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Hickox: Baker Biology
Animals
Chapter 25 - 32
Classification Based On:
Skeletal Structure: (Invertebrate vs. Vertebrate)
1) Invertebrate: an animal that does not have a backbone. Examples: Crabs, spiders, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and beetles. Many invertebrates have a exoskeleton.
2) Vertebrate: an animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone. All vertebrates have bilaterally symmetry. Examples are fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Hickox: Baker Biology
s
Hickox: Baker BiologyInvertebrates with Exoskeleton
Exoskeletons and Endoskeletons
3) Exoskeleton - External Skeleton
4) Mollusks or crabs exoskeleton of (calcium carbonate) and Arthropods or insects exoskeleton of (chitin).
5) Endoskeleton - Internal Skeleton
6) Bone and cartilage which grows with the animal.
7) Does not limit space for internal organs, and supports greater weight.
Video of Invertebrates
Bone EndoskeletonBackbone animals
Cartilage Internal Skeleton
Hickox: Baker Biology
Vertebrates with Endoskeletons and a Backbone
Hickox: Baker Biology
Hickox: Baker Biology
Symmetry- Asymmetry, Radial, Bilaterial
8) Asymmetry symmetry- irregularly shaped body as in no symmetry. Example: Sponges.
Hickox: Baker Biology
9) Radial Symmetry
10) Can be divided along any plane through a central axis. Example: sand dollar and
• starfish.
Hickox: Baker Biology
Radial Symmetry sea urchin
Hickox: Baker Biology
Bilateral symmetry
11) Can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves. In bilateral animals, the anterior, or head end, often has sensory organs. The posterior is the tail end and the dorsal is the upper surface. The ventral is the lower surface.
Hickox: Baker Biology
12. Name the surface features of each.
A. DORSAL B. VENTRALC. ANTERIER D. POSTERIOR
E. PECTORAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
13
Hickox: Baker High School BIOLOGY
Body Coverings: feathers, fur, scales
Hickox: Baker Biology
14) Feathers: lightweight, modified protein scales that:15) Provides insulation(needed in EndothermicAnimals) 16) Enables flight
17) Fur: Hair in Mammals• Provides insulation(needed in Endothermic Animals)• ProtectionEndothermic: (Warm blooded), Heat from within the animal
Open or Closed Invertebrate Circulation
18) Two types of circulatory fluids:
Blood - contained within blood vessels
19) Open Circulatory System
Heart pumps through vessels into tissue spaces. Example: Insects
20) Closed Circulatory System
Blood pumped by the heart into a system of blood vessels. Example: Fish, Amphibian Birds, Reptiles, & Mammals
Open Circulatory System
Closed Circulatory System
Hickox: Baker Biology
Transport in Vertebrates
21) All vertebrates have a closed, cardiovascular system.
– Atria receive blood and ventricles pump blood out through blood vesicles.
Arteries - Carry blood away from heart.
Capillaries - Exchange materials with tissue fluid.
Veins - Return blood to heart.
Comparison of Circulatory Pathways
22) Fish - Blood flows in single loop.– Single atrium(blood in) and single
ventricle(blood out).
23) Amphibians - Blood flows in double loop.– Two atria(blood in) with single ventricle(blood
out).
24) Other vertebrates - Blood flows in a double loop. Two atria(blood in) and two ventricle(blood out)– Heart divided by septum into separate sides.
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Circulatory Circuits
Animal Movement
Hickox: Baker Biology
25) Amoeboid movement with its pseudopodia
Locomotion of Animals
Hickox: Baker Biology
26) Use of cilia in the Paramecium
videos
27) Locomotion in animals with a flagella (whip like)
24
Hickox: Baker High School BIOLOGY
Ectoderm vs. Endotherm
Hickox: Baker Biology
28) Endotherm is an animal that maintains a nearly constant body temperature that is not dependent on the environmental temperature.
• Birds are endothermic (warm blooded)• Mammals are endothermic (warm blooded)
Feathers and fur reduce heat loss in cold temperatures
• Body temperatureremains relativelyConstant.
Ectoderm vs. Endotherm
Hickox: Baker Biology
29) Ectotherm: is a animal that has a variable body temperature and gets its heat from external sources. An ectotherm may become dormant as temperature drops. • Amphibians are ectothermic (cold blooded)• Reptiles are ectothermic (cold blooded) • Body temperature raises and falls according to the external temperature.
Dry vs. Wet Skin
Hickox: Baker Biology
30) Dry Skin: Reptiles have a dry skin with scales, while Amphibians have a Wet Skin that is smooth.Reptiles Amphibians
• Usually tetrapod• Lungs usually present in adults.• Metamorphosis• Smooth and moist skin.• Three-chambered heart.• Ectothermic
• Usually tetrapod• Lungs with
expandable rib cage• Shelled amniotic egg• Dry, scaly skin• Ectothermic
External and Internal Fertilization
Hickox: Baker Biology
31) Most animals reproduce sexually. Male animals produce sperm cells and female animals produce egg cells. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates the egg cell, forming a new cell called a zygote. In animals, fertilization may be internal or external.
Sponges have external and internal fertilization.
Sponge feeding
External and Internal Fertilization
Hickox: Baker Biology
External Fertilization• 32) Many gametes are
released usually in water by each sex
• requires water for sperm to swim to egg
• animals are aquatic or return to water for reproduction
• fish, amphibians are example of external fertilizers.
Internal Fertilization
33) practiced by species that lay shelled eggs or have a period of internal embryonic development.• mammals and
birds are examples of internal fertilizers