HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM OVERVIEW

29 CFR 1926.1126 CHROMIUM (VI)

Susan Harwood Grant #

46E6 – HT34

Background InformationChromium is a metal that exists in several oxidation or valence states, ranging from chromium (-II) to chromium (+VI). Chromium compounds are very stable in the trivalent state and occur naturally in this state in ores such as ferrochromite, or chromite ore.The hexavalent, Cr(VI) or chromate, is the second most stable state. It rarely occurs naturally; most Cr(VI) compounds are man made.

Background InformationOSHA has determined that the PEL of 5 µg/m3 is technologically feasible for all affected welding job categoriesOSHA has concluded that no carbon steel welders are exposed to Cr(VI) above 5 µg/m3, with the exception of a small portion of workers welding on carbon steel in enclosed and confined spaces.Many welding processes, such as tungsten-arc welding (TIG) and submerged arc welding (SAW), already achieve Cr(VI) exposures below the PEL because they inherently generate lower fume volumes.

Is Chrome a Carcinogen or Necessary Element?

Chrome III is an essential nutrient for maintaining blood glucose levels

Chrome VI is classified as a known human carcinogen

Health EffectsCancer – Hexavalent chromium is

considered a potential lung carcinogen.

– Studies of workers in the chromate production, plating, and pigment industries consistently show increased rates of lung cancer.

– Insoluble forms such as zinc chromate are the most potent

– 20 year cancer latency

Health EffectsIngestion Hazards– Erosive to stomach– Hemorrhaging and death are likely– Treatment for ingestion - dilution with milk or

water and/or asorbic acid. This should only be given by someone qualified in first aid.

Ingestion of ascorbic acid to reduce Cr VI to Cr III will work, but may cause renal failure (conversion of ascorbic acid to oxalate plugs the kidneys)

– Recommended that you seek medical assistance first.

Health EffectsEyes – Direct eye contact with chromic acid or chromate

dusts can cause permanent eye damage.- Treatment for eye contact – Flush eye(s) for 15 min.

Seek medical assistance.

Respiratory Tract – Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose, throat,

and lungs. – Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the

mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result in ulcers.

– In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of the septum (the wall separating the nasal passages).

Health EffectsSkin – Prolonged skin contact can result in dermatitis and

skin ulcers. – Some workers develop an allergic sensitization to

chromium. In sensitized workers, contact with even small amounts can cause a serious skin rash.

– Kidney damage has been linked to high dermal exposures.

– Treatment for skin contact - Irrigate with waterPossible use of 10% ascorbic acid topically (the acid reduces/changes Cr VI to Cr III)

Recommended that you seek medical assistance first.

New Cr VI OSHA StandardSuit by Public Citizen Health Research Group; Paper, Allied Industrial, Chemical, and Energy Workers Union (1997 & 2002)

4/2/2003 - 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals ruling for OSHA Cr(VI) proposal to be published by 10/4/2004 and standard by 1/18/2006

2/28/2006 - Final Rule published

Greater Risk Than Asbestos

Cancer risk from Cr (VI) at new PEL is higher than asbestos risk at asbestos PEL

– Asbestos: 6.7 deaths per 1000 workers– Benzene: 10 deaths per 1000 workers– Chrome VI: 10-45 excess lung cancer deaths

per 1000 workers for 45 years of exposure at new PEL of 5 ug/m3

Past Cr VI SamplingUnder the old PEL:– little sampling was performed;– Chrome plating was the main focus

Some overexposures were noted

– Little welding sampling was performed– A few spray painter exposures were evaluated

They were VERY HIGH.– Painting a plane in a bunker was 1000 X the PEL

– Consultation found 3250 ug/m3, 650 X the new PEL

Not much prior sampling for Cr VI exposures

Coverage

General Industry

Basic difference: Construction and Shipyards Cr VI standards lack sections on– Regulated Areas– Housekeeping

ScopeThis standard applies to occupational exposures to chromium (VI) in all forms and compounds in construction, except:– Exposures that occur in the application of pesticides;– Exposures to portland cement; or– Where the employer has objective data demonstrating

that a material containing chromium or a specific process, operation, or activity involving chromium cannot release dusts, fumes, or mists of chromium (VI) in concentrations at or above 0.5 µg/m³ as an 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) under any expected conditions of use.

29 CFR 1926.1126(a)

What is Covered?Welding - Stainless SteelWelding - Carbon SteelPaintingWoodworkingRefractory Brick Restoration & MaintenanceHazardous Waste Site WorkIndustrial Rehabilitation and MaintenancePortland Cement Producers – Portland Cement?Ready Mix Concrete – Portland Cement?Precast Concrete Products – Portland Cement?

WeldingNearly half the workers covered under the new standard are welders

Chromium in steel is oxidized to Cr VI by high welding temperatures– 6,000 - 8,000° C for the SMAW,

GTAW, GMAW, FCAW and SAW processes

The hotter the process and the more oxygen that is present, more fume is generated

Welding

Overexposures are POSSIBLE when welding stainless steel or high chrome steel and proper procedures are not followed.– Stainless steel has between

10.5% - 27% chromium– Nickel is also present in some

types of stainless

WeldingPotential for overexposure when welding CARBON steel and proper procedures are not followed.– Position of head during

welding is number one problem

– Anywhere the welding fume is more confined, such as welding in a tight corner

– Reason: 10% of carbon steel has chromium in more than trace amounts

WeldingStick welding: High likelihood of overexposure to Cr VI– 50% of total Cr produced is Cr VI

( FR pg 10262 col 3)

TIG & MIG generates lower fume amounts– 4% of total Cr produced from MIG is

Cr VI

Welding

Submerged arc generates lower fume amounts

Conclusion: Switch to MIG from stick if you can

Definitions

Action level - 2.5 µg/m³ (8-hour TWA).

Permissible Exposure Limit - 5 µg/m³ (8-hour TWA).– This has been lowered from the past level of

52 micrograms per cubic meter of air (52 µg/m³).

