hesebis principuli sqemebi derivaciuli, romlis mixedviT mTeli dawneva iqmneba derivaciiT. am SemTxvevaSi igeba mxolod im simaRlis kaSxali, rom wyali Sevides derivaciaSi (martyofi hesi) derivacia moZraobis ZiriTadi traeqtoriidan gadaxra. Sereuli, romlis mixedviT dawnevis garkveuli nawili miiReba kaSxalis meSveobiT da danarCeni _ derivaciiT (zahesi) kaSxaluri, romlis mixedviT mTeli dawneva iqmneba kaSxalis saSualebiT (orTaWala hesi) engurhesi. saqarTvelo H=271.5m V =1.11 km 3 S=13.5 km 2 N=1300 MW Grand Dixence Dam. Switzerland H=285 m V =km 3 S=km 2 N=2069 MW Hoover Dam. USA H=221 m V =35.2 km 3 S=640 km 2 N=2078 MW - . H=245 m V =km 3 S=km 2 N=6400 MW . H=300 m V =10 km 3 S=98 km 2 N=3000 MW . H=60 m V =km 3 S=km 2 N=1529,6 MW Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. India H=124 m V =11.47km 3 S=km 2 N=815.6 MW Dworshak Dam. USA H=219 m V = km 3 S= km 2 N=400 MW Hungry Horse Dam. USA H=172 m V = 4.27 km 3 S= km 2 N=428 MW Three Gorge Dam. China H=181 m V =39.3km 3 S=1045 km 2 N=8200 MW kaSxalebi Almendra Dam.Spain H=202m V = 2.5 km 3 S=86.5 km 2 N=810 MW Itaipu Dam.Brazil H=196m V = 29 km 3 S=1 350 km 2 N= MW gravitaciuli kontrforsuli TaRovani erTgvarovani gruntiT birTviT plastikuri ekraniT diafragmiT mdgradi ekraniT araerTgvarovani gruntiT miwayrili rkinabetonis kaSxali (tipi) kaSxaluri hesis sqema kaSxali warmoadgens hidroteqnikur nagebobas, romelic ewyoba mdinaris ganivad mis zeda da qveda ubnebs Soris dawnevis Sesaqmnelad. wyalmimRebi ewodeba nagebobas, sadac xorcieldeba wyalsacavidan wylis miReba wyalsacavi wyalmimRebi kaSxali saturbino milsadeni saturbino milsadeni turbina generatori samanqano nageboba samanqano nageboba el.gadacemis xazi saturbino milsadenebiT wyali miewodeba uSualod hidroturbinas. hesi warmoadgens sawarmos, sadac hidravlikuri (wylis) energia gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad. hesis Senoba warmoadgens saTavsos, sadac warmoebs uSualod energiis gamomuSaveba da sadac ganTavsebulia hidroagregatebi (hidroturbinebi, hidrogeneratorebi, hidroturbinis regulirebis sistema) turbinis wina saketebi, marTvis pulti, damxmare mowyobilobebi, tvirTamwe meqanizmebi da sxva. hesis Senoba SeiZleba iyos miwiszeda da miwisqveSa. hidroturbina (klasifikacia) reaqtiuli propeleruli; kaplanis propeleruli; kaplanis diagonaluri frensisi peltoni banki aqtiuri reaqtiuli turbinebi, romelTa gamdinare traqtSi nakadi dawneviTia, muSa Tvals SeuZlia ganaxorcielos wylis energiis samive komponentis: dawnevis energiis p / rg, mdebareobis z energiis da kinetikuri energiis v 2 /2g gardaqmna. aqtiuri turbinebi, romlebSiac nakadi muSa Tvalis zonaSi udawneoa. aseTi turbinebis muSa Tvali gamoiyenebs mxolod wylis kinetikur energias v 2 /2g hidroturbinis geometriuli zomis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia misi muSa Tvlis nominaluri anu saangariSo diametri D 1. muSa Tvlis nominalur diametrad miReba: 1. propeleruli da kaplanis turbinebSi --- muSa Tvlis kameris udidesi diametri. 2. frensisi da diagonalur turbinebSi --- muSa Tvlis frTis Semavali wibos udidesi diametri. 3. peltonis turbinebSi --- wrewiris diametri, romlis mxebic saqSenidan gamomavali wylis nakadia. 