Henry VIII

Reign of the Tudor’s in England

War of the RosesTakes place on & off during 100 Years War

• Civil War between the Barons and the King– House of Lancaster vs. House of York

The White Rose of the House of York The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster

Red Rose vs. White Rose• Although the roses were occasionally used as symbols during the

wars, most of the participants wore badges associated with their immediate feudal lords or protectors. For example, Henry's forces at Bosworth fought under the banner of a red dragon, while the Yorkist army used Richard III's personal symbol of a White Boar. Evidence of the importance of the rose symbols at the time, however, includes the fact that King Henry VII chose at the end of the wars to combine the red and white roses into a single red and white Tudor Rose.

wikipedia.org “War of the Roses”

Henry VII• The 2nd Earl of Richmond wins the Civil War &

becomes King Henry VII. (Battle of Bosworth Field) (last king to win the throne through battle)

• Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York uniting the two warring factions through marriage

• They have 4 children who live to adulthood: (3 died young:

Elizabeth, Edmund, & Katherine)

– Arthur, Prince of Wales, first husband of Catherine of Aragon– Margaret, Wife of King James IV of Scotland and great

grandmother of James I of England (James VI of Scotland – son of Mary

Queen of Scots). *married a 2nd time after King James IV died

– Henry, his successor becomes Henry VIII.– Mary, Becomes Queen of France *Marries a 2nd time after King Louis XII

of France dies that leads to her being the grandmother of Lady Jane Gray

Arthur, Prince of Wales

Margaret, Queen of Scotland

Henry VIII

Mary, Queen of France

Reign of Henry VII1485-1509

• Eliminated nobility from keeping their private armies (*livery & maintenance)

• Court of Star Chamber – did not use juries but could use torture to get confessions

• He did NOT overburden the people w/ taxes

• Increased Wool Exports

• Henry was “thrifty” & left England Stable.

Reign of Henry VIIIR. 1509-1547

• When his older brother Arthur died Henry was forced to pick up the extra duties & responsibilities Arthur bore as Prince of Wales

• Henry VII died unexpectedly and Henry became King at the age of 17.

• Henry was “forced” to marry his older brother’s widow – Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella – a Papal Bull was issued to allow this marriage b/c Catherine was Henry's sister-in-law.

• as told in the book of Leviticus,

"If a brother is to marry the wife of a brother

they will remain childless".

Henry VIIIReign continues

• Henry considered a true Renaissance man– who excelled in traditional learning—literature,

languages, the arts, science, and mathematics—as well as physical activities—jousting, swordplay, running, and dancing.

• Named “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope– Henry, with Sir Thomas More, wrote a rebuttal to

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses & Henry was considered a champion of Catholicism in Europe.

• Two most important advisors were:– Thomas Wosley (Cardinal) & Thomas Cromwell

• From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473–1530), a Catholic cardinal, served as lord chancellor and practically controlled domestic and foreign policy for the young king. – He negotiated the truce with France that was signaled by the dramatic

display of amity on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520). • He switched England back and forth as an ally of France and the

Holy Roman Empire. • Wolsey centralized the national government and extended the

jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber. • His use of forced loans to pay for foreign wars angered the rich,

who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living.

• Wolsey disappointed the king when he failed to secure a quick divorce from Queen Catherine.

• After 16 years at the top he lost power in 1529 and in 1530 was arrested on false charges of treason and died in custody. Wolsey's fall was a warning to the Pope and to the clergy of England of what might be expected for failure to comply with the king's wishes.

• Sir Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex was an English statesman who served as KING HENRY VIII’s chief minister from 1532 to 1540.

• w/ Cromwell as Chief Minister: – sources of papal revenue were cut off and clerical legislative power was

transferred to the King as Supreme Head. In the next year's session came the Act in Restrain of Appeals of 1533 which forbade appeals to Rome (thus allowing for a divorce in England without the need for the Pope's permission). This was drafted by Cromwell and its famous preamble declared:

– In Cromwell’s preamble to the Pope he declared England an Empire free from "the authority of any foreign potentates." This meant that England was now an independent sovereign nation-state no longer under the jurisdiction of the Pope.