29 CFR 1926.1126(b)

Definitions

Objective data means:– Information such as air monitoring data from

industry-wide surveys; or– Calculations based on the composition or

chemical and physical properties of a substance

29 CFR 1926.1126(b)

Exposure DeterminationEach employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this section shall determine the 8-hour TWA exposure for each employee exposed to chromium (VI).

This determination shall be made in accordance with either of the following methods:– Scheduled Monitoring Option– Performance-oriented Option

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)

Exposure Determination

Scheduled Monitoring Option– Perform initial monitoring to determine the 8-

hour TWA exposure for each employee.Additional monitoring when:

– There has been any change that may result in new or additional exposures to chromium (VI), or

– When the employer has any reason to believe that new or additional exposures have occurred.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)

Exposure Determination

Scheduled Monitoring Option– Representative sampling may be performed

instead of sampling all employees in order to meet this requirement.

In this case, the employer shall sample the employee(s) expected to have the highest chromium (VI) exposures.

Exposure DeterminationIf samples show < Action Level – May discontinue monitoring

If samples show ≥ Action Level– Periodic monitoring every six months

If samples show ≥ Permissible Exposure Level – Periodic monitoring every three months

Additional monitoring where process has changed 29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)

Exposure Determination

Performance-oriented Option– The employer shall determine the 8-hour TWA

exposure for each employee on the basis of any combination of:

Air monitoring data;

Historical monitoring data (prior to 5/30/2006); or

Objective data.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(3)

Employee NotificationIf sampling shows > PEL, 5 working days to post results or provide in writing

Where sampling shows > PEL, Employer must describe in the written notification the corrective action being taken to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(4)

Accuracy of SamplingAccuracy– Method and analysis +/- 25% w/ a CI of 95%

Example would be the OSHA ID-215 Method

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(5)

Observation of MonitoringWhere air monitoring is performed to comply with the requirements of this section– Provide affected employees or their designated

representatives an opportunity to observe.– The employer shall provide the observer with clothing

and equipment and shall assure that the observer uses such clothing and equipment and complies with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(6)

Methods of ComplianceUse engineering and work practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below the PEL.– When not sufficient enough, Use of

respiratory protection in Addition.– No exposure above the PEL for 30 or more

days per year or not feasible, Use of respiratory protection alone to comply.

29 CFR 1926.1126(e)

Methods of ComplianceNo rotation of employees to different jobs to achieve compliance with the PEL.

Engineering ControlsTo the extent feasible, designed to eliminate or reduce exposure to hazards based on the following principles:– If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or process

to remove the hazard and/or substitute something that is not hazardous or is less hazardous.

– If removal is not feasible, enclose the hazard to prevent exposure in normal operations.

– Where complete enclosure is not feasible, establish barriers or local ventilation to reduce exposure to the hazard in normal operations.

Elimination by DesignSome examples of designing facilities, equipment, or processes so that the hazard is no longer present are: – Redesigning, changing, or substituting equipment to

remove the source of excessive temperature, noise, or pressure;

– Redesigning a process to use less toxic chemicals; – Redesigning a workstation to relieve physical stress

and remove ergonomic hazards; and – Designing general ventilation with sufficient fresh

outdoor air to improve indoor air quality and generally to provide a safe, healthful atmosphere.

Enclosure of HazardsWhen you can not remove a hazard and cannot replace it with a less hazardous alternative, the next best control is enclosure.

While this may control employee exposure during production, it may not control exposures during maintenance.

Enclosure of HazardsSome examples of enclosure designs are: – Complete enclosure of moving parts of machinery; – Complete containment of toxic liquids or gasses from

the beginning of the process using or producing them to detoxification, safe packing for shipment, or safe disposal of toxic waste products;

– Glove box operations to enclose work with dangerous micro-organisms, radio nuclides, or toxic substances; and

– Complete containment of noise, heat, or pressure.

Barriers or Local VentilationWhen the potential hazard cannot be removed, replaced, or enclosed, the next best approach is a barrier to exposure, or, in the case of air contaminants, local exhaust ventilation to remove the air contaminant from the workplace.

This engineered control involves potential exposure to the worker even in normal operations, consequently, it should be used only in conjunction with other types of controls, such as safe work practices designed specifically for the site condition and/or personal protective equipment.

Welding ControlsFume extractor for stick and MIG/TIG welding on stainless steel

Fume extractor for enclosed welding on any kind of steel

Weld using lower temperatures

Avoid stick welding on steel

containing chrome, if possible

How is welding fume controlled?

Change the welding procedures;– Stick to MIG or even better TIG

Use welding wires/rods designed for lower fume generation;

Change power sources;

Change shielding gases; or

Fume removal / extraction.

Fume Removal / ExtractionLow Vacuum (High Volume)– Low Vacuum systems remove a large amount of air at low

velocity and low vacuum pressure. – In welding fume extraction, low vacuum systems use articulated

“arms” roughly 8 inches in diameter and can be from 12 to 18 inches from the welding arc.

– These arms typically draw between 600 and 900 CFM per arm.– If access to the joint prevents the use of fume guns or suction

heads, low vacuum may be the better solution. – If the weldment smokes considerably after welding due to die

oils or paint, fume guns will not work since they are removed after welding.

Low Vacuum (High Volume)Mobiflex 100-NF Portable Fan– For hard to reach areas,

exhaust the fume – Connect to 6 in. diameter,

16 ft. long hose set with magnet mounted hood exhaust or extension hose set.

– Does not provide filtration.

Low Vacuum (High Volume)Mobiflex 200-M Base Unit - Mobile Welding Fume Extractor– A portable, low vacuum/high volume

disposable filtration system designed for intermittent or continuous extraction and filtration of welding fumes.

– On-board internal extraction fan and is designed specifically for weld applications.

– The particulate is collected on the inside of the cartridge, minimizing exposure to particulate during filter maintenance and disposal.

