Themulandeightheerenm CorSqueezeTheorem
Hereis areallytrickylimit 41 X'sin f Howdowecalculateit Thefunction y xcos Iisnotcontinuous at x O sowecan'tjustplugin X 0
Instead recallthat I Esin101E l forall ocIR TakeO TI ESinH e l
Nowmultiplythroughbyx2 x2 e x2sinIx EXZACx B
Notethatthe E doesnotchangedirectionwhenmultiplyingbyx2 becausex2 oThisshowsthatourfunction isinHx is sandwiched betweenthetwofunctionsAX XZandBCN XZ whoselimitsare
diffACx o noBan
Butsince itsinks is sandwiched inbetweenthesetwolimits theonlypossibility isainfox2sin xt O
Thisstrategyof sandwiching a function tofind a limitis calledthesandwichtheoremBCH
f
A11
SANDWICHTHEOREM LetAxlbeafunctionandlet acIR SupposethatAxlBallaretwofunctionssuchthat
AxlE fCHEBHI forall neara andfifaHx maBAI L
Then finnafail LThistheoremismostusefulwhendealingwithsineandcosinelimits
CosExemple Let'sevaluate 7 Startingfrom leSinane1 andmultiplyingthroughbyHx notingthatxcosincex isgoingto x wegettheinequalities
if 3 0 13 a theinequalitygotreversedbecause KoSincethetopandbottomofthesandwich namely and I gotoZeroas x no itfollowsfromtheSandwichTheoremthat
III 05 o
PROIP ifyouseea limitinvolving atrigfunction it is verylikelythattheSandwichTheoremwillhelpyou
Example let'scalculatethelimit aInfo Xesin Onceagainstartfrom I e sinH1etThenapplyinge to allsidesresultsintheinequality
e eesin e et aNTEetxpoientialspreserveMJ
Nowthingsgetsubtle You'reprobablytemptedto inequalities iemultiply thisinequalitythroughby likethis ey b e b
e x e esin e ex ifbsButthisonlyworkswhenxzo Inthiscase allthe SandwichTheoremgivesus istherightsidelimit lim
Koo Xesink
0
If co it's a differentstory multiplyingH1 resultsintheinequalitye x yesinit 3 ex
which onceagainbytheSandwichTheorem resultsinftp.xesinl o Great Sothelimitsfromeachsideexistandareequal
oXesinks
Iim