFRUGHGWKDWHYHQEHIRUH

the first Intifada, more than 60 per centRIWKHVKRSVDORQJ6KXKDGDVWUHHW

had closed due to the resultant lack of

trade.11

11 Report, the closure of Hebrons Old City.2&+$Hebron office.

Deserted market in Hebron old city



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Poverty and unemployment

75 per cent of the residents of the Old6RXNOLYHEHORZWKHSRYHUW\OLQHDQG

80 per cent of those of working ageare unemployed. The value of propertyhas fallen dramatically and many shopowners have lost the considerabledown payments they had to maketo lease their shops. Of 1,800 foodSDUFHOVGLVWULEXWHGE\WKH,&5&LQ+

recipients include all residents of the2OG6RXNDUHD12 In May 2006, food

insecurity in the Hebron governorate(i.e. the incidence of those unable toDIIRUGDEDODQFHGPHDOZDVSHU

cent, an increase of 24 per cent on theprevious year.13

Worsening situation with the

second intifada

Of the 1,610 shops that existed inWKH2OG&LW\EHIRUH6HSWHPEHU

2000, 354 have been closedby verbal or written military order and700 had been driven out of businessbecause of a lack of trade. Yusri, alawyer who also owns an internet andphotocopying store in H2, noticeableas the only business open within a100m radius, explains that customers

have been scared away. People areafraid of settlers or of being stopped bythe IOF. Today no one with an IsraeliVHFXULW\OHZRXOGGUHDPRIFRPLQJWR

the area and other people have simplybeen prevented from accessing thisarea. Of the 650 shops thatUHPDLQLQWKH2OG&LW\MXVW

per cent are estimated to befunctioning.

Of the 1,800 food

parcels distributed

by the ICRC in H2,recipients include all

residents of the Old

Souk area

12'DWDIURPWKH0LQLVWU\RI6RFLDO$IIDLUVDQG0LQLVWU\

RIWKH1DWLRQDO(FRQRP\TXRWHGLQ812&+$7KH

FORVXUHRI+HEURQV2OG&LW\13

Food insecurity in the occupied Palestinian territory,&$3UHYLVHGHPHUJHQF\DSSHDO0D\

Decorative pottery painting


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24

The Hebron Chamber of Commerceestimates that the value of a 36m2 shop has

declined from 125,000JD in 1982 to lessthan 5,000JD by 2005.

HHEURQVSRYHUW\KDVDOVREHFRPH

VHOISHUSHWXDWLQJ7KHILUVWWR

EHGLVSODFHGIURPWKH2OG&LW\

were those with the economic meansto relocate to safer areas. Poorerresidents found themselves internallyVWXFNXQDEOHWROHDYHGHVSLWHRQJRLQJ

violations of their rights. Over timethey have been joined by other poorfamilies attracted by the free rent andtax breaks currently offered by Hebron5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHHLQWKH2OG

&LW\

Far reaching consequences

According to the Ministry ofNational Economy, 60 per centof all imports enter the West

Bank via Hebron and 40 per cent ofPalestinian industries are located inWKH+HEURQGLVWULFW14 numerous smallvillages and rural communities also

rely upon the city to sell produce andaccess services and amenities. TheGLVDSSHDUDQFHRI+HEURQVPDLQ

markets and inability to access thecity has cost many villagers a primarysource of income meaning alternativemarkets and services have beenestablished, breaking down centuriesold centralised community structures.Last summer, farmers in communities

on the outskirts of Hebron city including%HLW8PPDU$O%DTDK$O%ZHLUDDQGWadi Al Ghrous were forced to leaveJUDSHVRQWKHYLQHFORVXUHSROLFLHV

and the inability of reaching differentmarkets has driven prices so low thatit did not make economic sense to hirepeople to pick the grapes, rent theboxes to collect the grapes and pay fortransportation to market.15

14&LWHGLQ812&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU-XO\15&LWHGLQ812&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU$XJXVW

Palestinian women shop in the old city under protectivenetting to avoid settler attacks


24


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Drought

+HEURQVHFRQRP\KDVEHHQIXUWKHU

weakened by drought. From midNovember 2007 (the beginning of the rainyVHDVRQXQWLOWKHHQGRIWKDW\HDURQO\

