Heredity Composite

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. When a plant breeder crossed two red roses, 78% of the offspring had red flowers and 22% had white

flowers. According to these results, the allele for red flowers is most likely

a. recessive c. dominant b. sex-linked d. codominant

2. The figure below shows two new cells forming from a single bacterial cell.

What is this process called?

a. mutation c. sexual reproduction b. translation d. asexual reproduction

3. Tracy has three brothers and two sisters. One of Tracy’s brothers has cystic fibrosis, a disease caused by a recessive allele. She, her parents, and the other children do not have the disease.

If Tracy’s parent have another child, what is the chance that the child will have cystic fibrosis?

a. 0% c. 50% b. 25% d. 75%

4. A biologist observed several different colors of fur in a population of wild rabbits living in a meadow. Which of these processes contributes to the variety of fur colors in this population?

a. meiosis c. selective breeding b. regeneration d. asexual reproduction

5. A body cell of a pigeon has 80 chromosomes. If a pigeon lays an unfertilized egg, how many chromosomes will this egg have?

a. 20 c. 80 b. 40 d. 160

6. A cross between a chicken with spotted feathers and a chicken with black feathers produced only chickens with feathers that had an intermediate, blue-gray color.

What is this pattern of inheritance?

a. polygenic c. complete dominance b. sex-linked d. incomplete dominance

7. The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern for a certain genetic disorder in humans.

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According to the pedigree, this disease is caused by

a. several genes b. several alleles c. a sex-linked gene d. two codominant alleles

8. In pea plants, the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant to the allele for green seeds (y). The Punnett square below shows the alleles of two pea plants that were crossed.

What percentage of the offspring from this cross will be yellow seeds?

a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

9. The diagram below shows the inheritance of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a family. The disease is caused by a recessive allele (n), and the allele for the normal condition (N) is dominant.

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What is the genotype of the female in generation 3?

a. XNXn b. XnY c. XNXN d. XNY

10. A scientist studied a specific strand of DNA from four species of sparrows. Tee sequences of the DNA strands are shown in the chart below.

According to the chart, which two species of sparrows are most closely related?

a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 2 and 4

11. The diagram below shows a DNA molecule.

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What section of the DNA molecule contains two point mutations?

a. Section 1 c. Section 3 b. Section 2 d. Section 4

12. A plant with white flowers was crossed with a plant with red flowers. All of the offspring had white flowers.

Which of these terms describes the red flower trait?

a. codominant c. dominant b. recessive d. sex-linked

13. Each body cell of a goat contains 60 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in a goat egg cell, produced by meiosis, will be

a. 15 c. 60 b. 30 d. 120

14. The diagram below shows a portion of a DNA molecule that codes for a normal condition and one that codes for an abnormal condition.

The difference between the normal condition DNA and the abnormal condition DNA shown in section two is called

a. a replication c. a mutation b. a translation d. a transcription

15. The figure below shows the DNA fingerprints of three people.

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Based on the DNA fingerprints above, which of these is the best conclusion about the relationships between these people?

a. Byron is related to both Andy and Calvin. b. Andy, Byron, and Calvin are all unrelated to each other. c. Andy and Calvin could be related to each other, but not to Byron. d. Byron and Calvin could be related to each other, but not to Andy.

16. The Punnett square below shows a cross between two flowering plants. One parent has purple flowers (Pp) and the other parent has white lowers (pp).

Which of these describes the offspring expected from this cross?

a. 50% white-flowered and 50% purple-flowered b. 75% white-flowered and 25% purple-flowered c. 75% purple-flowered and 25% white-flowered d. 100% purple-flowered and 0% white-flowered

The figures below show four processes involving DNA and RNA. Use these figures to answer questions 16 through 19.

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17. Which figure shows the process of transcription?

a. Figure 1 b. Figure 2 c. Figure 3 d. Figure 4

18. Which figure shows a process in which a mutation has occurred?

a. Figure 1 b. Figure 2 c. Figure 3 d. Figure 4

19. Figure 3 shows the production of a biomolecule. What type of biomolecule was produced?

a. a carbohydrate c. a nucleic acid b. a lipid d. a protein

20. Which figure shows the process of replication?

a. Figure 1 c. Figure 3

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b. Figure 2 d. Figure 4

21. Look at the pedigree below.

Which of these patterns of inheritance is shown for the disorder in the pedigree?

a. autosomal c. codominance b. sex-linked d. incomplete dominance

22. A team of scientists was studying the genetics of a recently discovered organism. They learned that the allele for long legs (L) is dominant to the allele for short legs (l), and the allele for strong leg muscles (M) is dominant to the allele for weak leg muscles (m). The Punnett square below shows a cross between two of these organisms.