Fume Removal / ExtractionHigh Vacuum (Low Volume)– High Vacuum systems capture fume as close to the arc as

possible using integrated fume extraction guns or heads that use small diameter hose 1.5–1.75 inches, about 4 to 6 inches from the welding arc.

– These systems use much smaller hose or duct because they draw only between 35 and 150 CFM.

– Fume is captured before it reaches the operators breathing zone.

– Using fume guns, the suction automatically follows the arc, eliminating repositioning necessary with low vacuum arms.

– Since only a small volume of air is processed, the strain on heating and cooling systems is minimal.

– Portable and mobile high vacuum units are smaller and less expensive than mobile low vacuum units.

High Vacuum (Low Volume)Miniflex - Portable Welding Fume Extractor– A portable, high vacuum, low volume

system specifically designed for the removal and filtration of welding fumes.

– It can be completely disassembled in a matter of minutes for cleaning and maintenance.

– With an automatic start/stop function, the unit automatically turns on and off during welding.

– It can be used in confined spaces and other locations that are not accessible with other welding fume extractors.

Work Practice Controls

Position of head during welding operations

When welding outside, having the wind at your back with the fumes being pushed away from your head.

Preplan your work.

Some Painting ControlsChromates provide excellent corrosion control.

With what data exists, airborne spray painting exposures are high.

Recommendations:– Substitute with non-Cr VI paint, if possible– Conduct spray painting in an extremely well-designed

and maintained booth. (Think of controlling lead-based spray paint exposures, but having to control 10 times better.)

– Airline respirators

Some Painting Controls

Ventilated grinders have been designed for silica and lead exposures

Some grinders have a ventilated shroud on the grinder or needle gun, others may also have a perforated grinder disk

If the paint contains zinc chromate or other chromates, Cr VI exposures will be high

Some Painting ControlsVentilated tools, ventilated enclosures, and increased levels of PPE are recommended

Use Paint strippers to eliminate airborne exposures

Personal Protective Equipment

When exposure to hazards cannot be engineered completely out of normal operations or maintenance work, and when safe work practices cannot provide sufficient additional protection, a further method of control is using protective clothing or equipment.

These include face shields, steel-toed shoes, hard hats, respirators, hearing protection, gloves and safety glasses.

Respiratory ProtectionProvide respiratory protection for employees during:– Installing or implementing feasible engineering and

work practice controls;– Work operations where exposed above the PEL for

fewer than 30 days per year and the employer has elected not to implement engineering and work practice controls to achieve the PEL; or

– Emergencies.Where respirator use is required by this section, the employer shall institute a respiratory protection program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134.

29 CFR 1926.1126(f)

Respiratory Program Requirements

29 CFR 1910.134

Respiratory Protection Program

The employer shall implement a written respiratory protection program with required worksite-specific procedures and elements for required respirator use including:– Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace– Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators– Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting respirators– Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and

reasonably foreseeable emergency situations

29 CFR 1910.134(c)(1)

Respiratory Protection Program

The employer shall implement a written respiratory protection program with required worksite-specific procedures and elements for required respirator use including:– Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing,

inspecting, repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators

– Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators

– Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations

– Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance and

– Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program.

29 CFR 1910.134(c)(1)

Respiratory Protection Program

Where respirator use is not required:– An employer may provide respirators at the request of

employees or permit employees to use their own respirators, if the employer determines that such respirator use will not in itself create a hazard.

– If the employer determines that any voluntary respirator use is permissible, the employer shall provide the respirator users with the information contained in Appendix D to this section ("Information for Employees Using Respirators When Not Required Under the Standard") and

– In addition, the employer must establish and implement those elements of a written respiratory protection program necessary to ensure that any employee using a respirator voluntarily is medically able to use that respirator, and that the respirator is cleaned, stored, and maintained so that its use does not present a health hazard to the user.

29 CFR 1910.134(c)(2)

Respiratory Protection Program

The employer shall designate a program administrator who is qualified by appropriate training or experience that is commensurate with the complexity of the program to administer or oversee the respiratory protection program and conduct the required evaluations of program effectiveness.

29 CFR 1910.134(c)(3)

Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

Dust, Fume and Mist Respirators:– Mechanical filter respirators offer

protection against airborne matter including dusts, mists, metal fumes and smoke.

Mechanical filter respirators do not provide protection against gases, vapors, or oxygen deficiency.

Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

Chemical Cartridge Respirators:– Chemical Cartridge Respirators afford protection against

concentrations of certain acid gases and organic vapors utilizing various chemical agents to purify the inhaled air. They shall not be used in atmospheres which are oxygen deficient.

– Chemical Cartridge Respirators (1/2 mask) shall not be used for protection against:

Gaseous material that is extremely toxic in small concentrations (hydrogen cyanide and sulfide).

Exposure to harmful gaseous material which cannot be detected by odor (carbon monoxide).

Gaseous material in concentrations which are highly irritating to the eyes.

Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

Air Supplied Hood:– The Air Supplied Hood is normally used where the user only

requires protection against levels of material or requires an air flow for cooling purposes.

– This equipment shall not be used in any situation where the user would be endangered.

Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

Airline Respirator:– The airline respirator consists or a

full face mask supplied with breathing air by a compressor or multiple stationary cylinders.

– Care must be exercised to prevent damage to the hose and regulator while in use, and the assembly shall be stored in such a way that damage will be avoided.

Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

Cylinder Type Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus:– The SCBA utilizes compressed

breathing air and will provide protection in any atmosphere regardless or contamination or oxygen.

– Although this equipment should provide breathing air for approximately 30 minutes, caution or emotional strain may reduce the rated time.

– Users of this equipment shall immediately begin exiting the hazardous atmosphere when the low pressure alarm sounds.

