Heroes

Revision Booklet

In this exam you will have one hour to answer two questions about Heroes.

What will the questions be like?

You will have to answer an extract question worth ten marks. You should spend 20 minutes on this question.

You will have a choice of two whole text questions. You answer one of these questions – whichever one you think you can answer best. It is worth twenty marks. You should spend forty minutes on this question.

What shall I do?

Read the instructions carefully Divide your time carefully and write something for both tasks Read the questions carefully Don’t spend ages choosing which whole text question to answer! Once you have chosen which whole text question to answer, stick with

your choice! Make sure you are answering the question you have been asked When you have finished your writing read through your work and check

for errors

How will I be marked?

The examiner is looking for you to:

Incorporate detail in your answers Evaluate characters and their relationships, attitudes and motives Show understanding of themes and ideas in the novel Show understanding of how language is used for effect Show understanding of how the novel is structured for effect Explain Cormier’s intent when writing his novel Evaluate how the novel would affect a reader

The examiner is also looking at the accuracy of your writing: Expression will be clear and fluent The answer will be well structured Paragraphs will be used Spelling and punctuation will be accurate Specialist vocabulary will be used accurately

PlotCormier uses a fractured narrative to tell his story. To challenge yourself, try putting the events of the plot detailed below into chronological order.

Present – We meet eighteen year old Francis and learn of his injuries, caused by a grenade in the war. He returns to his hometown of Frenchtown and moves in to Mrs Belander’s tenement, using his scarf and hat to hide his injuries and remain anonymous. We discover he wants to kill someone called Larry LaSalle.

Past - Nicole Renard moves to Frenchtown from Albany, New York. Twelve year old Francis falls instantly in love with her, thinking she is like an angel.

Present -Francis wanders around Frenchtown, returning to Nicole Renard’s old house. He remembers meeting fellow Frenchtown boy Norman Rocheleau in the trenches and hearing that Nicole Renard has left town. Francis struggles to sleep and has nightmares about killing two young German soldiers in the war.

Present – Francis meets fellow veteran Arthur Rivier who takes him to St Jude’s Club for a drink with lots of other veterans, even though he is not really old enough.

Past – The Wreck Centre re-opens after a tragic past and Larry LaSalle arrives in town. The centre is where everyone, even bookworm Francis, hangs out and participates in various activities. Larry LaSalle is motivational and inspirational and we wonder why Francis would want to kill him.

Present – Francis has been in Frenchtown for a month, waiting to kill Larry LaSalle. He finally gets up the courage to ask about Larry in St Jude’s Club and everyone raises their glasses to him as he is a war hero. Again, we wonder why Francis would want to kill him.

Past – Larry LaSalle convinces Francis to take up table tennis, He coaches him and encourages him and eventually Francis enters in the Wreck Centre table tennis champion, finally catching the eye of Nicole Renard. Larry LaSalle lets Francis win the tournament and yet again we wonder why Francis would want to kill him. Nicole invites Francis to her celebratory party – cut short by the bombing of Pearl Harbour.

Present – Francis finds Arthur Rivier drunk in an alleyway. He is obviously emotionally affected by the war.

Past – Larry LaSalle enlists in the army after the attack on Pearl Harbour. The Wreck Centre has to close and Francis gets a job in Laurier’s DrugStore where he speaks to Nicole. They start dating, spending Saturday afternoons together at the Plymouth Movie Theatre. News of Larry LaSalle’s heroism in the war reaches Frenchtown.Past – We learn of the day in England where Francis realised the shocking extent of his injuries whilst on a day out from the hospital where he was recovering.

That is why he started wearing his scarf and hat, but now he wears them just as much to remain his anonymity. He burns the details of the plastic surgeon as he does not intend to get his face fixed.

Past – Larry LaSalle returns to Frenchtown a hero and is greeted by crowds in the streets. There is a party arranged by the mayor to celebrate his return. Larry LaSalle also organises a special party for the Wreck Centre kids. At the end of the night, Larry LaSalle asks Francis to leave him and Nicole alone. Francis leaves the room but waits outside, where he hears Larry attack Nicole. Francis does nothing.

Past – Francis waits outside Nicole’s house for three days, during which time Larry LaSalle leaves Frenchtown. Eventually Nicole emerges but will not accept his apology and tells him to go away. Francis goes to St Jude’s Church with the intent of committing suicide. He cannot bring himself to do it and instead enlists in the US Army where he hopes to die a hero.

