Dr.Kedar Karki

Preliminary investigation of hemorrhagic proliferative

Proventriculitis and gizzard erosion in commercial broiler and layer in Kathmandu valley

Background

• A new condition has emerged in replacements pullets,comercial broilers.

• It affects the birds between 2 to 10 weeks of age.

• The mortality rate varies between 1 to 10% and ultimately the flock is left with creation of several small poorly feathered and pale chicks.

• Though it has not been possible to establish the exact cause of this condition,

Background

• The response to the treatment is often poor .

• Condition has been widely reported in broilers under various names like

• malabsorption syndrome,• Infectious Proventriculitis, • Infectious runting syndrome, pale bird

syndrome .• Stunting syndrome. Feed Passage,

Observation of flock

Flock size Age/week Morbidity Mortality

100-500

(7)

4-6 25-100 2-10

500-1000

(5)

4-6 100-200 10-20

1000-1500

(3)

4-6 200-300 20-30

1500-2000

(2)

4-6 300-350 30-35

Post-mortem lesions

• Anemic appearance, poor growth, pale skin

• Mucous in URT.

• Distorted shape of proventriculus,gizzard.

• Swollen large ,small intestine.

• Liver pale, enlarged with white spate.

• Enlarged spleen.

Intestines of a young broiler chick suffering from malabsorption syndrome

Severe haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in proventriculus

Haemorrhages in the proventriculus.

Extensive destruction of the gizzard epithelium.

(Replacement pullets – 5 weeks of age

Intestines of a young broiler chick suffering from malabsorption syndrome

liver with white necrotic fociHaemorrhages in th

proventriculus.

Haemorrhages in th proventriculus.

Post-mortem lesions

• Emphymatouse lung.

• Ascites.

• Milky fluid oozing from P.gland.

• Hemorrhage in p.muscle.

• Yellow tinge with white ulceration in gizzard.

Mycology Laboratory Examination

S.N. Species Total positive negative Isolate fungus no

1 Avian 37 31 6 Penicillium spp.

Candida spp.

27

4

Result-Discussion

• Frequent report and presence of gizzard erosion in broiler/commercial layers.

• Types of lesion common in countries, environmental condition favorable for mould growth.

• Associated with N.D/M.D/ Reo virus infection

Proventriculitis

• Naturally occurring disease of broiler.

• Inflamation,dilation,thinning of organ.

• Decrease in feed passage.

Cause of Gizzard Erosion.Proventriculitis

• Mycotoxins.

–T2 Toxin.

–Monoacetoxy scirpenol(MAS)

–Diaacetoxyscirpenol (DAS

Mycotoxins.• Most Caustic.• Gizzard erosion by caustic effect on

organ wall.• More pronounce in tongue,

beak ,palate.• Saliva facilitates adherence of

mycotoxins.• After absorption in intestine passes to

blood-saliva.

Copper sulfate

• Copper sulfate in higher dose also causes Gizzard Erosion,.

Biogenic Amines,

• Byproducts of degradation of amino acids of feed ingredients of animal origins.

Biogenic Amines,

MOST COMMON ARE:

• Cadaverine

• Tryptamine.

• Histamine.

Biogenic Amines,

• Putrescine.

• Agmatine.

• Tyramine.

• Phenylalamine.

Bacterial infection

• Streptococcus,

• Salmonella,

• Shigella,

• Lactobacillus,

• Escherichia

• Clostridium,:-Transform amino acid Histadine into Histamine.

Histamine

• Histamine stimulates receptor in proventriculus glands.

• Increases in hydrochloric acid secretion.

• Causes superficial Gizzard Erosion.

Gizzerosine in Fishmeal

• Fishmeal potential for causing gizzard erosion.

• Lesions, Small cracks in gizzard, severe erosion hemorrhage destruction of organ.

• Histadine or Histamine combine Lysine at high temperature Gizzerosine formed.

• Ten time more potent than histamine to stimulate acid production.

Lethal effect of Gizzerosine

• Lethal effect of Gizzerosine when feed contaminated with mycotoxins

Vit-B-6 deficiency

• Unusual of Deficiency.

• Supplementation corrects the Gizzard Erosion.

Infectious cause

• Adenovirus.

• Velogenic/Viscerotropic strain of N/D Virus.

• Reo virus.

• Avian encephalomyelitis.

• IBD Virus

Other factors

• STARVATION

• DEFICIENCY OF SULPHER AMINO ACIDS.

Causes of Feed Passage Syndrome

• Heat Stress

• Dietary Salt Intake

• Coccidiosis

• Ascarids and Cestodes

• Viral Infections

• Bacterial Infections

Causes of Feed Passage Syndrome

• Mycotoxins

• Biogenic Amines

• Gizzerozine

• Water Quality

• Litter Quality

DIAGNOSIS

• Postmortem Examination.

• Microbiological culture isolation.

• Histopathological examination.

Differential Diagnosis

• Differentiate microscopically lesion caused by microbial agent from those by non microbial aetology.

• Lymphoid infiltration in viral causes.(muscle,gland,serous layer)

Treatment

• Antibiotic.

• Liver tonics.

• Vitamin B-Complex.

• Immunomodulaters.

Conclusion

• Identifying the specific cause(s) of feed passage in an integration may be difficult, as many complex factors need to be considered.

• In some cases, several factors work in concert and limit the broiler's ability to digest and/or absorb feed, resulting in the passage of undigested nutrients.

Conclusion

• Investigation of the cause's requires gross examination of the affected poultry, examination for presence of

• intestinal parasites,

• bacterial culture,

• virus isolation,

• histopathology,

• toxicological testing.