Selection of RespiratorsAn appropriate NIOSH‑certified respirator will be selected and provided based on the respiratory hazard(s) to which workers are exposed and all relevant workplace and user factors that affect respirator performance and reliability.An evaluation of the respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace will be conducted and will include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the contaminant's chemical state and physical form.Where the respiratory hazards or a reasonable estimate of the employee exposure cannot be identified, the atmosphere will be considered IDLH.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)

Selection of RespiratorsEmployees will be allowed to select the respirator to be used from a sufficient number of respirator models and sizes so that the respirator is acceptable and correctly fits.In IDLH atmospheres, one of the following respirators must be used:– A full facepiece pressure demand SCBA certified by NIOSH for a

minimum service life of thirty minutes, or– A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied‑air

respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self‑contained air supply.– Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH atmospheres

shall be NIOSH‑certified for escape from the atmosphere in which they will be used.

– All oxygen‑deficient atmospheres shall be considered IDLH.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)

Selection of RespiratorsIn atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the following respirators must be used: – For protection against gases and vapors, one of the following

respirators must be used:An atmosphere‑supplying respirator, orAn air‑purifying respirator, provided that:

– The respirator is equipped with an end‑of‑service‑life indicator (ESLI) certified by NIOSH for the contaminant; or

– If there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in the employer's workplace, the employer implements a change schedule for canisters and cartridges that is based on objective information or data that will ensure that canisters and cartridges are changed before the end of their service life.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)

Selection of RespiratorsIn atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the following respirators must be used: Cont.

– For protection against particulates, one of the following respirators must be used:

An atmosphere‑supplying respirator; orAn air‑purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified by NIOSH under 30 CFR part 11 as a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, or an air‑purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified for particulates by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84; orFor contaminants consisting primarily of particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of at least 2 micrometers, an air‑purifying respirator equipped with any filter certified for particulates by NIOSH.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)

Selection of Respirators

The respirator selected must have an assigned protection factor adequate for the particular workplace exposure. Divide the airborne contaminant concentration by the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) to obtain a hazard ratio. To select an appropriate respirator, select from the following table a respirator with an equal or greater protection factor.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)

Type of Respirator1,2 Quarter Mask

Half Mask

Full Facepiece

Helmet/Hood

Loose-Fitting Facepiece

1. Air-Purifying Respirator 5 10 3 50 — —

2. Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) — 50 1,000

25/1,000 4 25

3. Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or Airline Respirator

  • Demand mode — 10 50 — —

  • Continuous flow mode — 50 1,00025/

1,000 4 25

 

• Pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode — 50 1,000 — —

4. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

  • Demand mode — 10 50 50 —

 

• Pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode (e.g., open/closed circuit) — — 10,000 10,000 —

Assigned Protection Factors

Respirator Selection Steps1. Identify the air contaminants present in the workplace.

Include chemical name and form (i.e. dust, mist, fume, gas, or vapor).– DUST - Dusts are created when solid material breaks down and gives

off fine particles that float in the air before settling by gravity. – MISTS - Mists are particles formed from liquid materials by

atomization and condensation processes.– FUMES -Fumes are created when solid materials vaporize under high

heat. The metal vapor cools and condenses into small particles, with a size generally less then one micrometer in diameter.

– GASES - Gases are substances that are similar to air in their ability to diffuse or spread freely throughout a container or area.

– VAPORS - Vapors are the gaseous state of substances that are either liquids or solids at room temperature. They are formed when solids or liquids evaporate.

Respirator Selection Steps2. Determine the concentration of the contaminant.

Air sampling is recommended.*Note If the concentration is unknown, select

either a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with an auxiliary SCBA.

Respirator Selection Steps3. Is the oxygen concentration or could the

oxygen concentration become less than 19.5%.

*Note If the concentration of oxygen is less than 19.5%,select either a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with an auxiliary SCBA.

Respirator Selection Steps4.What are the exposure limits as published by the

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

5. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater than the IDLH concentration?*Note If the airborne concentration is greater than

the IDLH concentration, select either a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with an auxiliary SCBA

Respirator Selection Steps6. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater

than 1000 times the TLV? *Note If the airborne concentration is

greater than 1000 times the TLV, select either a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with an auxiliary SCBA.

Respirator Selection Steps7. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater than 50

times the TLV?– If the chemical airborne concentration is greater than 50 times

the TLV go to 8.– If the chemical airborne concentration is not greater than 50

times the TLV go to 9.

8. Is the contamination form identified in step 1 a particulate?– If yes, select either a Powered AIR Purifying Respirator (PAPR)

or a supplied air respirator (except Half-Mask versions).– If NO, select a supplied air respirator (except Half-Mask

versions).

Respirator Selection Steps9. Is the chemical airborne concentration greater

than 10 times the TLV?– If yes, go to 10.– If no, select the Maintenance free or dual cartridge

Half-Mask respirator that is design for the chemical involved.

10. Is the contaminant form identified is step 1 a particulate?

– If yes, select a full facepiece respirator with appropriate particulate filters (high efficiency filters recommended) or supplied air respirator.

– If no, select a full facepiece respirator with cartridges designed for the chemical involved.

Respirator Selection Steps11.Are any other air contaminants present at the

same time?– If yes, note the respirator suggested, and repeat the

entire procedure.– If no, go to step 12.

12.Was more than one respirator recommendation required for a specific exposure situation?– If yes, note all respirator recommendations. If your

list contains more than one respirator and all are air purifying respirators, select the one with the highest assigned protection factor ( see the beginning of this section ) and the one that can remove all of the contaminants, if available.

Respirator Medical EvaluationUsing a respirator may place a physiological burden on employees that varies with the type of respirator worn, the job and workplace conditions in which the respirator is used, and the medical status of the employee. Accordingly, all employee’s required to use a respiratory protective device will be given, before the employee is fit tested or required to use the respirator in the workplace, a medical evaluation to determine the employee's ability to use a respirator.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Respirator Medical EvaluationMedical evaluations may be performed by using a medical questionnaire or an initial medical examination that obtains the same information as the medical questionnaire.