– Cromwell was the most prominent of those who suggested to Henry VIII that the king make himself head of the English Church, and saw the Act of Supremacy of 1534 through Parliament.

• In 1535 Henry VIII delegated powers he had gained under the Supremacy Act to Cromwell, appointing him to the newly created office of "Vicegerent in Spirituals."

– In this role, Cromwell presided over the Dissolution of Monasteries

– His vicegerency evolved into another new position, vicar general, which gave him the power as supreme judge in ecclesiastical cases and provided a single unifying institution over the two provinces of the English Church (Canterbury & York)

• Cromwell worked to modernize English government.

– He founded the Court of Wards and Court of Surveyors to make the taxation system more efficient, and he contributed to the professionalization of the bureaucracy.

– He was also the architect of the Law of Wales Acts 1535-1542, which united England and Wales, and he also helped to strengthen English government in Ireland.

– Cromwell also became patron to a group of English intellectual humanists whom Cromwell used to promote the English Reformation through the medium of print.

– Though viewed as a new man, Cromwell rose to aristocratic rank. He was created Baron Cromwell on 9 July 1536, 300th Knight of the Garter in 1537 and Earl of Essex on 18 April 1540.

• Cromwell’s Downfall – was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves.

Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance.

– Whilst at a Council meeting on 10 June 1540, Cromwell was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Cromwell was kept alive by Henry VIII until his marriage to Anne of Cleves could be annulled.

– He was executed at the Tower on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king went on to marry Catherine Howard. Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.

http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com “Henry VIII” ,“Thomas Cromwell” & “Thomas Wolsey”

Henry VIII & his Wives“Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived!”1. Catherine of Aragon

– They had one child that lived to adulthood – Mary she becomes Queen Mary I aka “Bloody Mary”

2. Anne Boleyn – Henry created the Church of England with himself as

“Head of the Church” b/c he was desperate to marry Anne and divorce Catherine (who refused to go peacefully to a convent)

– They had one child that lived to adulthood – Elizabeth she becomes Queen Elizabeth I (the Golden Age of England or the Elizabethan Age)

– Henry accused Anne of Adultery – falsely – and had her beheaded.

The 6 wives of Henry VIII#1 – Catherine of Aragon

AnneBoleyn

# 2

3. Jane Seymour• She gave Henry his long awaited son EDWARD –

becomes King Edward VI – dies young left crown to his young Protestant cousin Lady Jane Gray. (another story)

4. Anne of Cleaves

5. Catherine Howard• She was the cousin of Ann Boleyn. Catherine DID

commit Adultery & was beheaded. (she was 18 to Henry's 48)

• By this time Henry was 300 pounds, had an ulcer on his leg that had to be drained daily (it smelled really bad) & she was “grossed out” about having sexual relations w/ him.

JaneSeymour

# 3

Anne of Cleaves

# 4

Catherine Howard# 5

6. Catherine Parr• She was married twice before – widowed both times – and was

considered a match for Henry as a good English protestant.• As Queen, Catherine was partially responsible for reconciling Henry

with his daughters from his first two marriages (Mary & Elizabeth). She also developed a good relationship with Henry's son Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VI.

• Was made regent of the realm while Henry was fighting with France. She handled provision, finances and musters for Henry's French campaign, signed five Royal proclamations dealing w/ Scotland.

• Outlived Henry & married a 4th time to Sir Thomas Seymour (younger brother of Henry’s 3rd wife, Jane & Uncle to the new king Edward VI) Together they raised the Princess Elizabeth until 1548. Catherine died in Childbirth – her only child, Mary Seymour is reported to have died as a young child but some reports said she lived to adulthood.

Catherine Parr

# 6