Hid Nopd Tsd

7/31/2019 Hid Nopd Tsd

1/123

PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT:ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMFOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT:

High-Intensity Discharge LampsAnalysis of Potential Energy SavingsDocket #: EE-DET-03-001

April 2010

U.S. Department of EnergyAssistant SecretaryOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyBuilding Technologies ProgramAppliances and Commercial Equipment StandardsWashington, DC 20585


2/123

1-i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. V1.1 LEGAL AUTHORITY ................................................................................................. 1-11.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITION ........................................... 1-22.1

SHIPMENT ESTIMATES ........................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 Energy Use by Sector..................................................................................... 2-12.1.2 High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipment Estimates .................................... 2-32.1.3 Manufacturers of High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, Luminaires, and

Ballasts ........................................................................................................... 2-72.1.4 Distribution Channels .................................................................................... 2-72.1.5 Decision Makers ............................................................................................ 2-9

2.1.5.1 Residential Decision Makers ............................................................... 2-92.1.5.2 Commercial, Industrial, and Public Sector Lighting Decision

Makers ............................................................................................... 2-102.2 APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS .......................... 2-10

2.2.1

Residential Applications ................................................................................ 2-10

2.2.2 Commercial Applications .............................................................................. 2-112.2.3 Industrial Applications ................................................................................... 2-112.2.4 Other (Outdoor Public Sector) Applications.................................................. 2-11

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LUMINAIRES ............. 2-122.3.1 Proposed High-Intensity Discharge Luminaire Classification System .......... 2-12

2.3.1.1 Product Applications: Indoor ............................................................ 2-132.3.1.2 Product Applications: Outdoor .......................................................... 2-142.3.1.3 Product Applications: Specialty ........................................................ 2-16

2.4 REGULATORY AND NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS ..................................... 2-162.4.1 Regulatory Programs and Legislation Impacting High-Intensity Discharge

Lamps ............................................................................................................. 2-162.4.1.1 Federal Regulatory Programs and Legislation .................................. 2-162.4.1.2 Draft Legislation................................................................................ 2-172.4.1.3 DOE Background Studies ................................................................. 2-192.4.1.4 State Regulatory Programs ................................................................ 2-20

2.4.2 Non-Regulatory Programs Affecting High-Intensity Discharge Lamps ....... 2-233.1 SPECIFICATIONS, TEST STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES............................. 3-13.2 LAMP METRICS ......................................................................................................... 3-3

3.2.1 Lumens ........................................................................................................... 3-33.2.2 Mean Lumens/Lamp Lumen Depreciation/Lumen Maintenance .................. 3-33.2.3 Efficacy .......................................................................................................... 3-4

3.2.3.1 Visual Efficiency ................................................................................. 3-53.2.3.2 Moving Beyond the Limits .................................................................. 3-7

3.2.4 Color Rendering Index ................................................................................... 3-83.2.5 Correlated Color Temperature ....................................................................... 3-83.2.6 Lamp Life....................................................................................................... 3-8

3.3 MERCURY VAPOR (MV) LAMPS ............................................................................ 3-83.3.1 Lamp Construction......................................................................................... 3-93.3.2 Lamp Performance ......................................................................................... 3-10


3/123


4/123

1-iii

6.1.2 National Energy Savings Analysis................................................................. 6-26.1.3 Net Present Value Analysis ........................................................................... 6-2

6.2 ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSUMER IMPACTS ............... 6-36.2.1 National Energy Savings................................................................................ 6-36.2.2 Net Present Value .......................................................................................... 6-3

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1.1. 2008 Total Lighting Technology (High-Intensity Discharge) ElectricityConsumption ........................................................................................................ 2-1

Table 2.1.2. Installed Base of High-Intensity Discharge Luminaires in the United States ......... 2-3Table 2.1.3. Distribution of Electricity Consumption by Sector of High-Intensity Discharge

Lighting ................................................................................................................ 2-3Table 2.1.4. Portion of Total NEMA High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipments ..................... 2-3Table 2.1.4. Portion (continued) .................................................................................................. 2-4Table 2.1.5. Freedonia Group High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipments ................................ 2-5Table 2.1.6. 2008 NEMA Shipments by Wattage Grouping ....................................................... 2-6Table 2.3.1. Classification for Indoor Applications ................................................................... 2-13Table 2.3.2. Classification for Outdoor Applications ................................................................ 2-14Table 2.3.3. Classification for Specialty Applications .............................................................. 2-16Table 2.4.1. California Metal Halide Fixture Requirements ..................................................... 2-20Table 3.1.1 Documents Pertaining to High-Intensity Discharge Lamps ..................................... 3-1Table 3.2.1. Visual Efficiencies and Efficacies of Various Sources ........................................... 3-5Table 3.2.2. Sample Energy Output for High Intensity Discharge Lamps .................................. 3-6Table 3.2.3. Chromaticities and Maximum Spectral Efficiencies of Various Sources ................ 3-6Table 3.2.4. Color Rendering Indexes and Spectral Efficiencies of High-Intensity Discharge