A follow‑up medical examination will be provided for an employee if the PLHCP determines the need from the questionnaire or the initial medical examination demonstrates the need for a follow‑up medical examination.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Respirator Medical EvaluationThe follow‑up medical examination shall include any medical tests, consultations, or diagnostic procedures that the PLHCP deems necessary to make a final determination.

The medical questionnaire and examinations shall be administered confidentially during normal working hours or at a time and place convenient to the employee.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Respirator Medical EvaluationThe following information will be provided to the PLHCP before the PLHCP makes a recommendation concerning an employee's ability to use a respirator:– The type and weight of the respirator to be used by

the employee;– The duration and frequency of respirator use

(including use for rescue and escape);– The expected physical work effort;– Additional protective clothing and equipment to be

worn; and– Temperature and humidity extremes that may be

encountered.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Respirator Medical EvaluationAny supplemental information provided previously to the PLHCP regarding an employee need not be provided for a subsequent medical evaluation if the information and the PLHCP remain the same.

In determining the employee's ability to use a respirator, the employer must obtain a written recommendation regarding the employee's ability to use the respirator from the PLHCP including any limitations on respirator use, and the need, if any, for follow‑up medical evaluations.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Respirator Medical EvaluationEmployees will be provided with a copy of the PLHCP's written recommendation.

If the respirator is a negative pressure respirator and the PLHCP finds a medical condition that may place the employee's health at increased risk if the respirator is used, a PAPR will be used, if the PLHCP's medical evaluation finds that the employee can use such a respirator.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Respirator Medical EvaluationAt a minimum, additional medical evaluations that comply with the requirements of this program will be provided if:– An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related

to ability to use a respirator;– A PLHCP, supervisor, or the respirator program administrator

informs the employer that an employee needs to be reevaluated;– Information from the respiratory protection program, including

observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a need for employee reevaluation; or

– A change occurs in workplace conditions (e.g., physical work effort, protective clothing, temperature) that may result in a substantial increase in the physiological burden placed on an employee.

29 CFR 1910.134(e)

Fit TestingBefore an employee is required to use any respirator:– The employee must pass an appropriate qualitative fit

test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT) with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used.

Fit testing is required:– Prior to initial use of the respirator, – Whenever a different respirator facepiece (size, style,

model or make) is used, and– At least annually thereafter.

29 CFR 1910.134(f)

Fit TestingAn additional fit test will be required:– Whenever the employee reports, or – The PLHCP, supervisor, or program administrator

makes visual observations of changes in the employee's physical condition that could affect respirator fit.

The fit test shall be administered using an OSHA‑accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol.

29 CFR 1910.134(f)

Use of RespiratorsRespirators with tight‑fitting facepieces cannot be worn by employees who have:– Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of

the facepiece and the face or that interferes with valve function; or

– Any condition that interferes with the face‑to‑facepiece seal or valve function.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)

Use of RespiratorsIf an employee wears corrective glasses or goggles or other personal protective equipment, such equipment must be worn in a manner that does not interfere with the seal of the facepiece to the face of the user.

For all tight‑fitting respirators, a user seal check must be preformed each time they put on the respirator.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)

User Seal CheckPositive pressure check. – Close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently into

the facepiece. – The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight

positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal.

– For most respirators this method of leak testing requires the wearer to first remove the exhalation valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve and then carefully replacing it after the test.

29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B

User Seal CheckNegative pressure check. – Close off the inlet opening of the canister or

cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s), inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath for ten seconds.

– The design of the inlet opening of some cartridges cannot be effectively covered with the palm of the hand. The test can be performed by covering the inlet opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or nitrile glove.

– If the facepiece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air is detected, the tightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory.

29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B

User Seal CheckManufacturer's recommended user seal check procedures – – The respirator manufacturer's recommended

procedures for performing a user seal check may be used instead of the positive and/or negative pressure check procedures provided that the employer demonstrates that the manufacturer's procedures are equally effective.

29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B

Use of RespiratorsEmployees will be allowed to leave the respirator use area:– To wash their faces and respirator facepieces as

necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation associated with respirator use; or

– If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece; or

– To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge, or canister elements.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)

Use of RespiratorsIf the employee detects vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece, the respirator must be replaced or repaired before the employee will be allowed to return to the work area.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)

Use of RespiratorsFor all IDLH atmospheres, the following procedures must be followed:– At least one employee must be located outside the

IDLH atmosphere;– Visual, voice, or signal line communication must be

maintained between the employee(s) in the IDLH atmosphere and the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere;

– The employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere must be trained and equipped to provide effective emergency rescue;

29 CFR 1910.134(g)

Use of RespiratorsFor all IDLH atmospheres, the following procedures must be followed:– The direct supervisor or designee must be notified

before the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere enter the IDLH atmosphere to provide emergency rescue;

– Employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmospheres must be equipped with:

Respiratory protectionAppropriate retrieval equipment. Equivalent means for rescue where retrieval equipment is not required.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)

Maintenance and Care of Respirators

All respirator users will be provided with a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good working order.The respirators shall be cleaned and disinfected at the following intervals:– Assigned respirators

Ccleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to be maintained in a sanitary condition;

– Multi user respiratorsCleaned and disinfected before being worn by different individuals;

– Respirators maintained for emergency use shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use; and

29 CFR 1910.134(h)

Maintenance and Care of Respirators

Respirators must be stored to protect them from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals, and they shall be packed or stored to prevent deformation of the facepiece and exhalation valve.Emergency respirators shall be:– Kept accessible to the work area;– Clearly marked; and– Stored in accordance with any applicable

manufacturer instructions.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)

Maintenance and Care of Respirators

Respirators must be inspected as follows:– All respirators used in routine situations shall be

inspected before each use and during cleaning;– All respirators maintained for use in emergency

situations shall be inspected at least monthly and in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, and shall be checked for proper function before and after each use; and

– Emergency escape‑only respirators shall be inspected before being carried into the workplace for use.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)

