HERE IS THE WORLD…

…AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia

SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”

NORTH AFRICA SOUTHWEST ASIA

MIDDLE EAST

SOME COUNTRIES IN NORTH AFRICA ARE

ALGERIA

LIBYA

AND EGYPT

(Sinai Peninsula)

SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE:

ISRAEL

SAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY

IRAN

KUWAIT

QATAR

AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

IRAQ

AFGHANISTAN

Most of the climate is arid (dry) and semi-arid (partly dry)

DESERTDESERT

DESERT

DESERT

SEMI

SEMI

SEM

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SAHEL

DESERT

DES

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http://www.fgsd.winnipeg.mb.ca/vmc/swaweb/cc/ccswow6.htm

The Pyramids at Giza

The ancient Egyptians used manual labor and wooden tools to build these magnificent tombs for pharoahs.

MOSQUES: places of worship for

Muslims. Typical features are domes

and minarets DOME

MINARETS

The Hagia Sofia in Istanbul, Turkey. Built between 532 and 537 by the Christian Emperor Justinian I as a

Byzantine church, which it functionedas for the next 900 years. In 1453, the Islamic-faithed Ottomans took over Constantinople (now Istanbul). They wasted little time in converting the Hagia Sophia into a mosque. It served the Muslims for almost 500 years. The Ottomans painted over the Christian mosaics - and erected the four defining minarets we see today. In 1934, Turkey changed the Hagia Sofia's status from mosque to museum and uncovered the priceless Byzantine mosaics.

http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html

The Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem: This Muslim holy site was built on the remains of the Temple of Solomon, a holy site for Jews

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~brvs/kaaba.html

The Kaaba

Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the Kaaba is the most sacred site for Muslims. A Muslim must take the haj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in his/her life.

http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFAJ01wh0

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Jerusalem: This church was built on the site where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was crucified.

http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFAJ01wh0

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Jerusalem: This church was built on the site where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was crucified.

http://www.igc.apc.org/ddickerson/western-wall.gif

The Western Wall in Jerusalem: Also known as the

Wailing Wall

http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html

Middle East

a. Neolithic Revolution 10,000 – 3500 BC

b. Hunters and gatherers to farmersc. Ground work of civilizationd. Domestication of animals and

farminge. Lead to development of cities

Early Mesopotamia

a. Tigris and Euphrates River Valleysb. Plains easy to invadec. Much cultural diffusiond. Fertile Crescente. Crossroads of civilization

Sumerian Civilization

PolytheisticZigguratsCity stateGrew rich from tradeContributions

WheelCuneiformAlgebra/geometry

Other Civilizations of the fertile Cresecent

a. Many outside groups invaded the Fertile Cresecent

b. Assyriansc. Persiansd. Babylon/ Hammurabi’s laws Codee. Favored the upper class over lower ones/

punishment was harshf. Hittites/Irong. Lydians/coined moneyh. Phoenicians/carriers of civilization

Byzantine Empire

a. Justinian’s Law Codeb. Byzantine Architecturec. Control of the Dardanellesd. Strait of Bosporuse. Eastern Orthodox Religionf. The Great Schism/Icons 1054g. Preserved Greco-Roman Culture

Rise of Judaism

a. Monotheisticb. Torahc. Ten Commandmentsd. Old Testament of the Bible contains the

Torahe. Moral Standards and Justicef. Dietary laws/pork and shellfish prohibitedg. Combining meat and dairy

Rise of Islama. Muhammadb. Hegira (hijra) Mecca to Medinac. Koran (Quran)d. Five Pillars

a. Allah is the one and only Godb. Pray five times a dayc. Give alms to the poord. Fast during Ramadane. Pilgrimage to Mecca

Islama.Dietary Rules: no pork/ no alcohol/b.no gambling c.Dress requirements for womend.Appealed to many because it emphasized

honesty, generosity, and social justicee.Built vast trading empires/important

means of spreading Islam as well as warf. Golden Age Mathematics and

Science/Medicine

Islam

a. Divisions within Islama. Sunnis believed that the caliph

should be chosen by Muslim leadersb. Shiites believe that only

descendents of Muhammad should be his successor

Islam

Special tax on non Muslims/ but allowed to practice own faithSlaveryMajor Dynasties/Umayyad & AbbassidCrusades

Crusadesa.Were driven by Christian desire to force

the Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain power and wealth

b.Resulted in trade increase with the Muslim world

c.Introduced Europeans to the advances of Byzantine and Muslim civilizations

d.Catholic Church loses powere.Social Mobility more than European

societyf. Decline of feudalism

Ottoman Empire

a.1453 – 1918b.Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turksc.Istanbuld.Continued growth of Islame.Before and during WW I demand of

nationalist groups leads to breakup of Empire

f. Rise of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk/Turkeyg.Modernizes Turkey secular gov’t

1800s to Present: Key people and groups

• Kemal Ataturk• Ben Gurion/Golda Meir/ Menachem

Begin/Yitzhak Rabin• Gamal Nasser/Anwar Sadat• Ayatollah Khomeini• Yasir Arafat• Saddam Hussein