What fraction of the offspring will most likely have long legs with weak leg muscles?

a.

c.

b.

d.

23. A gardener cut a branch from a shrub and planted it in a small pot where it grew into a new shrub. This method of growing a new shrub is a type of

a. meiosis c. sexual reproduction b. succession d. asexual reproduction

24. A cross between a red rose and a white rose produced plants with only pink flowers. What is this pattern of inheritance?

a. incomplete dominance c. sex-linked b. dominance d. polygenic

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25. Most cells in the human body undergo the process of mitosis. Some specialized human cells undergo the process of meiosis.

Which of these statements accurately describes a difference between these two processes in humans?

a. Mutations do not occur during mitosis but they do occur during meiosis. b. Mitosis results in half as many chromosomes as meiosis produces in each cell. c. Mitosis does not usually produce variation between offspring but meiosis does. d. Meiosis creates new body cells and mitosis results in the formation of sex cells.

26. A scientist wants to determine how closely Tibetan antelopes are related to North American antelopes. Which of these would be most accurate to compare?

a. their niches c. their physical characteristics b. their DNA sequences d. their behavioral characteristics

27. Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that affects the respiratory and digestive systems. Cystic fibrosis occurs when two recessive genes (cc) are present. A person with one allele for cystic fibrosis is called a carrier (Cc) of the disease.

If the mother is a carrier of the disease and the father is homozygous dominant, what are the chances that their child will be a carrier of cystic fibrosis?

a. 25% c. 75% b. 50% d. 100%

28. When DNA is copied, sometimes a base pair is substituted for a different base pair, as shown in the diagram below.

This substitution will most likely result in

a. crossing over c. a mutation b. loss of the chromosomes d. a break in the chromosome

29. The cross of a plant with white flowers (WW) and a plant with red flowers (ww) is shown in the Punnett square below.

Which of these accurately describes the genotype and phenotype of the offspring from this cross?

a. heterozygous and white-flowered b. heterozygous and red-flowered c. homozygous and white-flowered d. homozygous and red-flowered

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30. All of the following circumstances, EXCEPT ___________ can produce new combinations of genetic traits in sperm and eggs that are different from the parents.

a. errors during meiosis b. errors during mitosis c. crossing over during meiosis d. mutations due to exposure to chemicals

31.

Based on the information in the pedigree chart, all of the statements are true EXCEPT

a. if the disease is sex-linked, it is recessive. b. men inherit the disease more frequently than women. c. males can be carriers of the disease by inheriting only one allele for the disease. d. females can be carriers of the disease by inheriting only one allele for the disease.

32. In rabbits, white fur is a recessive trait. Based on this fact, what statement BEST describes this rabbit's genotype?

a. It must have the genotype Bb. b. It is homozygous for fur color. c. It cannot have the genotype bb. d. It is heterozygous for fur color.

33. Parents can pass on chromosomes to their children that are different than their own when the new gene combinations are created by

a. crossing over of sister chromatids during meiosis. b. crossing over of sister chromatids during mitosis. c. crossing over of homologous chromosomes during mitosis. d. crossing over of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

34. A mutation may be passed along to human offspring

a. through mitosis only. b. through meiosis only. c. through both mitosis and meiosis. d. through neither mitosis nor meiosis.

35.

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According to the pedigree chart, which statement MUST be true?

a. Only male offspring can inherit the disease. b. The mother in the original parental generation is a carrier for the disease. c. Both the mother and father in the original parental generation are carriers. d. The chances of inheriting the disease decrease with each successive generation.

36. Since the early 1990s, geneticists have produced ____________ crops that yield fruits and vegetables commonly found in U.S. supermarkets.

a. large harvest c. mutationally induced b. genetically modified d. transgenically reduced

37.