Maintenance and Care of Respirators

Respirator inspections must include the following:– A check of respirator function, tightness of

connections, and the condition of the various parts; and

– A check of elastomeric parts for pliability and signs of deterioration;

– All self‑contained breathing apparatus shall be inspected monthly.;

– All regulators and warning devices must function properly.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)

Maintenance and Care of Respirators

For respirators maintained for emergency use, the following must be completed:– Certify the respirator by documenting the date the

inspection was performed, the name (or signature) of the person who made the inspection, the findings, required remedial action, and a serial number or other means of identifying the inspected respirator; and

– Provide this information on a tag or label that is attached to the storage compartment for the respirator, is kept with the respirator, or is included in inspection reports stored as paper or electronic files.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)

Maintenance and Care of Respirators

Any respirator that fails an inspection or is otherwise found to be defective must be removed from service, and discarded or repaired or adjusted in accordance with the following procedures:– Repairs or adjustments to respirators are to be made

only by trained and authorized persons;– Repairs shall be made according to the

manufacturer's recommendations and specifications; and

– Reducing and admission valves, regulators, and alarms shall be adjusted or repaired only by the manufacturer or a technician trained by the manufacturer.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)

Breathing Air Quality and UseAll compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration must meet the following specifications:– Compressed and liquid oxygen shall be medical or

breathing oxygen; and– Compressed breathing air shall meet at least the

requirements for Type 1‑Grade D breathing.– Oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5% must be

used only in equipment designed for oxygen service or distribution.

29 CFR 1910.134(i)

Breathing Air Quality and Use– Cylinders used to supply breathing air to

respirators must meet the following requirements:

Cylinders are tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation;Cylinders of purchased breathing air have a certificate of analysis from the supplier that the breathing air meets the requirements for Type 1‑‑Grade D breathing air; andThe moisture content in the cylinder does not exceed a dew point of ‑500 F (‑45.60 C) at 1 atmosphere pressure.

29 CFR 1910.134(i)

Breathing Air Quality and UseCompressors used to supply breathing air to respirators must be constructed and situated so as to:– Prevent entry of contaminated air into the air‑supply

system;– Minimize moisture content so that the dew point at 1

atmosphere pressure is 10oF (5.56o C) below the ambient temperature;

– Have suitable in‑line air‑purifying sorbent beds and filters to further ensure breathing air quality.

– Have a tag containing the most recent change date and the signature of the person authorized by the employer to perform the change. The tag shall be maintained at the compressor.

29 CFR 1910.134(i)

Breathing Air Quality and UseCompressors used to supply breathing air to respirators must be constructed and situated so as to:– For compressors that are not oil‑lubricated, carbon

monoxide levels in the breathing air can not exceed 10 ppm.

– For oil‑lubricated compressors, a high‑temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both must be used to monitor carbon monoxide levels.

– All breathing air couplings must be incompatible with outlets for nonrespirable worksite air or other gas systems.

– All breathing gas containers must be marked in accordance with the NIOSH respirator certification standard.

29 CFR 1910.134(i)

Identification of Filters, Cartridges, and Canisters

All filters, cartridges and canisters used in the workplace must be and remain labeled and color coded with the NIOSH approval label.

29 CFR 1910.134(j)

Training and Information

Employees required to use a respirator must receive comprehensive, understandable, and annual training prior to using a respirator in the work place.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)

Training and InformationTraining must cover at least the following:– Why the respirator is necessary and the dangers of

improper fit, usage, or maintenance;– What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator

are;– How to use the respirator effectively in emergency

situations;– How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check

the seals of the respirator;– What the procedures are for maintenance and

storage of the respirator;– How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that

may limit the effective use of respirators; and– The general requirements of this section.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)

Training and InformationRetraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur:– Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator

render previous training obsolete;– Inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of

the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or

– Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)

Training and Information

The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this program.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)

Program Evaluation

Evaluations will be conducted of the workplace as necessary to ensure that the provisions of the current written program are being effectively implemented and that it continues to be effective.

29 CFR 1910.134(l)

RecordkeepingRecords of medical evaluations required by this program must be retained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.

29 CFR 1910.134(m)

RecordkeepingA record will be established of the qualitative and quantitative fit tests administered to an employee including:– The name or identification of the employee tested;– Type of fit test performed;– Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator

tested;– Date of test; and– The pass/fail results for QLFTs or the fit factor and

strip chart recording or other recording of the test results for QNFTs.

– Fit test records shall be retained for respirator users until the next fit test is administered.

Protective Work Clothing and Equipment

Where a hazard is present or is likely to be present from skin or eye contact with chromium (VI);– Provide appropriate personal protective clothing and

equipment at no cost to employees, and– Ensure that employees use such clothing and

equipment.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)

Removal and StorageAll protective clothing and equipment contaminated with chromium (VI) must be:– Removed at the end of the work shift or at the

completion of their tasks, whichever comes first;

– Stored and transported in sealed, properly labeled, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)

Removal and Storage

No employees may remove chromium (VI)-contaminated protective clothing or equipment from the workplace, except for those employees whose job it is to launder, clean, maintain, or dispose of such clothing or equipment.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)

Cleaning and ReplacementAll protective clothing and equipment required by this section shall be cleaned, laundered, repaired and replaced as needed to maintain its effectiveness.

The removal of chromium (VI) from protective clothing and equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses chromium (VI) into the air or onto an employee's body is prohibited.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)

Hygiene Areas and PracticesWhere protective clothing and equipment is required, the employer shall provide change rooms.– Separate storage for contaminated and clean clothes

Where skin contact with chromium (VI) occurs, the employer shall provide washing facilities:– Such facilities shall be in near proximity to the

worksite and shall be so equipped as to enable employees to remove such substances. MUST BE WATER BASED CLEANING SYSTEM.

– Washing facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.

– Use of these facilities when necessary shall be enforced.

29 CFR 1926.1126(h)

Eating and Drinking AreasEating and drinking areas and surfaces must be maintained as free as practicable of chromium (VI).