PLOOLPHWUHVRIUDLQIHOOLQ+HEURQ&LW\DVcompared to the normal 250 millimetres.Along with the increase price of animalfodder this has greatly weakened theJRYHUQRUDWHVDJULFXOWXUDOEDVHDQGSRVHV

an existential threat to local herders.16

CASE STUDY:

ABU HISHAM*

For almost 55 years, Abu Hisham has beenworking in his gift shop outside the Ibrahimimosque. Located in what used to be a bustling citycentre, sustaining hundreds of Palestinian families,business today is almost non existent and only 5Palestinian shops remain. There are many dayswhen Abu Hisham does not sell a thing.

Remembering fondly the days before theRFFXSDWLRQZKHQWRXULVWVIURP7XUNH\6DXGL

Arabia, Egypt and further afield would flock toHebron, he explains that the situation has been

on a downward spiral ever since. Although thingsworsened considerably during the first Intifadawhen the IOF forced him to close his shop forseveral years, for Abu Hisham the worst periodcoincided with the implementation of the OsloAccords and the harsh restrictions imposed onPalestinians in the aftermath of the Ibrahimimosque massacre. These restrictions have onlyincreased during the second Intifada.

For Abu Hisham, turning up to work these days ismore a question of giving himself something to do

UDWKHUWKDQHDUQLQJDOLYLQJZLWKEXVLQHVVWKHZD\

it is he is barely able to cover his running costs.Living in nearby Jabal J awhar, Abu Hisham musttake transportation to the checkpoint, which hemust pass through on foot, before walking the restof the way to work, which includes passing through2 more checkpoints. It is a time consuming processthat is often compounded by the rude and abusiveEHKDYLRXURIWKHVROGLHUV$WOHDVWWLPHVD

month he is prevented from reaching his shop,though no reason is ever given. Nor is he permittedto open on J ewish holidays.

Once at work, Abu Hisham faces a new series ofchallenges. On the infrequent occasions whencustomers do enter the shop they may be harassedand attacked by settlers. Sometimes settlers walk

into the shop and drag customers outhe recounts.They shout at the clients and tell them they shouldnot buy from us ... One time settler women enteredthe shop next door and started breaking everythinginside. The soldiers and police came but claimedthey could do nothing.

Though defiant and determined to keep his shopopen, Abu Hisham acknowledges that this wasnot possible for many former shop owners. Mychildren are all grown up, but if you have a familyto support, you cannot continue like this, you are

forced to leave.

*Interview conducted 15 J uly, 2008

166HH812&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU'HFHPEHU

Abu Hisham outside his shop

25

Arial view of a deserted Palestinian fruit market


26/36


26

The current situation has gravelyDIIHFWHGFKLOGUHQVULJKWWRHGXFDWLRQ

In communities close to settlements,

reduced attendance has been recordedwhile performance in the end of schoolmatriculation exam or Tawjihi fallswell below the average for Hebron asa whole. In 2006 for example, TariqIbn Ziad and Abdel Khaleq YaghmourVFKRROVLQWKH2OG&LW\UDQNHGDQG

39 out of 40 in terms of pass rates ofschools managed by the Directorate ofEducation in Hebron.

Education under threat

Performance in

the end of schoolmatriculation exam

Tawjihi falls

well below the

average for Hebron

as a whole.

Higher education in Hebron hasalso been targeted by the IsraeliOccupation Forces. In J anuary2003, the Israeli Army issued closureorders and sealed the gates of theHebron University and the PalestinePolytechnic University. The military

orders were finally lifted in August

2003 however during the 8 monthsuniversity administrations had beenforced to schedule classes in localsecondary schools, after schoolhours, in environments classesfar from conducive to learning andeducational attainment.

At tendance in the three schools c losest to sett lements

School 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006

Percentage

reduction in

attendance

Qurtuba girlsschool

194 196 148 139 85 88 101 47%

Al Fayhaa 327 335 269 253 207 217 215 33%

Ibrahimi boysschool

532 539 428 401 309 352 365 31%

Source: Directorate of Education in Hebron



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27

CASE STUDY: QURTUBA SCHOOL

D

uring the 1990s Qurtuba schoolfor girls catered for approximately250 students. However forced

displacement and repeated attacks on thechildren reduced attendance to just 78 atone point. As current school principle Reem

$O6KHUHHIH[SODLQVparents care abouttheir childrens education and we were notable to protect them... the situation was justnot conducive to their learning.