Sources ................................................................................................................. 3-7Table 3.2.5. Probable Efficacy Limits by Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) for

Conventional High-Intensity Discharge Lamps ................................................... 3-7Table 3.3.1. Performance Summary of Mercury Vapor Lamps ................................................ 3-12Table 3.4.1. Performance Summary of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps ..................................... 3-16Table 3.5.1. Performance Summary of Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps ................................. 3-28Table 3.5.2. Performance Summary of Quartz Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps ...................... 3-29Table 3.5.3. Performance Summary of Pulse-Start Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps ................... 3-31Table 3.5.4. Total Mercury Sold in Lamps ................................................................................ 3-32Table 3.5.5. Total Mercury Sold by HID Lamp Type ............................................................... 3-32Table 4.3.1. HID Lamps Determination Engineering Analysis Results ...................................... 4-4Table 5.1.1. Lamp Prices from RS-Means ................................................................................... 5-2Table 5.1.2. Municipal Lamp Prices ............................................................................................ 5-2Table 5.1.3. Lamp Price derived from Online Distributor Web Sites ......................................... 5-3Table 5.1.4. Lamp Price derived from Online Distributor Web Sites ......................................... 5-5Table 5.1.5. Prices from RS-Means for HID Fixtures ................................................................. 5-5Table 5.1.6. Lamp Price derived from Online Distributor Web Sites ......................................... 5-6Table 5.1.7. Lamp Life Data (175W MV Baseline) .................................................................... 5-7Table 5.1.8. Lamp Life Data (250W MV Baseline) .................................................................... 5-7


5/123

1-iv

Table 5.1.9. Lamp Life Data (400W MV Baseline) .................................................................... 5-7Table 5.1.10. Lamp Life Data (175W Baseline) .......................................................................... 5-7Table 5.1.11. Lamp Life Data (250W MH Baseline) .................................................................. 5-8Table 5.1.12. Lamp Life Data (360W Baseline) .......................................................................... 5-8Table 5.1.13 Lamp Life Data (400W Baseline) ........................................................................... 5-8Table 5.2.1. LCC-PBP Analysis for 175W MV Baseline

.......................................................... 5-11Table 5.2.2. LCC-PBP Analysis for 250W MV Baseline .......................................................... 5-11

Table 5.2.3. LCC-PBP Analysis for 400W MV Baseline .......................................................... 5-12Table 5.3.1. LCC-PBP Analysis for 175W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-12Table 5.3.2. LCC-PBP Analysis for 250W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-13Table 5.3.3. LCC-PBP Analysis for 360W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-13Table 5.3.4. LCC-PBP Analysis for 400W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-13Table 5.3.5. LCC-PBP Analysis for 175W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-14Table 5.3.6. LCC-PBP Analysis for 250W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-14Table 5.3.7. LCC-PBP Analysis for 360W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-15Table 5.3.8. LCC-PBP Analysis for 400W MH Baseline .......................................................... 5-15Table 6.2.1. Cumulative National Energy Savings for HID Lamps (20172046)

...................... 6-3Table 6.2.2. Cumulative NPV Results for HID Lamps (20172046) .......................................... 6-4