Two genetically identical plants were crossed. The genotypic ratios of offspring are seen in the Punnett square. How many of the offspring look like the parents? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4

38. A _________ in DNA can result in dysfunctional protein production. a. point mutation c. intron retraction b. exon refraction d. gene displacement

39. The central dogma of molecular biology is centered upon the process of protein synthesis, in which the information from DNA is transcribed and translated, resulting in multiple amino acids being joined to form a. lipids c. carbohydrates b. proteins d. nucleic acids

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40. Amniocentesis is a process in which the amniotic fluid is taken from the uterus for diagnosis. It is used to determine the sex of a fetus. What could be another benefit of this process?

a. triggering of an immune response b. determination of genetic disorders c. studying chromosomal changes in mitosis cell division d. identification of diseases associated only with autosomes

41. During _____________, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

a. respiration c. transcription b. translation d. amino acid sequencing

42. Changes in a DNA sequence that affect genetic information are known as a. expressions c. intercalations b. hybridizations d. mutations

43. Given the sequence of DNA nucleotide bases TTAGCCTTG, give the complementary strand of mRNA produced during transcription.

a. AAAAAAAHH b. AAGGUAGUA c. AAUCGGAAC d. AAUTGCCTA

44. _______________, harmful or helpful, is considered to be the source for new alleles and a main contributor to the diversity of life on Earth.

a. Mitosis c. Transcription b. Mutation d. Translation

45. Before a cell can divide, it must copy its DNA one ___________ at a time in a process called DNA replication.

a. base c. nucleotide b. sugar d. amino acid

46.

Volvox, the green algae illustrated here, is considered a colony by some, a multicellular organism by others. It is composed of single-celled algae that are still capable of living independently, separate from the mother colony. Yet when together, the group of cells works cooperatively.

In order for simple multicellular organisms to survive and evolve over time, a process was necessary. This process was an important step to genetic variation and natural selection. It was a. cell differentiation b. cell communication c. meiosis and sexual reproduction

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d. mitosis and asexual reproduction

47.

Radiation Chemical Agents Viruses

The items shown in the above list may all cause: a. cell growth b. global warming c. genetic mutations d. increases in population.

48.

A section of DNA is transcribed to produce a strand of mRNA. The original DNA has the following sequence of nitrogen bases:

ATG GCC CAA TCG TGA

Transcription results in the mRNA sequence of:

UAC CGG GUU AGU ACU

Transcription in this case will result in

a. a mutated protein that is potentially harmful. b. the correct sequence of amino acids in the synthesized protein. c. a situation where protein synthesis does not "stop" translating. d. the incorrect sequence of amino acids of amino acids in the synthesized protein.

49. Scientists want to determine how closely related chimpanzees are to humans. Which data would give the MOST accurate comparison?

a. their niches

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b. their DNA sequences c. their physical characteristics d. their behavioral characteristics

50.

Organisms that reproduce sexually produce sex cells or gametes via meiosis, while body or somatic cells are produced via mitosis. As noted in the Venn diagram, somatic cells are 2N while gametes are N.

What process restores the 2N chromosome number in a zygote's somatic cells for growth and development to continue?

a. differentiation c. replication b. fertilization d. transcription

51.

The process shown only occurs during a. mitosis c. meiosis II b. meiosis I d. asexual reproduction

52.

Arrange the stages of mitosis shown in the diagrams in sequential order. Use the ABCD labels on the drawings to indicate the order.

a. A - B - C - D c. B - C - D - A

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b. A - B - D - C d. B - D - C - A

53.

In the diagram shown above, ______________________ are represented by the squares. a. males b. females c. unrelated offspring d. heterozygous offspring

54. All BUT ONE statement describes an advantage of meiosis.

a. Variation is aided by crossing-over which occurs during meiosis. b. Meiosis ensures daughter cells receive one of each kind of gene and half the

chromosome number. c. Independent assortment provides a huge number of possible genetic

combinations in daughter cells. d. Meiosis occurs often because it allows growth and repair of body tissues in

multicellular organisms.

55. You are a world famous scientist who has discovered the gene that codes for a specific protein used to dissolve blood clots in humans. You are about to mass produce this gene for medical science. What must you know about this specific protein in order to begin gene production?

a. the mRNA anticodons b. the shape of the protein molecule c. the amino acid sequence of the protein d. the nucleotide sequence of the human genome

56. In the structure of DNA, which nucleotide always pairs with adenine?

a. cytosine c. thymine b. quanine d. uracil

57. In pea plants P represents purple flowers while p represents white, and T represents tall plants while t represents short. Biologists cross two pea plants, each with the genotype PpTt.

We would expect what phenotypic ratio from this dihybrid cross?

a. 1:1:1:1 ratio b. 9:3:3:1 ratio c. all dominant for both traits d. all recessive for both traits

58.

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A pedigree like this one is characteristic of ______________________ disorders. a. dominant alleic b. autosomal recessive c. sex-linked dominant d. sex-linked recessive

59. Which of these BEST describes the primary goal of meiosis?

a. The nucleus is divided without mutation. b. A single cell divides into two daughter cells. c. All chromosomes are replicated and passed on to the daughter cells. d. Daughter cells are produced with only half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

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