Attacks by settlers on the school over thelast 12 months include, setting fire to theVFKRRO$XJXVWGHVWUR\LQJWKHQHZO\

UHIXUELVKHGJDUGHQIXQGHGE\WKH,&5&1RYHPEHUDQGWU\LQJWRHQWHUWKH

school and breaking windows and the door0DUFK.The main problem howeveris the frequent attack on students on theirway to or from school by settler childrenwho hurl stones or shout verbal abuse.As Reem explains, Girls reach the schooleither by passing through the checkpointand through areas inhabited by settlers orby cutting through the cemetery: its the

worst possible start to their day.

Two years ago the school administrationcommissioned a survey and found thatone third of the students were sufferingpsychological problems including insomnia,inability to concentrate and problemsverbally communicating. The worst periodwas during the second intifada whenmany school days were lost to curfew andthe school was forced to teach students

in shifts during the afternoon in schoolsin H1 even until recently though thechildren were being attacked at least oncea week, and always on Saturdays.,Qresponse, the school administration cutWZRKRXUVRIIRI6DWXUGD\FODVVHVWRDYRLG

confrontations with settlers. Over the last 2years they have also undertaken a numberof initiatives to create a safer environmentwhich has also boosted attendance. Theseinclude;

Initiatives for a safer educational

environment:

Getting Israeli border police to stationvehicles outside the school as childrenarrive and leave, to mitigate for settlerharassment and attacks;

Keeping detailed records of all attackson children which are routinely sent tothose international agencies present inHebron as well as the Israeli authorities.This both increases the visibility ofIsraeli actions and helps the girls whoknow they have someone to talk to;

6WUHQJWKHQLQJWKHWHDFKHUSDUHQWcouncils which keep parents wellinformed of issues pertaining to theirFKLOGUHQVVDIHW\

&RRUGLQDWLQJZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOJURXSV

offering protective presence to ensuretheir presence at the school duringJ ewish holidays when attacks aremore likely, (for example during Purim2008, international volunteers slept inthe school and were able to prevent

settlers from breaking in and causingIXUWKHUGDPDJH

6WDUWLQJWKHVFKRROGD\KDOIDQKRXU

earlier to avoid confronting settlers;Rehabilitating and expanding facilities

to provide the children with a safespace for extra curricular activities (theschool is currently looking to renovateDQHDUE\EXLOGLQJ

Attendance increased to 118 last academic\HDUDQGSURMHFWHGLQWDNHIRULV

around 150. However, as Reem explainsthere is only so much the administrationcan do in the current climate, Right now wehave small classes and excellent teachersbut the pressure these girls live under dontallow them to learnwhen they are withme at school I can make every effort toprotect them, but when they leave, I cannotguarantee their safety.

,QWHUYLHZZLWKVFKRROSULQFLSOH5HHP$O6KHUHHI

J uly 2008.

27


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28

V

iolence and insecurity, deniedaccess to basic services andthe destruction of livelihoods

have combined to force thousands ofPalestinians in H2 from their homes.$FFRUGLQJWRWKH&KULVWLDQ3HDFHPDNHU

Team, families are especially vulnerableto displacement when they have olderchildren. Teenage boys are a frequenttarget of the Occupation Forces, constantlystopped at checkpoints and at risk ofarbitrary arrest and detention and for manyfamilies the risks become too high.

In addition to these triggers, IsraeliOccupation have also confiscatedPalestinian land and demolished a numberof houses. In J uly 2005 Palestinianagricultural lands were taken by Israelimilitary order in order to build a 6km roadaround Kiryat Arba and Givat Harsinasettlements and in August 2004, 3 historicKRXVHVLQWKH2OG&LW\ZHUHGHPROLVKHG

WREXLOGDVRFDOOHGVHFXULW\URDGOLQNLQJ

Kiryat Arba to the settlements in H2.

Shrinking City: population decline

due to forced displacement from

Hebrons Old City.

x 1950s approximately 10,000x 1967 7,500x 1970 6,000x 1985 1,620x 1990 1,501x mid 90s approximately 400x today approximately 5,000

Data from interview with Hebron Rehabilitation&RPPLWWHHDQGUHSRUWThe Old City of Hebron,Can it be saved?