Key Groups and Events

Balfour DeclarationPLOOPECCamp David AccordsInifataPersian Gulf WarIranian RevolutionIslamic FundamentalistsArab Israeli Wars

Kemal Ataturk

a.Westernizes and modernizes Turkey in 1923b.Created a new legal systemc.Separated the laws of Islam from the laws of

the nation.d.Abolished religious courtse.Women gained more rightsf. Latin Alphabetg.Industrialized Turkey

Geography/Natural Resources Middle East

a. Limited water supply: Only Turkey and Egypt have an adequate water supply.

b. Arguments over dam and water rightsc. Building of desalinization plants: Kuwait and

Saudi Arabia/ very expensived. Largest Oil Fields in the Worlde. Oil rich nations gain wealth & political &

economic power Formation of OPEC.f. Oil is not evenly distributed across the

region/war over oil rich lands/Persian Gulf War.g. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran largest

producers of oil.

OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesFormed in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, & VenezuelaLater others joinedGoal: control oil industry by controlling production and pricesUsed as a weapon/ cut supplies to Israel’s allies. 1973Interdependence of Countries

Arab Israel Conflict1917/ 1923 Balfour Declaration by BritainSupported the Idea of Zionism/nation for the JewsBoth Jews and Palestinians claimed the right to the land of Palestine/historic claim1947 United Nations drew up a planDividing PalestineWar broke outCold War: US backs Israel/Soviet Union backs Arabs

Arab Israeli ConflictIsrael wins / 700,000 Palestinians homelessBen Gurion/nationalist leader of IsraelDoubles its territory1948-1949 War1956 War: over Suez Canal1967 War: Six Day War1973 War:Yom Kippur War1980’s Arab unity difficult to achieveIsrael common enemy

PLO

Palestine Liberation OrganizationTerrorist Group representing the ArabsGoal regain homeland/kill all JewsExtinguish the ZionistsLeader Yasir Arafat

Arafat

I don’t know anyone who has as much civilian Jewish blood on his hands as Arafat since the Nazis’ time.” Former Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, October 1995

Camp David Accords 1979

Anwar Sadat (Egypt) & Menachen Begin (Israel)1st Peace Treaty between Arabs & Jews

Oslo Accords 1993

Self Rule for Palestinians in Gaza and West BankSigned by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin

Peace Slips Away

1987 Intifada or uprisingTakes the form of demonstrations, boycotts and attacks on Israeli soldiersRock throwing by unarmed Palestinian teenagersCivil disobedience put pressure on Israel

Continued HostilitiesPeace still has not been achieved in the Middle EastWhy?Two nationalists movements/Israeli and PalestinianMilitants on both sides/hatred/60 years of fighting and dyingEconomic trouble in Palestinian controlled areasIsraeli need to maintain territorial securityRight of return by Palestinians Disagreements over the Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, and the Gaza Strip

Second Intifada

Late 1990s and 2000sViolence escalatesTerrorism increasesIsraeli soldiers destroy homes of terrorists and close off the West BankTrouble with HamasHamas now controls the Palestinian Authority

Civil War in Lebanon

Religious Civil War between Christians and Muslims

a.Began in 1975b.Israeli and Syrian forces were also

involvedc.Anarchy in Lebanond.1990s a degree of order had returnede.2006 Israel invades Lebanon again to

destroy terrorist bases in that country.

The Iranian Revolution 0f 1979

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi/The Shah of IranControlled the Gov’tDictatorPro Western/ USWesternized and modernized his countryReplaced by a theocracy: a government ruled by a religious person

Iranian RevolutionRevolution Leader/Ayatollah KhomeiniShiite MuslimAnti Western and US/ Declares Islamic Republic/ Islamic FundamentalistsWestern books, music and movies were bannedStrict adherence to Muslim religious traditionMany rights taken from womenSeize American Embassy

Saddam Hussein and Iraqa. 1980 Iran Iraq Warb. Ends in 1988c. Persian Gulf Ward. 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes oil fieldse. 1991 US and United Nations defeat Iraqf. Economic Sanctions against Iraqg. UN/Iraq must destroy weapons of mass

destructionh. Kurds minority group that wants to overthrow

Hussein/protected by US

Post 9/11 The War on Iraq

a.George Bush and the Us claimed that Saddam Hussein had chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction.

b.March 2003 US Invadesc.Us has fought Saddam’s supporters,

foreign terrorists and Islamic Militantsd.2005 New Iraqi government elected

Islamic FundamentalismStrict adherence to Muslim traditions/ writings in the QuranIran/Libya/AlgeriaAnti westernWomen loses rightsConflicts between traditionalists and modernistsShiites (fundamentalists) vs Sunnis (modernists) and or Westernized countries

Egypt

a.1950s ruled by Nasserb.Soviet Union Alliancec.1956 Nationalize the Suez Canald.Wants money to modernize Egypte.Leads to war 1956 Egypt vs. Israel,

Britain and France.f. Aswan Dam