Present – Francis hears of Larry LaSalle’s return from eavesdropping on Mrs Belander’s conversation with her friend Mrs Agneaux.

Present – Francis goes to Larry LaSalle’s apartment with the intention of killing him. Larry LaSalle greets Francis as if nothing has changed between them and Francis begins to wish he did not have to complete this mission. When Francis confesses his reason for coming, Larry LaSalle confesses that what he did to Nicole wasn’t a one off. Francis leaves without carrying out his mission but hears Larry LaSalle kill himself once he has left.

Present – Francis visits Sister Mathilde, a nun and teacher at St Jude’s Parochial School. He asks for Nicole’s new address and she gives it to him.

Present – Francis visits Nicole at her new school in New York. Things are different between them and Nicole tells Francis that she would prefer if he did not come again.

Present – Francis sits at the train station considering what he should do next. He also considers what a real hero is. The reader is left on a cliffhanger, unsure whether Francis will move on with his life or kill himself.

Characters You are marked on the detail you can use when writing about the main characters. Add what you can to each section to create character profiles.

Francis Joseph Cassavant

Nicole Renard

Larry LaSalle

There are also some more minor characters in the novel. Find out what you can about each of them.

Arthur Rivier

Mrs Belander

Joey LeBlanc

Enrico Rucelli

Marie LaCroix

Sister Mathilde

Key Quotations - CharacterAnalyse these key quotations about the main characters in order to develop your knowledge and understanding. You can also revise these quotations for use in the whole text answer.

Francis Cassavant

1. ‘the war is over and I have no face.’

2. [Mrs Belander] ‘”Poor boy”’

3. ‘I look away from the admiration in his eyes.’

4. ‘The truth is that I don’t care whether I heal or not.’

5. ‘I start to close doors. Not real doors, but doors to the future.’

6. ‘No face at all actually, the nostrils like the snout of an animal’

7. ‘miserable in my aloneness, wanting to be dancing with her the way Larry LaSalle was dancing with her, holding her close…’

8. ‘The gun is like a tumour on my thigh’

9. ‘I am calm. My heartbeat is normal. What’s one more death after the others in the villages and fields of France?’

10. ‘”I went to war because I wanted to die.”’

Nicole Renard

1. ‘the pale purity of her face’

2. ‘a hint of mischief as if she were telling me we were going to have good times together.’

3. ‘instantly caught the attention of Larry LaSalle’

4. ‘she didn’t remind me of St Therese any more but of girls in certain magazines at Laurier’s Drug Store that set my heart racing and made my knees liquid.’

5. ‘Nicole was the most talented of all’

6. ‘Her hair dishevelled, mouth flung open, lips swollen. Cheeks moist with tears. Her white blouse torn and one hand clutching the front of her blouse to hold it together.’

7. ‘The accusation in her voice was worse than the harshness.’

8. ‘Now her hair is cut short and combed straight and flat.’

9. ‘The softness is gone from her face and her voice is sharp and brittle.’

10. ‘”My good Francis. My table tennis champion. My Silver Star hero…”’

Larry LaSalle

1. ‘Larry LaSalle had the broad shoulders of an athlete and the narrow hips of a dancer. He was both.’

2. ‘”You are all stars,” Larry LaSalle always told us.

3. ‘We knew little about him, however, and he discouraged questions.’

4. ‘Larry LaSalle’s opinion could never be dismissed.’

5. ‘the subtle tender game in which Larry LaSalle was letting me win.’

6. ‘Larry LaSalle was one of the first Frenchtown men to enlist in the armed services’

7. ‘a crowd gathered at the Monument Depot to greet his arrival’

8. ‘We always did what Larry LaSalle told us to do. Always carried out his slightest wish.’

9. ‘rumours were rampant about Larry LaSalle’s sudden departure from Frenchtown.’

10. ‘But Larry LaSalle is not innocent.’

11. ‘he seems fragile now’

12. ‘”No more dancing for me, Francis. No more sweet young things. No more anything.”’

Key Quotations – ThemesAnalyse these key quotations about the main themes in order to develop your knowledge and understanding. You can also revise these quotations for use in the whole text answer.