Forced displacement

Displacement in numbers

Estimates from the 1950s place theSRSXODWLRQRI+HEURQV2OG&LW\DW

a bustling 10,000.17 By the mid 90showever settler intimidation and militaryclosures meant that only 400 peopleremained. Data published in 2007 showsthat at least 1,014 Palestinian housingunits in H2 had been vacated 42 Per

cent of the total housing units there.18

17,QWHUYLHZZLWK+HEURQ5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHH-XO\18*KRVW7RZQ%W6HOHPDQG$&5,0D\

Palestinian homes whose residents were forced out

A Palestinian boy sittingoutside his home in Hebron2OG&LW\VHWWOHUVJUDIWLLVseen on the door


28


29/36


29

These figures are though likely tounderestimate the extent of forceddisplacement in Hebron as manyabandoned properties had been filled

by more vulnerable IDPs (Internally'LVSODFHG3HUVRQVIURPRXWO\LQJ

areas at the time of the survey. Todaythe population is slowly bouncingback. Around 5,000 people now live inDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKH2OG&LW\7KHVH

people are both returnees, and IDPsfrom villages in the south.19

7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RI+HEURQV

displacement has been from H2 and mostof the IDPs have resettled in the H1 areaof the city. However as more IDPs fromthe south of the governorate are forcedto move to escape settler violence, housedemolitions and forced evictions, the cityfaces dual displacement and resettlement

pressures.

Temporary displacement

Movement and access restrictionshave meant that access to healthservices and for ambulances

has been greatly impeded. As a resultpregnant women are experiencingtemporary forced displacement, movingin with friends and relatives in H1 duringthe latter stages of their pregnancy.

Resettlement

Although some of those who havereturned are the original occupants,the high poverty levels in the Old

&LW\DQGLQIOX[RIPDUJLQDOL]HG,'3VDQG

migrants from surrounding communitiesKDVVKLIWHGWKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFG\QDPLF

RIWKHDUHD6RPHUHVLGHQWVFRPSODLQ

of increased crime which continuesunchecked as the Palestinian police areunable to enter the area.

Displacement also threatensrural communities

The resettlement of IDP families

IURPWKHVRXWKLQWRWKH2OG&LW\

highlights the broader issue of

forced displacement across the Hebron

governorate. Many small communities

ORFDWHGLQ$UHD&XQGHU,VUDHOLFLYLODQG

military control are at high risk of forced

displacement by home demolitions, forced

HYLFWLRQVDQGVHWWOHUYLROHQFH6RPH

communities have already been entirely

displaced. For example, in Masaffer


30/36


30

Responding to

displacement

TKHUHMXYHQDWLRQRI+HEURQV2OG

&LW\KDVEHHQDFKLHYHGLQODUJH

part by the focused efforts ofseveral organizations. Their effortsprovide important lessons to preventdisplacement and protect PalestinianIDPs.

Established in 1996 the Hebron5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHH+5&ZRUNV

WRVDIHJXDUGWKHFLW\VFXOWXUDODQG

architectural heritage. In pursuit of thisgoal it has also facilitated return and

resettlement for hundreds of IDPs.Working in partnership with Ministries,local NGOs, donor governments,WKH&KDPEHURI&RPPHUFHDQGWKH

PXQLFLSDOLW\WKH+5&

6WUDWHJLFDOO\FRQVWUXFWVQHZ

Palestinian infrastructure acrossH2, by building to contain andencircle settlements to prevent theirexpansion and interconnectivity;

2. Reclaims and rehabilitates existinginfrastructure, to strengthen thecommunity and help reconnect H2with the rest of the city;

3. Provides an aid package for thoseOLYLQJLQWKH2OG&LW\LQFOXGLQJIUHH

housing, $200 for each shop keeperper month, tax breaks, free water,building restoration, food parcels,social activities and insurance. They

also have a team of social workerson hand to help families deal withthe stresses from living in such apressurized environment.