Employees must not enter eating and drinking areas with protective work clothing or equipment unless surface chromium (VI) has been removed.

29 CFR 1926.1126(h)

Prohibited ActivitiesEmployees must not eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in areas where skin or eye contact with chromium (VI) occurs; or

Carry the products associated with these activities, or store such products in these areas.

29 CFR 1926.1126(h)

Medical SurveillanceMedical surveillance must be made available at no cost to the employee, and at a reasonable time and place, for all employees:– Who are or may be occupationally exposed to

chromium (VI) at or above the action level for 30 or more days a year;

– Experiencing signs or symptoms associated with chromium (VI) exposure; or

– Exposed in an emergency.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)

Medical Surveillance

Medical examination provided:– Within 30 days after initial assignment, a Physician or

other Licensed Health Care Professional’s (PLHCP's) written recommendation, or exposure during an emergency;

– Annually;

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)

Medical Surveillance

Medical examination provided: – Whenever there are signs or symptoms of the

adverse health effects;– At the termination of employment, unless the last

examination that satisfied the requirements of paragraph (i) of this section was less than six months prior to the date of termination.

Medical SurveillanceA medical examination consists of:– A medical and work history;– A physical examination of the skin and respiratory

tract.

The employer shall obtain a written medical opinion from the PLHCP within 30 days.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)

Information to PLHCP1. Copy of standard

2. Description of employee’s duties of exposure

3. Employee’s former, current and anticipated levels of exposure

4. PPE used and duration of use

5. Information from records of employment –related medical examinations

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)

PLHCP’s Written Medical Opinion

A medical examination consists of:– A medical and work history;– A physical examination of the skin and respiratory

tract.

The employer shall obtain a written medical opinion from the PLHCP within 30 days.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)

PLHCP’s Written Medical OpinionEmployer shall obtain written opinion within 30 days containing:– Any detected conditions placing employee at

increased risk of material impairment from Cr+6 exposure

– Limitations of exposure or use of PPE– Statement that Physician or other Licensed Health

Care Professional’s (PLHCP’s) explained results of exam to employee

Employer shall provide copy to employee within 2 weeks

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)

Communication of HazardsThe employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following:– The contents of this section; and– The purpose and a description of the medical

surveillance program.

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)

Communication of Hazards29 CFR 1910.1200(h)– (1) Employers shall provide employees with effective

information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area.

– Information and training may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must always be available through labels and material safety data sheets.

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)

Communication of Hazards29 CFR 1910.1200(h)– (2) "Information." Employees shall be

informed of: (i) The requirements of this section; (ii) Any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present; and, (iii) The location and availability of the written hazard communication program, including the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safety data sheets required by this section.

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)

Communication of Hazards29 CFR 1910.1200(h)– (3) "Training." Employee training shall include at least:

(i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area;

(ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area;

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)

Communication of Hazards29 CFR 1910.1200(h)– (3) "Training." Employee training shall include at least:

(iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, (iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information.

RecordkeepingRecord to include at least the following information:– The date of measurement;– The operation involved;– Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their

accuracy;– Number, duration, and the results of samples taken;– Type of personal protective equipment used; and– Name, social security number, and job classification of all

employees represented by the monitoring, indicating which employees were actually monitored.

Each employee exposure record shall be preserved and maintained for at least thirty (30) years.

29 CFR 1926.1126(k)

DatesFor employers with 20 or more employees, all obligations of this section, except engineering controls required by paragraph (e) of this section, commence November 27, 2006.

For employers with 19 or fewer employees, all obligations of this section, except engineering controls required by paragraph (e) of this section, commence May 30, 2007.

For all employers, engineering controls required by paragraph (e) of this section shall be implemented no later than May 31, 2010.

29 CFR 1926.1126(l)

Hexavalent Chromium

General Industry Changes

General Industry - Regulated Areas

The employer shall establish a regulated area wherever an employee’s exposure to airborne concentrations of chromium (VI) is, or can reasonably be expected to be, in excess of the PEL.

The employer shall ensure that regulated areas are demarcated from the rest of the workplace in a manner that adequately establishes and alerts employees of the boundaries of the regulated area.

General Industry - Regulated Areas

The employer shall limit access to regulated areas to:– Persons authorized by the employer and required by

work duties to be present in the regulated area;– Any person entering such an area as a designated

representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring procedures under paragraph (d) of this section; or

– Any person authorized by the Occupational Safety and Health Act or regulations issued under it to be in a regulated area.

General Industry - HousekeepingThe employer shall ensure that:– All surfaces are maintained as free as practicable of

accumulations of chromium (VI).– All spills and releases of chromium (VI) containing material are

cleaned up promptly.

The employer shall ensure that surfaces contaminated with chromium (VI) are cleaned by HEPA-filter vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of exposure to chromium (VI).Dry shoveling, dry sweeping, and dry brushing may be used only where HEPA-filtered vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of exposure to chromium (VI) have been tried and found not to be effective.

General Industry - HousekeepingThe employer shall not allow compressed air to be used to remove chromium (VI) from any surface unless:– The compressed air is used in conjunction with a

ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud created by the compressed air; or

– No alternative method is feasible.

The employer shall ensure that cleaning equipment is handled in a manner that minimizes the reentry of chromium (VI) into the workplace.

General Industry - Housekeeping

– The employer shall ensure that:Waste, scrap, debris, and any other materials contaminated with chromium (VI) and consigned for disposal are collected and disposed of in sealed, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers.

Bags or containers of waste, scrap, debris, and any other materials contaminated with chromium (VI) that are consigned for disposal are labeled in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.

Training Techniques

Safety and Health Education/Training

S&H education - being able to apply that knowledge to any given situation.

S&H training - avoiding the safety and health hazards for that task.

Example

A contractor is digging a trench to install new underground piping. – He instructs his employees to dig the trench 7 foot

deep and 3 feet wide. – He also instructs the employees to slope it back

1½ horizontal to 1 vertical.