The Wreck Centre

The Wreck Centre is a key location in the novel. It is somewhere the young people of Frenchtown can be themselves, a place that Larry LaSalle uses to ‘groom’ Nicole and the scene of his attack on Nicole.

1. ‘The Wreck Centre is boarded up and abandoned now.’

2. ‘When the builders finally completed the job, the building still looked unfinished.’

3. ‘The white paint didn’t completely cover the dark patches of mildew on the clapboards’

4. ‘The loneliness of the tenement was what drove me to the Wreck Centre.’

5. ‘The Wreck Centre became my headquarters’

6. [Joey LeBlanc] ‘”Doom. Wait and see.”’

7. ‘Larry LaSalle’s enlistment caused the Wreck Centre to close for what people called ‘The Duration’.’

8. ‘the hall was filled with an old song from the bright and exciting days of the Wreck Centre, before the war.’

Confidence

Francis Cassavant starts the novel as a very shy and uncertain individual. Throughout the novel, his outward confidence grows, particularly in relation to Nicole.

1. ‘She’d come into view, my mouth would instantly dry up and I would look away.’

2. ‘I winced in an agony of embarrassment.’

3. ‘I wondered whether she’d been waving at Joey LeBlanc or at me.’

4. ‘”I love to watch you dance.” I blurted out the words, surprising myself with my ability to say such a thing.’

5. ‘For the first time in my life a tide of confidence swept through me.’

6. ‘Taking a deep breath, I said: “Would you like to go to the movies sometime?”’

7. ‘”Francis, Francis Cassavant,” I announce.’

8. ‘For once in my life I’m not timid with her.’

Horror of War

The novel is set around the time of the Second World War. The reader sees the effect the outbreak of war has on the people of Frenchtown as well as the effect it has on soldiers.

1. ‘bits of dangling flesh’

2. ‘the head of one of the soldiers explodes like a ripe tomato and the other cries Mama as my gunfire cuts him in half’

3. ‘The next day the grenade blows my face away.’

4. ‘I see George Richelieu tugging at his pinned up sleeve which should hold his arm but his arm is buried somewhere in the South Pacific’

5. [Arthur Rivier] ‘so scared I shit my pants’

6. [Arthur Rivier] ‘not like the war movies at the Plymouth, nobody displaying heroics or bravado.’

7. ‘We had discovered in one moment on a Sunday afternoon that the world was not a safe place anymore.’

8. ‘I wondered what had scared him until I saw him peeking at me again with one big eye, before bursting into tears.’

9. [Larry LaSalle] ‘no wounds that you can see, Francis. But I’m worn out. They called it jungle fever at first’

10. ‘the smile turns into a grimace and I wonder what he’s thinking of or remembering.’

Religion

Religion is prominent in Frenchtown. It features heavily in Francis’s life as he attends a religious school, is an altar boy and a regular attender at church.

1. ‘Then I am filled with guilt and shame, knowing that I just prayed for the man I am going to kill.’

2. ‘At the Sunday masses, Father Balthazar prayed from the pulpit for the safety of our men and women in the services.’

3. ‘I could only stand there mute, as if all my sins had been revealed and there was no forgiveness for them.’

4. ‘It was part of the Hell that I had earned.’

5. ‘Still staring down I began to mutter a prayer…then stopped, horrified at what I was doing. Saying a prayer before the worst sin of all: despair.’

6. [Larry LaSalle] ‘”Everybody sins Francis. The terrible thing is we love our sins.”’

7. [Larry LaSalle] ‘”Does that one sin of mine wipe away all the good things?”’

8. ‘I wonder if it’s a special sin to lie to a nun.’

Concealment

Francis is the main character who hides his true self behind a ‘mask’ of a white scarf and Red Sox cap, but others also hide their true feelings and identities in other ways.

1. ‘’I walk with my head down as if I have lost money on the sidewalk.’

2. This was proof that the scarf and bandage were working in two ways: not only to hide the ugliness of what used to be my face, but to hide my identity.’

3. ‘I wasn’t Francis Joseph Cassavant anymore but a tenant in Frenchtown.’

4. ‘I try to avoid eye contact’

5. ‘there were dark hints that he had ‘gotten into trouble’ in New York City.’