This holistic approach has playedan important role in repopulating+HEURQVKLVWRULFFRUHDQGHQVXULQJ

durable solutions (namely return andUHVHWWOHPHQWIRU,'3V1HYHUWKHOHVVD

major displacement trigger remains thatthe organisation can do little to mitigateIRUWKDWRIUHVLGHQWVRQJRLQJLQVHFXULW\

:KLOH+5&SURYLGHVZLUHQHWWLQJIRU

families and window reinforcements,Palestinians continue to be attackedin the streets and in their homes bysettlers and IOF and their only source ofprotection are international observers.It is a reality that prevents many IDPsfrom returning.


30


31/36

A col laborative response to

internal displacement

Unlike for refugees, no singleagency is responsible forinternally displaced persons.

Instead government and local authorities,81DJHQFLHVWKH5HG&URVV5HG

&UHVFHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGORFDO1*2V

and donors and bilateral organisationsshould work together to respond tothe situation in accordance with theirparticular mandate. The effort is then

coordinated by the UN Humanitarian&RRUGLQDWRU

As of yet, no collaborative response hasbeen implemented in the Palestinianterritories and assistance and protectionis ad hoc, limited to cash hand outs,tents and house demolition kits (providedE\815:$DQG,&5&6RPH81

agencies and NGOs are also reportingon the issue through existing UN

mechanisms. Recently however, aninternal displacement working group hasbeen formed. As their efforts expandtowards implementing a collaborativeresponse to protect IDPs, address theroot causes of internal displacementand search for durable solutions, theexample of displacement in HebronDQGWKHFRPPXQLW\VUHVSRQVHWRWKHVH

pressures should inform and guide their

programming.

31


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32

CASE STUDY:

LIVING UNDERTHREAT OFDISPLACEMENT

Said and two of his sisters


33/36


33

Said is 18 and lives in the H2 area ofHebron. His house is located next toAvraham Avino settlement and his

family have suffered repeated attacks bysettlers and the military who have stationedthemselves on the roof of his building. OnlyRQHRUWZRRIWKHIDPLOLHV6DLGNQHZDVD

young boy remain in the area.

6DLGVIDPLO\OLYHVLQDVLWXDWLRQRIFRQVWDQW

insecurity and fear. A few years ago theywere approached to sell their houseWR,VUDHOLVEXWUHIXVHG6LQFHWKHQWKH

harassment and violence has been constantwith tragic consequences. When we refusedto sell they told us we would suffer,he says.

The worst of the attacks occurred when asettler threw a Molotov cocktail into the theHQWUDQFHRIKLVKRXVHZKLFKNLOOHG6DLGV

younger brother who was playing there.Another time, an ambulance was delayedIURPHQWHULQJWKH2OG&LW\WRUHDFK6DLGV

SUHJQDQWPRWKHUVKHORVWWKHEDE\6DLGV

younger brother was also hit in the leg with alarge stone thrown by settler children, badlyinjuring him, and his sister was attacked byVHWWOHUVGRJVRQWKHZD\WRVFKRRO

7KHIDPLO\VLQVHFXULW\DQGIHDULV

heightened by the constant presence ofthe military on the roof. From their vantagepoint the Israeli Occupation forces watchRYHUWKHIDPLO\VHYHU\PRYHWe haveno privacyhe explains. The military hasdestroyed the locks and repeatedly breaksinto their home where the soldiers sleepDQGKHOSWKHPVHOYHVWRIRRG6RPHWLPHV

DIWHUWKHVHUDQGRPEUHDNLQVLWHPVDQG

FDVKDOVRJRPLVVLQJ:KHQ6DLGDQGKLV

father are out of the house his mother andsisters face increased verbal abuse andheckling.

)RU6DLGQRZKHUHIHHOVVDIHKLVKRXVH

is broken into; the settlers attack peopleas they walk in the streets; and his oldschool, the Ibrahimi boys school, hasbeen repeatedly targeted by settlers andthe military. The worst period was at thebeginning of the second Intifada whencurfews were constantly imposed on the3DOHVWLQLDQVOLYLQJLQWKHDUHD6RPHWLPHV

LWPHDQWWKDW6DLGZRXOGRQO\EHDEOHWR

attend school once a week. This was whenmost of the community left. Now that he isolder, life is harder in different ways. He hasbecome more of a target for the military andLVFRQVWDQWO\VWRSSHGDWWKHFKHFNSRLQWV

the military has confiscated his ID and

sometimes his movement so restricted thathe lives under virtual house arrest. Thefamily home is already crowded with 13people living there and the inability to playoutside safely means the siblings fight a lot.6DLGJHWVHDVLO\IUXVWUDWHGZLWKWKHVLWXDWLRQ

and during particularly bad times he is givento breaking objects and throwing thingsaround the house.

