Hess CFAA Presentation-Smoke Detector Sensitivity Testing April … · 2013-11-14 · 5.7.4.1.1...

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1 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011

Smoke Detector TestingAllen Hess – CFAA PresentationApril 2011

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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011

Agenda

How a Detector Works

Effects of Time on detector performance

Maintenance Best Practices

Challenges with Industry Acceptance

Consumer Needs

Conclusion

Requirements

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What our Standard Prescribes

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What prescribes the testing and maintenance of Smoke detectors?

CAN/ULC-S536-04

INSPECTION AND TESTING OF

FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

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5.7.4.1 General

5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

5.7.4 Smoke Detectors

Ensure detector can and is operating

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5.7.4.1 General


5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.


Ensure physical operability

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5.7.4.1 General



5.7.4.1.3 Each smoke detector shall be tested to confirm that it is within its rated operating range using a test method described in Clause 5.7.4.1.6. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)

Ensure calibration is within operating range

and

will respond as early as required


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5.7.4.1 General




5.7.4.1.4 A smoke detector whose sensitivity is not within the required operating range shall be cleaned, retested in accordance with Clause 5.7.4.1.3, and if still not within its rated sensitivity, replaced with a compatible smoke detector. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)


Corrective Action

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5.7.4.1 General


5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber inaccordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.


5.7.4.1.4 A smoke detector whose sensitivity is not within the required operating range shall be cleaned, retested in accordance with Clause 5.7.4.1.3, and if still not within its rated sensitivity, replaced with a compatible smoke detector. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field DeviceTesting-Legends and Notes.)

5.7.4.1.5 Each smoke detector sensitivity measurement and if applicable, the cleaning date shall be recorded on the individual device record. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)


Provide evidence

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5.7.4.1.6 Acceptable methods of determining the smoke detector sensitivity are:

A Manufacturer’s recommended test instrument, equipment, or method;

B Installed control units or transponders designed to test the sensitivity of individual smoke detectors; or

C Calibrated instruments that provide the operation as described in CAN/ULC-S529, Standard for Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems, for the purpose of testing smoke detector sensitivity.

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What Consumers Need

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Role of Detection

• The six fire safety subsystems recognized in the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings are [2007]:

–Fire initiation and development

–Spread, control, and management of smoke

–Fire detection

–Fire suppression

–Occupant behavior and egress

–Passive fire protection

Fire detection is one of the six subsystems identif ied in the SFPE Guide and hence is an essential component for achieving fire safety goals

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Fire Development and Intervention

Flashover

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Consumers Needs

Detection ReliablyAffordably

Protect People and Valuables

Benefit

Cost

Early WarningCost

Benefit

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What is this Issue?

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Industry Feedback/Perceptions

Testing

Impractical

Testing

Meaningless

Too many

test tools

Test tools

not Approved

Tools too expensive

Physical testing

more relevant

Subjective evaluation

of values

Recommendations

not acted on

Devices will

false alarm in time

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How A Detector Works

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Ionization Detector

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Ionization Detector

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Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)

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Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)

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Multi Sensor Photo Detector

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40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1943 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003

Mio. Pcs.

Automatic Smoke DetectorsImprovements in Quality and Quantity

Backward scattering

ASA (False Alarm Immunity)

Newer Generation

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StandardSmoke detector

Neural smokedetector

Wide spectrumsmoke detector

Neuralsmoke detectorWide spectrum

smoke detector

ASA False Alarm Immunity

Lab results

Field statistics

System innovation

# of detectorsper false alarmper year

Standards

requirements

3‘000

2'500

2'000

1'500

1'000

500

0

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Effects of Time on Detector Performance

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Artificial aerosolsand non-typical fire phenomena

Sabotage

Vibration, shock

Extreme Temperatures

Corrosive vapors

Electro-magnetic interference

HumidityDust, fibers, insects

innovative, highly integrated electronic circuitry

Arrangement of grid and labyrinth

Detector locking

Construction and material selection

Selectable parameters and multi-criteria evaluation

protectedelectronic, high-grade componentsHigh-grade,

patentedoptic

Environmental effects on detectors

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Effects of time on conventional Ionization detectors

• Dirt builds up in chamber causing leakage

• Airborne dusts absorb ions decreasing current

� Reduces detection capability

� Creates false alarms

Conclusion

Without compensation or maintenance/cleaning:

- most likely will experience increase in false alarms with time

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Effects of time on conventional Photoelectric detectors

• Dust accumulates on transmitter/receiver reducing signal

• Dirt builds up on labyrinth causing reflections

• Airborne dusts cause reflects light

� Reduces sensitivity to smoke

� Creates false signals

� Creates false signals

Conclusion

Depending on construction and environment photo detectors

- may become less or more sensitive with time

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�“Nuisance alarms were the leading cause of disabled alarms”.

�“Problems associated with smoke alarm age may

Include:

– “sensitivity drift,” which refers to a shift in the range of visibility obscuration or

– particulate density that will activate the smoke alarm.

Such a shift can mean either an

increase in nuisance activations (if sensitivity increases) or adecreased ability to react promptly to real fires (if sensitivity decreases)”.

“U.S. EXPERIENCE WITH SMOKE ALARMS AND OTHER FIRE DETECTION/ALARM EQUIPMENT 2007”

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Maintenance Best Practices

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Detector sensitivity

after 4 years field exploration

Sensitivity [%/m]

# D

etec

tors

Productionlimits

10 – 30% out of the limits

Optical components after 4 years field exploration

Detector sensitivity after revision process

Optical components after revision process

Sensitivity [%/m]

# D

etec

tors

Productionlimits

Detector Revision Process (Cleaning)

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Best Practices, Global Comparison

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International Standards Comparison

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Conclusion

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Conclusions

• Canadian detector testing and maintenance Standards are consistent with global standards.

• Calibration (Sensitivity) testing continues to be important to ensure performance.

• Canada is lacking in defined intervals for detector replacement

• Shorter interval for replacement would reduce both the relevance and challenge of sensitivity testing

• Need a “Green” solution for detector replacement• Need to demonstrate cost/benefit to industry and

end consumer

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Thank you for your attention!

© Siemens AG 2009. All rights reserved

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Hess CFAA Presentation-Smoke Detector Sensitivity Testing April … · 2013-11-14 · 5.7.4.1.1...

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