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Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

Date post: 19-Jan-2017
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NEW MEANING TO PARASITOLOGY
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Page 1: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

NEW MEANING TOPARASITOLOGY

Page 2: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

CAN PARASITIC WORMSBENEFIT HUMAN?

Page 3: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

Leeches are segmented worms that belong to the phylum Annelida and comprise the subclass Hirudinea.

Most leech species do not feed on human blood, but instead prey on small invertebrates, which they eat whole.

Once attached, leeches use a combination of mucus and suction to stay attached and secrete an anticoagulant enzyme,   HIRUDIN, into the hosts' blood streams.

Page 4: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

MEDICINAL USES OF LEECHES The European medical leech Hirudo medicinalis and some congeners, as 

well as some other species, have been used for clinical bloodletting for thousands of years in medicine to remove blood from patients.

Many ancient civilizations practiced bloodletting, including Indian and Greek civilizations.

Leech therapy is explained in ancient Ayurvedic texts. Bloodletting using leeches was one method used by physicians to 

balance the humors and to rid the body of the plethora.

Page 5: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

Harmful Effects of BLOODLETTING Problematic venous congestion can arise due to inefficient venous 

drainage. Sometimes, because of the technical difficulties in forming an 

anastomosis of a vein, no attempt is made to reattach a venous supply to a flap at all. This condition is known as venous insufficiency. If this congestion is not cleared up quickly, the blood will clot, arteries that bring the tissues their necessary nourishment will become plugged, and the tissues will die.

Page 6: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

“When we look at all the discoveries made

from bacteria, fungi and plants, helminthes have

definitely been overlooked. They have such amazing power, &

they’ve barely been studied.”

Quoted BY : Joel Weinstock – Cell Biologist , USA

Page 7: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

An experimental type of immunotherapy, is the 

treatment of autoimmune 

diseases and immune disorders by means of deliberate infestation with a helminth or with the ova of a helminth.

HELMENTHIC THERAPY

Page 8: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

“Helminthes (Hookworm- Necator americanus, whipworms & threadworms), awake the regulatory 

side of the immune system. This helps turn off immune responses that aren’t needed,” said cell biologist Joel 

Weinstock of Tufts University.

A model of the way helminths affect the T cell response

Page 9: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

 Early infections with parasites decreases your risk of allergy or autoimmune disease, probably because the parasites keep your immune system occupied.

If you live in an environment that is too sterile, your immune system gets bored and starts attacking harmless objects or even your own body.

 Worms are used to treat several inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's disease.

Page 10: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

Involvement of innate and acquired immune responses in helminthes antigen-mediated diabetes protection

To understand how helminthes and other infectious agents might affect autoimmune disease and, in particular, to study how microbial molecules can

be used to induce tolerance and prevent autoimmunity

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A DOSE OF parasitic whipworms cured monkeys with chronic diarrhea, fixing immune systems gone haywire and offering a snapshot of what worms might do for people.

 In 2009, a man of Unites States with ulcerative colitis had treated himself by swallowing the eggs of whipworms.

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Potential Side Effects of Helminthic Therapy

Fatigue Malnutrition Gastrointestinal discomfort Anemia Fever Abdominal pain Weight loss Anorexia Diarrhea General malaise

Primary Infections : Secondary Infections :

Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Inflammatory disease of CNS & 

eye Anaphylaxis Severe Colitis

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Tapeworm Weight Loss Program

I’m sure you’re familiar with the saying, “They’re always hungry, they must have a tapeworm or something.”

Tapeworms have been marketed as a weight-loss product for over 100 years, and despite the known health risks, tapeworms continue to be advertised and sold today.

Page 14: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

Examples…

In the 1950’s there was an opera singer, Maria Callas, that lost 62 pounds within one year after allegedly swallowing a tapeworm.

The incident of 2014, at a Florida hospital was that a Mum spiked daughter with TAPEWORMS to make her lose weight for beauty pageant

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At the Tokyo Medical and Dental University, a professor Dr. Masahiro Fujita, of environmental parasitology actually hosted tapeworms in his own body. 

He left them there for over five years & He was quite proud and gave fame to them keeping him nice and fit.

He also believed that they were responsible for curing his hay fever.

He suggested that tapeworms may help asthma sufferers and people with obesity problems.

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Tapeworm Diet Side Effects• When the tapeworm diet is being promoted, then of course the side effect of weight loss will be at the top of the list. 

• Some of the other potential side effects & symptoms of the tapeworm diet:-

Abdominal pain

Weakness

Headache

Nausea

Diarrhea

Constipation

Bloating

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A Sushi Parasite That Can Smell Cancer: Can Roundworms Be Used As A Diagnostic Tool?

The Caenorhabditis elegans is often found in raw fish, and is able to detect cancer cells through smell.

Page 18: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

Japan researchers, in a  63-year-old man who had a certain type of roundworm called Anisakis in his digestive system, found that the parasites had attached themselves to a lesion in his stomach that was an early sign of gastric cancer.

It was the parasites’ sense of smell that helped them identify the cancer, so the researchers placed droplets of culture medium that contained cancer cells on one side of petri dishes, and droplets of fresh culture medium on the other side.

When they added the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to the petri dish, they found that the worms moved towards the cancer cells. 

When the researchers removed olfactory sense neurons in some of the worms, they didn’t move towards the cancer part of the dish — meaning it was indeed their sense of smell.

 Such tests could simplify cancer screenings & lower the price of examinations.

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Roundworms Reveal Health Benefits Of Omega Fatty AcidsNew research on roundworms suggests that omega-6 fatty acids may trigger the body's natural way of recycling faulty or worn-out cell components, a process thought to be linked to human health and longevity and whose absence may be involved in a number of diseases.

Page 20: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

HOW…..????

 Feeding omega-6 fatty acids to Caenorhabditis elegans roundworms or adding them to cultured human cells activates autophagy, a natural, self-digestion form of renewal by which cells break down and recycle their own defective or worn-out components and molecules.

Page 21: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is helping researchers unlock the secrets of Parkinson’s Disease, polycystic kidney disease, and even obesity. 

Though they’re worms, their genetic makeup is remarkably similar to ours, which makes them very valuable in the search for the genetic basis for various diseases.

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CONCLUSION

Parasite in today’s world is a FOE. Nevertheless ; they can be beneficial in treatment but we need to perform  more clinical studies and find out ways that could either suppress or terminate the side effects that the parasites have on our body. Also further studies should report comparative data on the costs of parasitical treatment  

versus conventional pharmacotherapy.

Page 23: Helminthes- a new meaning to parasitology

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