6. [Arthur Rivier] ‘”I want to talk about it, my war,” he cries. “And your war, too, Francis. Everybody’s war. The war nobody wants to talk about…’

7. ‘What matters is hiding my face from others, not only to save them the shock of seeing a face in disrepair but so that they won’t identify little Francis Cassavant later on’

8. [Sister Mathilde] ‘”But, then, we all have our secrets, eh, Francis?”’

Heroes

As the title of the novel suggests, Heroism is the main theme. In particular, the novel encourages the reader to question what a hero actually is.

1. [Arthur Rivier] ‘”You deserve to be recognised Francis,” he whispers. “You’re a goddamn hero.”

2. [Arthur Rivier] ‘“We weren’t heroes. We were only there…”’

3. ‘he had been a hero to us long before he went to war’

4. ‘Soldiers were dying with honour on battlefields all over the world. Noble deaths. The deaths of heroes. How could I die by leaping from a steeple?’

5. [Sister Mathilde] ‘”You have made us all proud.”’

6. ‘I had always wanted to be a hero, like Larry LaSalle and all the others but had been a fake all along.’

7. ‘”I don’t know what a hero is anymore, Nicole.” I think of Larry LaSalle and his Silver Star. And my own Silver Star for an act of cowardice.’

8. ‘Scared kids, not born to fight or kill. Who were not only there but who stayed, did not run away, fought the good war. And never talk about it. And didn’t receive a Silver Star. But heroes anyway. The real heroes.

Love

The theme of love is presented between Francis and Nicole. However, while he seems to have true love for Nicole, her love for him seems much more fickle.

1. ‘I silently pledged her my love and loyalty forever.’

2. ‘the word made my head spin: I was actually dating Nicole Renard.’

3. ‘she allowed me an innocent kiss, our lips briefly touching’

4. ‘I was amazed at the lack of pauses in our conversation’

5. ‘my voice trembling a bit, betraying my love for her.’

6. ‘As if we were living a love scene at the Plymouth.’

7. ‘delight at her invitation and the instant agony of jealousy’

8. ‘my flesh burned with the echo of her touch’

9. ‘She looks at me with affection. But affection is not love.’

10. ‘I close my eyes, clinging to the moment, wanting it to last forever.’

Here are some key words you can use to impress the examiner! Try to find an example from the novel to illustrate each term.

Fractured narrative When the plot is not told in the

order in which it happened.

Chronological order When a novel is told in time order.

Heroes does not use a chronological narrative.

First person narrator When the story is told by the person who the story happened to, using ‘I’.

Past tense When a story is told as if it has already happened.

Present tense When a story is told as if it is about to happen.

Irony When one meaning is expected but the opposite is true.

Foreshadowing When events in the novel are hinted at before they happen.

Pathetic fallacy Using nature to reflect the feelings of characters.

Symbolism An object which represents something else.

Simile A description of something as if it’s something else, using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.

Cliffhanger When the ending leaves you uncertain what will happen next.

How to Answer an Extract Question1. Read the question, identify the keywords.

How does Cormier create tension in this extract?

2. Analyse the extract – how does Cormier create atmosphere?

Suddenly he was there, sweeping her into his arms, and, as he did so, he

reached out and flicked the switch, plunging the hall into darkness. I made my

way towards the front door but drew back, didn’t leave, stationed myself in

the small foyer, in a slant of moonlight, as the music filled the place, miserable

in my aloneness, wanting to be dancing with her the way Larry LaSalle was

dancing with her, holding her close…

In the shadows of the hallway I stood in agony and waited for the song to

end and then I would tell Nicole that I had not left, that I had stayed, would

never desert her, that she had told me not to go and I hadn’t, that she was

more important to me than Larry LaSalle.

The song ended and the scratching of the needle on the record did not stop

and I heard a sigh and a sound that could have been a moan and a rustle of

clothing.

How long did I stand there listening? Hearing the small sounds, then a

sudden gasp and the needle scratching as the record went round and round,

and I couldn’t breathe, my body rigid, lungs burning, and at the moment of

panic, heart thudding, my breath returned, and I listened and heard nothing

now. What were they doing? But I knew what they were doing – the thought

streaked through my mind so fast that it could hardly be acknowledged.

Them, a whimpering, like a small animal caught and trapped, moaning

distinct now. The scratching of the needle stopped. Footsteps approaching,

coming close, closer, and suddenly she stumbled into the hallway, her face

caught in the slash of moonlight.