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1.1. Shares of Sectoral Energy Use by Lighting Technology ....................................... 2-2Figure 2.1.2. Proportion of Lamp Type in High-Intensity Discharge Market, 19902008 ......... 2-5Figure 2.1.3. High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Distribution Channels ......................................... 2-8Figure 3.3.1. Mercury Vapor Lamp Construction ..................................................................... 3-10Figure 3.3.2. Spectral Power Distribution of Mercury Vapor Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors ..................................................................................... 3-11Figure 3.4.1. High-Pressure Sodium Lamp Construction .......................................................... 3-15Figure 3.4.2. Spectral Power Distribution* of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps ........................... 3-17Figure 3.4.3. Sample Power Flow of a 400 W High-Pressure Sodium Lamp ........................... 3-18Figure 3.4.4. Trapezoid Boundary for High-Pressure Sodium Ballast Design .......................... 3-19Figure 3.5.1. Tin Halide ............................................................................................................. 3-21Figure 3.5.2. Dysprosium Iodide ............................................................................................... 3-21Figure 3.5.3. Formed Arc-Tube Configuration for Horizontal MH Lamps ............................... 3-22Figure 3.5.4. Offset Electrode Configuration for Horizontal MH Lamps ................................. 3-23Figure 3.5.5. Metal Halide Arc Tube with a Shroud ................................................................. 3-23Figure 3.5.6. Metal Halide Lamp Construction ......................................................................... 3-24Figure 3.5.7. Common Arc Tubes ............................................................................................. 3-25Figure 3.5.8. Spectral Power Distribution of Metal Halide Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors ..................................................................................... 3-27Figure 5.1.1. Lamp Wattage/Price Comparison ........................................................................... 5-3Figure 5.1.2. Ballast Prices .......................................................................................................... 5-4Figure 5.1.3. Lamp Wattage/Price Comparison ........................................................................... 5-6


6/123


7/123

vi

ER elliptical reflector

Eu europium

F fluorine

FL fluorescent

fc footcandle

Gd gadodinium

He helium

Hg mercury

HID high-intensity discharge

HIF high-intensity fluorescent

Ho holmium

HPS high-pressure sodium

HX high-reactance autotransformer

I iodine

IC integrated circuit

IDA International Dark-Sky Association

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

IL induction lamp

In indium

K Kelvin

kg kilograms

kPA kiloPascal

Kr krypton

kV kilovolt

kWh kilowatt-hour

La lanthanum

LA Louisiana

lbs pounds

LCC life-cycle cost

LCCF lamp current crest factor

LEDs light-emitting diodes

LLD lamp lumen depreciation

LLF light loss factor

lm lumen

Lm/W lumens per watt

LPS low-pressure sodium

LPD lighting power density

LPW lumens per watt

LRC Lighting Research Center

Lu lutetium

Med Medium

mg milligrams


8/123

vii

Mg magnesium

MH metal halide, probe-start metal halide

MHLF metal halide lamp fixture

MI Michigan

MLO Model Lighting Ordinance

Mog Mogul

MR Multi-faceted reflector

MS Mississippi

MV mercury vapor

Nd neodymium

ND North Dakota

Ne neon

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NES national energy savings

NJ New Jersey

nm nanometer

NM New Mexico

NPV net present value

Pa Pascals

PAR parabolic aluminized reflector

PBP payback period

Pin power in

Pm promethium

PMH pulse-start metal halide

Pout power out

Pr praseodymiumquads Quadrillion BTU

R Republican

Ra color-rendering index

Ra radium

RE rare earth

Rn radon

RX reactor

S/MH spacing-to-mounting height

Sc scandium

Sm samariumSn tin

SnI tin iodide

Sr strontium

SOx Sulfur dioxide

SPD spectral power distribution

Tb terbium


9/123

viii

TCLP toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Tm thullium

torr Torr

TSD Technical support document

TWhr terawatt-hour

UL Underwriter's Laboratory

UV ultraviolet

V volt

W watt(s)

Xe xenon

Y yttrium

Yb ytterbium


10/123

1-1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

The Department of Energy (the Department or DOE) is preparing an analysis todetermine the potential energy savings for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The purpose of

this analysis is to provide a basis for the Secretary of Energy to make a determination ifmandatory energy conservation standards are technologically feasible and economically justified,and would result in significant energy savings. If the Secretary makes a determination thatstandards are warranted, the Department will develop a test procedure and then initiate astandards rulemaking.

This preliminary technical support document contains the market assessment; technologyassessment; engineering analysis; life-cycle cost (LCC); payback period (PBP); the nationalenergy savings (NES); and net present value (NPV) analyses. Each of these sections addressesquestions such as:

Market assessment How large is the HID lighting market? How are HID lampsspecified (i.e., which products will service a particular application)? What are thedistribution channels for HID lamps? What are the product applications the Departmentwill consider in this analysis?

Technology assessment What are the HID lamp technologies and their performancecharacteristics? What are the ballasts that operate them?

Engineering analysis If energy conservation standard results in the removal of certainHID lamps from the market, which technologies might consumers choose instead?Which high-volume HID markets should the Department consider when it conducts itsLCC analysis?

LCC and PBP analysis What LCC and PBP calculation methods does the DepartmentsLCC model for HID lamps use? What are the inputs to the model? How did theDepartment gather pricing and other input data for the model? What are the LCC andPBP results?

