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Heredity Review
Heredity – Mitosis/Cell Division
• Cell Cycle• Mitosis..structure of chromosome• Regulation
– Density Dependent– Density Independent– Go,– Kinase– Cyclin– Cyclin Dependent kinase
• Plants vs. Animals
Heredity – Meiosis
• Synapsis Homologous Chromosomes
• Crossing Over, Chiasmata
• Meiosis I vs Meiosis II
• Males vs. Females
• Genetic Variation– Independent assortment– Crossing over– Random mating (of gametes)
Heredity – Mendelian (the monk and assistant)
• Dominant• Recessive• Co-dominant• Incomplete Dominance
Heredity – Morgan (the fly guy)
• Gene Linkage• Chromosome Map• Sex Linkage• Barr Bodies• Epigenetics
Heredity – Probability
• P, F1, F2 Generations• Rule of Multiplication – be able to calculate• Test Cross• Non conventional inheritance patterns (actually, the norm!)
– Incomplete vs. codominance (are you pink or striped?)– Multiple alleles (blood type)– Epistasis (one gene alters another; skin color)– Pleiotrophy (one gene – many traits; sickle cell anemia)– Polygenic Inheritance (body height)– Linked Genes (sex linked examples)– Epigenetics (environment vs. genome)– Genomic Imprinting (mom or dad?)– Nondisjunction (oops)
• Chi Squared
Book Problems
• See p 283-284 tips and problems
• See page 303-304 problems
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• DNA – Structure– Nucleotide
• Nitrogen Base (pairing, identity)
• Phosphate (charge)• (Deoxy)Ribose (five carbon sugar)
– Purines, Pyrimidines• Explanation of pairing rules
• 3’, 5’???????????????
– Euchromatin vs. heterochromatin Satellite DNA
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Replication– Primase– topoisomerase– Polymerase– Helicase– Ligase– Single stranded binding proteins– Primer– Leading/lagging strand– Proof-reading
Okazaki
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• DNA vs. RNA – Chemical differences– Functional differences
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Transcription– mRNA, Transcription factors, RNA polymerase– TATA box– Post transcriptional processing
• 5’ cap
• Poly A tail
• Introns
• Exons
– Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Translation– mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
• Codon mRNA
• Anticodon tRNA amino acid
• Reading genetic code
• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Regulation of Gene Expression– Transcription factors– mRNA processing– Eukaryotes steroid hormones
• Euchromatin vs. heterochromatin
• Review structure of chromosome (ch 19)
– Prokaryotes operon• Lac operon vs. trp operon
– Promoter, operator, structural genes
• Inducible (lac)
• Repressible (typ)
Transcription of the gene: regulation in prokaryotes
Transcription of the gene: regulation in eukaryotes
• What can go wrong??– Point mutation
• Non-sense mutation – premature stop codon
• Mis-sense mutation – wrong amino acid (sickle cell)
– addtion/deletion/substitution– Frame shift mutation– Thymine dimers – UV radiation
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• The product of the p53 gene (p53 protein) inhibits the cell cycle and allows time for DNA repair mechanisms to operate. Deficiencies in this cell cycle inhibiting pathway could promote cancer
Heredity – Oncogenes – p53, RAS
Some proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes are components of cell
signaling pathways
• The Ras proto-oncogene (G protein) is part of a cell cycle stimulating pathway. A mutation making this pathway abnormally active could result in cancer
Heredity – Biotechnology
– Viral modes of survival– Biotechnology
• Cloning– Transformation
» Plasmid» Antibiotic Resistance
– PCR• Gene splicing
– Restriction digests» Restriction Enzyme
– Electrophoresis• Gene Silencing
– Knockout genes– iRNA
• Stem Cells vs. Cancer Cells!!