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Here X's How The O soehossain/squeeze-theorem.pdf · Themulandeightheerenm CorSqueezeTheorem Here...

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Themulandeightheerenm Cor Squeeze Theorem Here is a really tricky limit 41 X's in f How do we calculate it The function y xcos I is not continuous at x O sowecan't just plug in X 0 Instead recall that I E sin 101E l for all oc IR Take O T I E Sin H e l Now multiply through by x2 x 2 e x 2 sin Ix E XZ A Cx B Note that the E does not change directionwhen multiplying by x2 because x2 o This shows that our function is in Hx is sandwiched between the two functions A X XZand BCN XZ whose limits are diff A Cx o no Ban But since it sinks is sandwiched in between these two limits the only possibility is a info x2 sin xt O This strategy of sandwiching a function to find a limitis called the sandwichtheorem BCH f A 11 SANDWICHTH EOREM LetAxl be a function and let ac IR Suppose that Axl Ballare two functionssuch that Axl E f CH E BHI for all near a and fifa Hx ma BAI L Then finna fail L This theorem is most useful when dealingwith sine and cosine limits Cos Exemple Let's evaluate 7 Starting from l eSinan e 1 and multiplyingthrough by Hx noting that xco since x is going to x we get theinequalities if 3 0 13 a the inequality got reversed because Ko Since the top and bottom of the sandwich namely and I go to Zero as x no it follows from the Sandwich Theorem that III 05 o
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Page 1: Here X's How The O soehossain/squeeze-theorem.pdf · Themulandeightheerenm CorSqueezeTheorem Here is a really tricky limit 41 X's in f How do we calculate it The function y xcos I

Themulandeightheerenm CorSqueezeTheorem

Hereis areallytrickylimit 41 X'sin f Howdowecalculateit Thefunction y xcos Iisnotcontinuous at x O sowecan'tjustplugin X 0

Instead recallthat I Esin101E l forall ocIR TakeO TI ESinH e l

Nowmultiplythroughbyx2 x2 e x2sinIx EXZACx B

Notethatthe E doesnotchangedirectionwhenmultiplyingbyx2 becausex2 oThisshowsthatourfunction isinHx is sandwiched betweenthetwofunctionsAX XZandBCN XZ whoselimitsare

diffACx o noBan

Butsince itsinks is sandwiched inbetweenthesetwolimits theonlypossibility isainfox2sin xt O

Thisstrategyof sandwiching a function tofind a limitis calledthesandwichtheoremBCH

f

A11

SANDWICHTHEOREM LetAxlbeafunctionandlet acIR SupposethatAxlBallaretwofunctionssuchthat

AxlE fCHEBHI forall neara andfifaHx maBAI L

Then finnafail LThistheoremismostusefulwhendealingwithsineandcosinelimits

CosExemple Let'sevaluate 7 Startingfrom leSinane1 andmultiplyingthroughbyHx notingthatxcosincex isgoingto x wegettheinequalities

if 3 0 13 a theinequalitygotreversedbecause KoSincethetopandbottomofthesandwich namely and I gotoZeroas x no itfollowsfromtheSandwichTheoremthat

III 05 o

Page 2: Here X's How The O soehossain/squeeze-theorem.pdf · Themulandeightheerenm CorSqueezeTheorem Here is a really tricky limit 41 X's in f How do we calculate it The function y xcos I

PROIP ifyouseea limitinvolving atrigfunction it is verylikelythattheSandwichTheoremwillhelpyou

Example let'scalculatethelimit aInfo Xesin Onceagainstartfrom I e sinH1etThenapplyinge to allsidesresultsintheinequality

e eesin e et aNTEetxpoientialspreserveMJ

Nowthingsgetsubtle You'reprobablytemptedto inequalities iemultiply thisinequalitythroughby likethis ey b e b

e x e esin e ex ifbsButthisonlyworkswhenxzo Inthiscase allthe SandwichTheoremgivesus istherightsidelimit lim

Koo Xesink

0

If co it's a differentstory multiplyingH1 resultsintheinequalitye x yesinit 3 ex

which onceagainbytheSandwichTheorem resultsinftp.xesinl o Great Sothelimitsfromeachsideexistandareequal

oXesinks

Iim


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