NES analysis What NES and NPV calculation methods does the Department use forHID lamps? What are the inputs to the NES and NPV model? How did the Departmentgather input data for this model? What are the NES and NPV results?

1.1 LEGAL AUTHORITYThe Department conducted this analysis of potential energy savings under the authority

of Section 346 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) (42 U.S.C. 6317), which

states:Sec. 346. Energy conservation standards for high-intensity discharge lamps,

distribution transformers, and small electric motorsa. High-intensity discharge lamps (and distribution transformers)

1. The Secretary shall, within 30 months after October 24, 1992,prescribe testing requirements for those high-intensity dischargelamps (and distribution transformers) for which the Secretary makes


11/123

1-2

a determination that energy conservation standards would betechnologically feasible and economically justified, and would resultin significant energy savings.

2. The Secretary shall, within 18 months after the date on which testingrequirements are prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph

(1), prescribe, by rule, energy conservation standards for those high-intensity discharge lamps (and distribution transformers) for whichthe Secretary prescribed testing requirements under paragraph (1).

3. Any standard prescribed under paragraph (2) with respect to high-intensity discharge lamps shall apply to such lamps manufactured 36months after the date such rule is published.

Thus, the Secretary of Energy will make a determination whether energy conservationstandards for HID lamps are technologically feasible and economically justified, and wouldresult in significant energy savings. If the Secretary finds that energy conservation standards arewarranted, the Department will commence work on a test procedure. Following the issuance of

the test procedure, the Department will initiate a standards rulemaking process to establishenergy conservation standards for HID lamps, based on the Departments annual priority settingprocess.

1.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITIONThe Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) currently contains definitions for HID (10 CFR

431.282), MV (10 CFR 431.282), and MH (10 CFR 431.322) lamps. The definitions are asfollows:

High intensity discharge lamp means an electric-discharge lamp in which-

The light-producing arc is stabilized by the arc tube wall temperature; and

The arc tube wall loading is in excess of 3 Watts/cm2, including such lamps that aremercury vapor, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium lamps.

Mercury vapor lamp means a high intensity discharge lamp, including clear, phosphor-coated, and self-ballasted screw base lamps, in which the major portion of the light is producedby radiation from mercury typically operating at a partial vapor pressure in excess of 100,000 Pa(approximately 1 atm).

Metal halide lamp means a high intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of

the light is produced by radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation, possibly incombination with metallic vapors.

No definition for HPS lamps is currently listed in the CFR. Therefore, the Departmentreviewed the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America (IESNA) definitions for HPS lamps.


12/123

1-3

ANSI C82.9-1996 defines high-pressure sodium lamps as a high-intensity-dischargelamp in which the major portion of the light is produced by radiation from sodium vaporoperating at a partial pressure of about 6.67 x 103 pascals (50 torr) or greater.

The IESNA LIGHTING HANDBOOK Reference and Application 9th Edition defineshigh-pressure sodium lamp as a high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp in which light is producedby radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of about 1.33 x 104 Pa (100 Torr).Includes clear and diffuse-coated lamps.

Low-Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamps are often considered HID lamps, but this distinctionis incorrect.

ANSI defines LPS lamps as A discharge lamp in which light is produced by radiationfrom sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of 0.13 to 1.3 pascals (10-3 to 10-2 torr).

The IESNA defines LPS lamps as a discharge lamp in which light is produced byradiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of 0.1 to 1.5 Pa (approximately 10-3

to 10-2 Torr).

Due to the lower pressure, the arc tube wall loading for LPS lamps is lower than the threewatts per square centimeter defined for HID lamps. The full title of ANSI C82.9-1996, AmericanNational Standard for High-Intensity Discharge and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps, Ballasts andTransformers Definitions, highlights that LPS lamps are not HID lamps. Therefore, thisanalysis does not incorporate LPS lamps in its scope. However, it is still important to note thatmany within the lighting industry generally treat LPS lamps as HID lamps.


13/123

2-1

CHAPTER 2. MARKET ASSESSMENT

For the market assessment of high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting, the U.S.Department of Energy (DOE) gathered information on the state of the industry and the market

characteristics of HID lighting. DOE uses these data as some of the inputs to the life-cycle costanalysis and the national energy savings estimate. This chapter provides the quantitative andqualitative findings of the market assessment, including shipment estimates, market structure,installations and applications, and non-regulatory initiatives to improve HID lamp efficiency.