3. Start your response by writing a short introduction to the extract. Include what happens in the extract, what has happened just before and link to the question.

At this point in the novel, Larry LaSalle has returned from war and received a Heroes welcome. After an evening of celebrations Larry, Nicole and Francis are left alone in the Wreck Centre. Larry asks Francis to go so he can dance with Nicole; whilst Francis does leave the room, he does decide to stay and wait for Nicole. Here, Cormier creates a shocking atmosphere through the rape of Nicole.

4. Work systematically through the extract, making sure you link back to the question. Link similar ideas together in your response

At the start of the extract, we are told how Larry ‘swept’ her ‘into his arms’. This is rather uncomfortable for the reader, as we can see the physical power Larry has over Nicole. As well as this, it is described almost like they are lovers, foreshadowing the horrific events about to happen. Larry’s power is further reinforced through the description of him ‘holding her close’. This is particularly significant when contrasted with later in the extract, as Francis comments on how he heard ‘a whimpering, like a small animal caught and trapped’. Again, a shocking atmosphere is created for the reader as we can see how vulnerable and powerless Nicole is…

5. Make comments on language, form and structure

Example Extract Questions1. Start of novel to page 3, ‘I don’t blame them.’

How does Cormier create an effective opening to the novel?

2. Page 9 ,’I saw Nicole Renard for the first time’, to page 11, ‘vowing to talk to her the next day.’How does Cormier present the innocence of Francis?

3. Page 20, ‘I can never trace the moment’, to page 22, ‘The next day the grenade blows my face away.’How does Cormier present the horrific reality of war?

4. Page 31, ‘The loneliness of the tenement’, to page 32, ‘would simply leave when the dance classes were over.’How does Cormier introduce the character of Larry LaSalle in an interesting way?

5. Page 44, ‘Our conversation was interrupted’, to page 46, ‘the radiance of her face mirroring my own.’Explore how Cormier creates tension when describing this scene.

6. Page 49, ‘Arthur Rivier is slumped’, to page 50, ‘sends me hurrying back to Mrs Belander’s tenement.’Discuss how Cormier presents the after effects of war.

7. Page 53, ‘Nicole Renard dropped into the drug store’, to page 55, ‘if the war lasts long enough…’How does Cormier present Nicole and Francis’s developing relationship?

8. Page 58, ‘As I walked along’, to page 59, ‘after I have carried out my mission.’How does Cormier create sympathy for Francis?

9. Page 73, ‘Later that week’, to page 74, ‘became a soldier in the United States Army.’Explore how Cormier presents Francis’s desperation.

10.Page 77, ‘The gun is like a tumour on my thigh’ to page 78, ‘I don’t want to waste any time.’How does Cormier create tension in this extract?

11.Page 93, ‘We run out of words’ to page 95, ‘until there’s only silence left.’Discuss how Cormier presents Nicole and Francis’s relationship.

12.Page 96, ‘In the railroad station’, to page 97, ‘heading for the exit and the next train to leave the station.’How does Cormier create an effective ending to the novel?

How to Answer a Whole Text Question – Essay Style

1. Read the question, identify the keywords.

Are there any true heroes in the novel?

2. Plan your answer – brainstorm some ideas. This will ensure you only use your very best ideas in your essay. There are also marks for organization so it’s worth spending time planning!

3. Start your response with an introduction that addresses the question. If it’s a character question, introduce the character, if it’s a thematic question explain what is meant by the theme.

The title of the novel is ‘Heroes’. A hero is someone that does something to help someone else in some way. There are many people in the novel that show elements of being a hero but are any of them true heroes?

4. You should aim to write 4-6 paragraphs in response to the question. Each paragraph should:

- Start with a short point that uses the keyword from the question- Include some relevant evidence, or some relevant detail – embedding a

few very short quotes may be more appropriate.- Mention the reader and how they feel - Mention Cormier and the effect he is trying to create

- Finish by referring back to the keyword from the question

Remember - there is no right or wrong way to structure your essay – as long as it makes sense and answers the question, it’s

right!

Firstly, Francis could be considered by readers to be a hero as he has earned the ‘Silver Star’ whilst in battle in World War Two. He earned this accolade by diving on a grenade and saving his platoon, seriously injuring himself in the process. Many people in Frenchtown view Francis as a hero, including fellow veteran Arthur Rivier who is shocked when he learns Francis wishes to remain anonymous, calling him a ‘Goddamn hero’. Larry LaSalle also sees Francis as a hero for signing up to war so early, aged only fifteen. Indeed, in many ways Francis is a hero and many readers would view him as one.