Though his family never considered leaving,

IRU6DLGWKHVLWXDWLRQLVXQEHDUDEOH,Qaddition to the harassment and violencehe cannot make a living. I work allhours in construction for which I earn 40shekels a day. This compares to the 400shekels a day we could earn when weworked in Israel.Nor does the presenceof international protection workers fromDJHQFLHVOLNH&37DQG($33,PDNHHQRXJK

of a difference, once they placed a dirtmound outside the entrance to our house

and no one could help us, no one coulddo anything about itMostly I just want toleave, I feel desperate.

33

When werefused to sell[the house]they told us wewould suffer

a settler threw aMolotov cocktailwhich killed Saidsyounger brother


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34

Annex

DATE INCIDENTGDWDFROOHFWHGIURP812&+$ZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHV

02.01 $WOHDVW3DOHVWLQLDQVLQFOXGLQJWKUHHFKLOGUHQZHUHLQMXUHGGXULQJDQDWWDFNE\DODUJHJURXSRIVHWWOHUV

04.01 A Palestinian man was injured when five Israeli settlers hit him with a stone near the Islamic cemetery in H2.

09.016HWWOHUVRFFXSLHGODQGLQ:DGLDO+XVVHLQIRUQLQHGD\V7KH\SUHYHQWHG3DOHVWLQLDQDFFHVVWRVFKRROVDQG

the Ibrahimi mosque, among other destinations. There were frequent attacks on Palestinian houses in thevicinity.

12.01Three Palestinian men and two Palestinian women from H2 were physically assaulted and injured by settlersinside their homes. The Israeli Police arrested the Palestinian men for questioning.

15.016HWWOHUVWKUHZD0RORWRYFRFNWDLODWWKHNLWFKHQRID3DOHVWLQLDQIDPLO\OLYLQJQH[WWRWKHVHWWOHPHQW7KH

kitchen caught fire.

19.016L[3DOHVWLQLDQVIRXUZRPHQDQGWZRFKLOGUHQIURP:DGL$O+XVVHLQLQ+ZHUHLQMXUHGZKHQVHWWOHUV

attacked and physically assaulted them while they were inside their homes.

19.01A Palestinian man from H1 was physically assaulted and injured by IDF soldiers while covering settler attacksLQ:DGL$O+XVVHLQIRU%7VHOHP+HZDVODWHUGHWDLQHGIRUWZRGD\VDQGUHOHDVHGRQEDLOSHQGLQJKLVWULDO

21.01,')VROGLHUVLPSRVHGPRYHPHQWUHVWULFWLRQVRQ3DOHVWLQLDQVLQWKHPDUNHWRIWKH2OG&LW\RI+HEURQLQWKH

+GXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRI,VUDHOLVHWWOHUVYLVLWLQJWKH6RXT

30.01Two Palestinian boys from Wadi Al Hussein in the H2 were injured when a group of Israeli settler youthphysically assaulted them on the Kiryat Arba Road. The two Palestinian boys were later arrested by theIsraeli police.

07.02 A Palestinian man from H2 was injured when a group of settlers threw stones and bricks at his house.

12.036HWWOHUVIRUFLEO\HQWHUHG4XUWXED%DVLF6FKRROIRUJLUOVLQ+DQGGDPDJHGZLQGRZSDQHOVDQGGRRUV7KH

IDF later evacuated the settlers from the school.

19.03A Palestinian man was injured with a rock to the head when settlers threw stones at Palestinians walking

RQ$O6KDODOHK6WUHHWLQ+

21.03A Palestinian man from H2 was injured in the head when settlers threw stones at nearby Palestinian housesduring the Jewish holiday of Purim.

23.03A Palestinian woman from H2 was injured when a group of settlers threw stones at her house during the

J ewish holiday of Purim.