4. bankis turbinebSi --- muSa Tvlis gare diametri. P.S. sxvadasxva qveynebis turbinaTmSenebeli qarxnebi turbinisa da muSa Tvlis nominalur zomebs sxvagvarad gansazRvraven (aRniSnulze SeTanxmeba miRweuli ar aris). hidroturbinis muSa Tvlis nominaluri (saangariSo) diametri mZlavri hidroturbinebis nomenklaturuli bade sawyisi parametrebis maravalferovnebidan gamomdinare, yofil ssrk-Si moxda turbinebis unificireba da normalizacia. Seiqmna nomenklaturuli bade seriuli muSa TvlebisaTvis dawnebis diapazonSi 3-600m. nomenklaturul badeSi Sevidnen mZlavri hidroturbinebis muSa Tvlebi: - kaplanis (mbrunavfrTiani ); muSa Tvlebi diametriT sm. - frensisis (radialur-RerZuli - ); muSa Tvlebi diametriT sm. nomenklatura adgens hidroturbinis markas, muSa Tvlis tips, dadgmis saxes, muSa Tvlis diametris rigs da statoris ZiriTad konstruqciul zomebs. normaluri Sesrulebisas turbinis muSa Tvlis brunva marjvenaa e.i. Tu turbinas vuyurebT generatoris mxridan, brunviTi moZraoba saaTis isris mimarTulebiTaa. markirebis nimuSi: --500 turbina kaplanisa (mbrunavfrTiani ); vertikaluri RerZiT ( ) muSa Tvlebi diametriT 500 sm.; muSa Tvali gamoiyeneba 40 m. dawnevamde. modelirebis da msgavsebis safuZvlebi geometriuli msgavsebis piroba --- naturisa da modelis turbinebis gamdinare nawilebis zomebis proporciuloba (modelis spiraluri kameris, mimmarTveli aparatis, muSa Tvlisa da gamwovi milis konfiguracia naturis turbinis imave nawilebis zusti analogi unda iyos, magram xSirad marto muSa Tvlebis msgavsebas icaven da sxva elementebis aramsgavsebas saTanado SesworebiT asaxaven). kinematikuri msgavsebis piroba --- naturisa da modelis turbinebSi nakadebis msgavseba (orive turbinaSi siCqareebis mimarTuleba unda iyos erTnairi, maTi sidideebi ki erTmaneTis proporciuli, rac niSnavs, rom orive turbinisaTvis siCqareTa samkuTxedebi rogorc muSa TvalSi Sesvlisas, aseve gamosvlisas unda iyos msgavsi. muSaobis amgvar reJims izogonaluri ewodeba). dinamikuri msgavsebis piroba --- nakadebis dinamikur msgavseba (reinoldsis ricxvis Re tolobas orive nakadisaTvis. sinamdvileSi am pirobis dacva ar xerxdeba, magram mravali cdis mixedviT, avtomodelur zonaSi, (Re>10 5 ) romelSic xSirad muSaobs naturisa da modelis turbinebi, reinoldsis ricxvebis gansxvaveba ar axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas nakadis moZraobis saxeze). miRebuli formulebiT Znelia erTi turbinis meoresTan Sedareba, amitom miRebulia, rom gamoTvlebis dros modelis muSa Tvalis diametri CaiTvalos 1.0 m-is tolad, romelic muSaobs 1.0 m dawnevis qveS. am modelze miRebuli brunTa ricxvi, wylis xarji da simZlavre aRiniSneba: n' I; ; Q' I ; N' I. maT Sesabamisad ewodeba dayvanili brunTa ricxvi, dayvanili xarji da dayvanili simZlavre. hidroturbinis dayvanili parametrebi H - dawneva D - muSa Tvlis diametri n - brunTa ricxvi Q - xarji N - simZlavre h a - sruli m.q.k. h .. - hidravlikuri m.q.k. h q.a - moculobiTi m.q.k. h m.a - meqnikuri m.q.k. hidroturbinis swrafmavlobis koeficienti turbinis swrafmavlobis koeficienti ( n s ) warmoadgens misi iseTi geometri-ulad msgavsi turbinis brunTa ricxvs (br/wT), romelic 1 m. dawnevis dros Tavis lilvze anviTarebs 1 cxenis Zalis (1cxZ=75kgZm/wm=0,736kvt) tol simZlavres. kaplani propeleruli kaplani propeleruli frensisi nelmavali normaluri swrafmavali frensisi nelmavali normaluri swrafmavali diagonaluri peltoni banki muSa Tvlis ZiriTadi geometriuli zomebi H=1m.; N= 1cxZ. (swrafmavlobis etaloni) muSa Tvlis ZiriTadi geometriuli zomebi H=1m.; N= 1cxZ. (swrafmavlobis etaloni) rac ufro maRalia n s, miT ufro kompaqturia da naklebi Rire-bulebisaa hidroturbina. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mizanSewoni-lia didi n s -is mqone turbinis dayeneba dabal dawnevaze, xolo mcire n s -is mqone turbinisa _ maRal dawnevaze.