However, using the narrative voice of Francis, Cormier presents him as a vulnerable figure who does not believe himself to be a hero, partly because he didn’t actually go to war with the intention of saving lives but with the hope that he would die. Therefore, when he jumped on the grenade he did not do so to save lives and he believes this to be an ‘act of cowardice’ rather than something a hero would do.

5. (If time). Conclude your essay by summing up your argument and referring back to the question. Mention Cormier and the reader if possible.

In conclusion, although many people are presented to have heroic qualities in the novel, none of them is presented to be perfect. Maybe what Cormier is trying to suggest to the reader is that even people who are viewed as heroes aren’t entirely infallible.

Example Whole Text Questions1. Is Larry LaSalle a hero?

2. To what extent is Francis and Nicole’s relationship true love?

3. Do you think that Heroes is a suitable title for the novel?

4. To what extent does the reader feel sympathy for Francis?

5. Is there love in the novel?

6. How does the theme of religion affect Francis’s behaviour in the novel?

7. How does the first person perspective affect the reader’s feelings towards Francis Cassavant?

8. Does Larry LaSalle deserve to die?

9. How is the idea of hiding your true self significant in the novel?

10. Is Nicole Renard a likeable character?

11. Explore the significance of the Wreck Centre on Francis Cassavant.

12. How does Francis change as a person through events described in the novel?

13. Discuss how Cormier presents the horror of war.

14. Imagine you are Francis after Larry LaSalle’s attack on Nicole. Write your thoughts.

15. Imagine you are Francis after your trip to London. Write your thoughts.

16. Imagine you are Francis after your visit to Larry LaSalle’s tenement. Write your thoughts.

17. Imagine you are Francis after your visit to Nicole in New York. Write your thoughts.

How Your Work Will be MarkedExtract Question

Whole Text Question

2-4 5-9 Displays some understanding of main features.Makes generalised reference to relevant aspects of the text, echoing and paraphrasing.Begins to select relevant detail.

Able to recognise and make simple comments on particular features of style and structure.Expression will be reasonably clear and the answer will have a basic structure.Grammar, punctuation and spelling will contain errors but these will not be intrusive.Use of specialist vocabulary will be limited and/or not always appropriate.

5-7 10-14 Makes more detailed reference to text.Discusses thoroughly, and increasingly thoughtfully, characters and relationships.Probes the sub-text with increasing confidence.Selects and evaluates relevant textual details.Understands and demonstrates how writers use ideas, themes and settings to affect the reader.Conveys ideas clearly and appropriately.Sees how different aspects of style and structure combine to create effects.Shows increasingly clear appreciation of how meanings and ideas are conveyed through language, structure and form.Begins to be able to relate texts to own and others' experience.Expression will be mainly clear and fluent and the answer will be quite well structured.There will be some errors in spelling or punctuation.Specialist vocabulary will be used mainly appropriately.

8-10 15-20 Makes increasingly assured selection and incorporation of relevant detail.Able to speculate/offer tentative judgements.Able to evaluate characters/relationships and attitudes/motives.At the highest level, consistently handles texts with confidence.Has an overview and ability to move from the specific to the general.Uses apt textual support.Shows appreciation of how writers use language to achieve specific effects.Makes assured exploration and evaluation of the ways meaning, ideas and feeling are conveyed through language, structure and form;At the highest level, makes assured analysis of stylistic features.Expression will be clear and fluent and the answer will be well structured. There will be few errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling; specialist vocabulary will be used appropriately. 

Final Tips… Writing about the structure of the novel and its effect on a reader can help

to move you up the grade boundaries.

Use appropriate critical vocabulary in your responses – conveys, portrays, suggests, demonstrates, reinforces, highlights, illustrates

Don’t just identify language techniques - suggest why they are used and what impression they give.

Practice responding to a range of different tasks in timed conditions.

Practice planning essays in short spaces of time.

Look at BBC Bitesize for revision ideas about Heroes.

Past papers and mark schemes for previous exams are available on wjec.co.uk under the English Literature section.

Email me for help and feedback –p.butler@plantbrk.bham.sch.uk