ExampleNew excavation is being started:– Training –

Either he must re-instruct all employees; or

They will always slope the trench 1½ horizontal to 1 vertical.

– Education –Employees know:

– The hazards of excavations;– How to determine the type of soil;– The different types of protective systems available; and– How to implement those protective systems.

Types of Safety Training“Documentable” safety training is training that:– Follows a course of action;– Evaluates the students knowledge of the information;

and– Is documented by the employer, with Instructor Name,

Date, Topic, Student Name, and Method of Evaluation

Types of Safety Training“Non-Documentable” safety training is training that:– May or may not follow a course of action;– Does NOT evaluate the students knowledge of the

information; and– May or may not be fully documented

The Very Beginning

You’ve just been asked to give a presentation. Get organized early and

ask some important questions.

Who, When, Where, Facilities What

WHO?The contact for the presentation his/her phone number

Who is to receive the training or presentation?

Is attendance mandatory?

How do the participants typically dress?

When?

What is the date of the presentation?

What time of day is the presentation?

Where?

Where is the location of the presentation?

Get directions if needed.

FacilitiesIs the facility large enough with proper seating arrangements

Can the room be darkened for slides or overheads?

What equipment is available (overhead projector, flip chart, white board, microphone and power point).

Who will provide the technical assistance if audio and visual equipment fails?

What?What is the agenda for the event?

What is the specific subject matter being requested?

What achievements are required through the presentation?

Find Out About Your Audience

•What will your audience expect to gain from your presentation?

•Will your Presentation satisfy a need, solve a problem, or provide information?

General Purpose

Specific Purpose

Inform At the end of this presentation, the audience will have a greater understanding of information and

it’s impact on their work

Persuade At the end of this presentation, the audience will comply with requirements of the program and or

topic.

Entertain At the end of this presentation, the audience will be more receptive to all aspects of the

information.

Remember!

Your audience may impact the content of your presentation.

Ask yourself: What do you want your audience to “walk away with” or “remember” at the end of your

presentation?

Designing the PresentationEstablish the objectives– Are you going to train or educate– What do you what them to learn– How will you ensure they understand

Planning and Organizing your Material

Planning Your Material– Do not wait to prepare your presentation.– Limit your content to the main points.– Try to make five key supporting points.– Understand your audience (level of understanding,

participation, and friendliness).– Keep the presentation entertaining (not necessarily

funny, but not pre-packaged).– Select appropriate visual aids

Planning and Organizing your Material

Organizing Your Material– The average adult must be told

three times before he or she remembers the information.

– Report, reinforce, review

Using Visual Aids

Retention of information– Retention three days

after a meeting is upto 6 times greater when both visual and oral communications is used.

– 83% of human learning occurs visually and the rest is through the other senses.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

LEVEL O F RETENTIO N

O ral

Visual

O ral and Visual

Using Visual Aids

Visual presentations– Flip Charts– Overhead Transparencies– Posters– Pictures– Video Tapes– Demonstrations*

Designing the PresentationTesting the Design of Your Presentation– Practice your program.

Know what you are going to say.

Understand the concepts

Understand the information.

Understand the equipment.

– Have your program continuously reviewed by both an educated and non-educated person.

– Utilize your resources.– Do not instruct tooooooooooooo long.

The Instructor

Insure the instructor can conduct the program.

Make the program fit the audience and not the instructor.

Realize that not just anyone can be a GOOD instructor.

The PresentationAdvance Work– Seating arrangements– Equipment– Materials– Light Controls– Electrical outlets– Temperature controls

– Physical obstructions– Restrooms– Telephones– Snack/dining facilities– Contact for information

or emergency

Introductions

Self

Next Speaker

Films

Demonstrations

Use all assets

Stories

Quotations

Life experiences

Court Decisions

Statistics

Answering Questions

Listen to your audience’s questions and comments first before thinking of a

response.

UNDERSTAND the Question or Comments before you respond.

Types of Questions How to Respond

A person may:

Need clarification Give an example

Ask a technical question

Answer simply and briefly

Ask an anticipatory question

Give simple answer, or explain that you will be providing that detail later in the

presentation

Go on a tangent Be tactful, and gear the person back to topic

Misunderstand Be tactful, take blame, correct misunderstanding

Need convincing Give more supporting ideas, or revisit original supporting ideas

Zinger – dilemma A or B

Don’t get boxed into the “dilemma or corner” not an either/or situation, say so

Zinger – pick a fight Don’t fall into their trap, person wants destroy your credibility, keep calm, firmly acknowledge differences, or find the part of the hostile question/comment you can build on

Zinger –question about someone else/area responsibility

Don’t speak/respond for something outside your control or responsibility

Types of Questions How to Respond

Make eye contact with the personFocus on the person asking the questionMove towards the personRepeat the question so the rest of the audience can hear the questionBuild a rapport and say– “That’s a good question”– “I’m glad you asked that”

Before You Answer Any Questions

Make eye contact with the broad audience

Answer the question clearly and briefly

If appropriate, ask “Did I answer your question” or “Does that help”

Answering the Question

Don’t be afraid to say “I don’t know the answer, but I will find the answer and get back with you”

Get back to them with the answer

“don’t forget”

Remember:

Be prepared for:Personality Clashes

Overly Talkative participants

Rambling participants

Obstinate participants

Non-participants

Side Conversations

Training PreparationCommit yourself

Analyze you audience

Prepare

Think sight and sound

Practice

Deliver

Training Do’s and Don’tsTraining Do’s– Be prepared– Have a positive attitude– Expect to be nervous– Dress appropriately– Show enthusiasm

– Talk up– Be responsive– Be accessible– Be flexible– Be punctual

Training Do’s and Don’tsTraining Don’ts– Try to wing it– Be stiff– Engage in distracting mannerisms– Avoid eye contact– Lose control– Embarrass participants– Be afraid to say you don’t know

Remember!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!What you hear, you forget;

What you hear and see, you remember;

But what you do, you understand and remember.