21.03$ODUJHJURXSRI,VUDHOLVHWWOHUVWKUHZVWRQHVDW4XUWXED*LUOV6FKRRODVWKH\ZHUHFHOHEUDWLQJWKH-HZLVK

holiday of Purim. Window panels were damaged.

18.04 A Palestinian man was physically assaulted near his house by Israeli settlers in H2.

28.04A Palestinian woman from H2 was physically assaulted by a group of settlers while walking towards herhouse

25.046HWWOHUVFODVKHGZLWK3DOHVWLQLDQ,VUDHOLDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDODFWLYLVWVSURWHVWLQJWKHVHWWOHUPRYHPHQWLQ

WKH&LW\$IWHUWKHFODVKHVWKH,')GHWDLQHG,VUDHOLDFWLYLVWV

29.04 6HWWOHUVGDPDJHGFDUVLQ+DUHD7KHDWWDFNWRRNSODFHDIWHUVHWWOHUVVHQWRXWDQHPDLOGHFODULQJWKHimminent destruction by the IDF of a nearby outpost. The removal of the outpost was not carried out.

06.05A man from Wadi Al Hussein in H2 area was injured when settlers occupied land in Wadi Al Hussein andphysically attacked him while he was en route to his house. He was later arrested by the IDF.

19.05A Palestinian man was injured with live ammunition when an Israeli settler opened fire at him from a carnear the Al Fahs junction, south of H2, which was recently opened by the IDF for Palestinian movement.

22.05$3DOHVWLQLDQWHDFKHUDQGD\HDUROG3DOHVWLQLDQER\ZHUHLQMXUHGLQ$O,EUDKLPL\D6FKRROE\VWRQHV

thrown by Israeli settlers.

03.06A demonstration was held by settlers protesting the opening of Al Fahs closure,in H2. The demonstration disrupted Palestinian traffic.

08.066HWWOHUVFXWGRZQWUHHVLQWKH,EUDKLPL0RVTXH*DUGHQLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUDZHGGLQJWKDWZDVFDUULHGRXW

on J une 10th, 2008.

10.06 6HWWOHUVWRRNFRQWURORIDSLHFHRIODQGLQ:DGL$O+XVVHLQLQ+DQGSODFHGWHQWVDQGFKDLUVWKHUHRQ


35/36


35

SOURCES

x The Old City of Hebron, can it be saved?-RXUQDORI3DOHVWLQH6WXGLHV9RO1RVXPPHU3DWULFLD6HOOLFNx Ghost Town, Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Centre of Hebron.%W6HOHPDQG$&5,0D\x The closure of Hebron's Old City

5HSRUWE\812&+$+HEURQ2IILFHx The impact of settlements on the commercial activities of the Old City of Hebron5HSRUWE\812&+$+HEURQ2IILFHx 812&+$ZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHVDQG+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRURQOLQHUHSRUWFHQWUH

KWWSZZZRFKDRSWRUJ"PRGXOHGLVSOD\VHFWLRQVHFWLRQBLGVWDWLFIRUPDWKWPlx Geopolitical Status in Hebron Governorate

5HVHDUFKDQG*,68QLWDWWKH/DQG5HVHDUFK&HQWUHDQG$5,-'HFHPEHUx The Humanitarian impact on Palestinians of Israeli settlements and other infrastructures in the West Bank

UN 2&+$-XO\x Temporary International Presence in Hebron, website www.tiph.orgx Attacks against internationals in Hebron

Peace Watch and EAPPI, April 2006x 6WDWLVWLFDO$WODVRI3DOHVWLQH

KWWSDWODVSFEVJRYSVDWODVSDJHV3BDWODVHQDVpx ,QWHUYLHZZLWK+HEURQ5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHH-XO\x Interview with Abu Hisham, shop keeper, 15 J uly 2008x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK5HHP$O6KDUHHIKHDGPLVWUHVVRI4XUWXEDVFKRRO-XO\x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK6DLGUHVLGHQWRI2OG&LW\-XO\x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK=OHLNDKUHVLGHQWRI6KHKDGD6WUHHW-XO\x Meeting with Temporary International Presence in Hebron, 22 J uly 2008x 0HHWLQJZLWK&KULVWLDQ3HDFHPDNHU7HDP+HEURQ-XO\


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Hebron Destroyed From Within

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