2.1 SHIPMENT ESTIMATESThe HID lamp market in the United States is an approximate $390 million per year

industry, with annual sales exceeding 30 million units.1,2 In 2001, HID lamps consumed125 gigawatt-hours nationally, which is approximately 17 percent of the electricity consumed byall light sources and approximately 3.6 percent of total U.S. electricity generated in 2000.3

Three light sources characterize the HID lighting market: mercury vapor (MV),high-pressure sodium (HPS), and metal halide (MH). Technical data on these HID lamptechnologies, including details about their performance, light characteristics, operating life, andother information, are provided in chapter 3, Technology Assessment.

2.1.1 Energy Use by SectorTable 2.1.1 presents the energy consumption for lighting in four general sectors: three

building-related (residential, commercial, and industrial) and other, which includes street andarea lighting, parking garages, airport runway systems, and traffic signals. The other categorydoes not, however, represent all outdoor stationary HID luminaires. The three building-related

sectors also include some outdoor stationary lighting, where the circuit for the outdoorluminaires is tied to the electric meter for a building (e.g., architectural lighting, parking lotlighting, residential security lighting).Table 2.1.1. 2008 Total Lighting Technology (High-Intensity Discharge) Electricity

ConsumptionHID Lamp Consumption by Sector

terawatt-hr (TWh)

Residential Commercial Industrial Other Total*Mercury Vapor 1 7 3 12 22

High-Pressure Sodium 0 6 5 30 41

Metal Halide N/A 34 25 4 62

Total for HID 1 47 33 46 125

Total 202 391 108 56 756Source: DOE,Buildings Energy Data Book 2008, table 5.6.4.* Note: Due to rounding, the sum of the columns may not equal the total provided.

Table 2.1.1 provides the electricity consumed (TWh) per lamp type per sector. Theestimate of total lighting electricity consumption in the United States is 756 TWh (2.6 quads) ofprimary energy. In a broader context, the total energy consumption in the United States wasapproximately 98.3 quads in 2001, of which more than one-third (about 37 quads) was used to


14/123


15/123


16/123

2-4

Table 2.1.5. Portion (continued)Year HID Lamp

%

Mercury Vapor High-Pressure Sodium Metal Halide1997 12.24 41.61 46.15

1998 9.21 40.13 50.66

1999 8.08 37.72 54.192000 5.73 36.62 57.64

2001 8.02 35.49 56.48

2002 7.29 35.56 57.14

2003 6.83 34.85 58.32

2004 7.35 33.59 59.06

2005 7.01 36.69 56.29

2006 7.37 32.50 60.13

2007 6.37 31.60 62.03

2008 5.49 32.85 61.66

From 1990 to 2008, NEMA shipments of HID lamps nearly doubled with the largestshipment in 2005.

In 1990, MV lamps represented 32 percent of the total HID lamp shipments. In 2008, MVonly represented a mere 5 percent of total lamp shipments. Although there was a significantdecrease in the proportion of lamp shipments, the actual amount of lamps shipped only reducedby 70 percent. This is due to the overall volume of HID lamps shipped increased from 1990 to2008 by almost a factor of two. In 2003, DOE released the draft report,Draft Framework forDetermination Analysis of Energy Conversation Standards for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps,and received comments. The DOE draft report stated that in 1990, the MV lamp shipments were6.7 million units and in 2002, 2.9 million units were shipped. This represents a 57 percentdecline in MV lamp shipments. Also in 2003, NEMA commented that [a]bsent any newly

created markets, we do not agree with the presumption that the trend of declining mercury vaporlamp shipments has bottomed out.4

During the near 20-year period of data analyzed, HPS lamps accounted on average for 38percent of the total HID lamp shipments. In 1991, HPS represented the plurality of HID lampsshipped. Since that year, HPS has been on a decline in representing the total amount of HIDlamps shipped. In 2008, HPS only represented 33 percent of the total HID lamps shipped. Interms of absolute shipments, HPS peaked in 1999 at 12.6 million units shipped. In 2008, only10.9 million lamps were shipped.

Of the three lamps in the HID family, MH lamps have grown in both percentage of total

HID lamp shipments as well as absolute amount of lamps shipped. In 1990, MH lamps onlyrepresented 30 percent of the HID lamps shipped, slightly less than the percentage that MVlamps represented. Eighteen years later, MH lamps represent 62 percent of all the HID lampsshipped. This growth is further demonstrated in the volume of lamps shipped. In 1990,5.7 million MH lamps were shipped compared with 2008, when 20.4 million lamps wereshipped. This significant growth over the last 18 years stems from the commercialization of boththe pulse-start quartz (PMH) and the ceramic (CMH) metal halide lamps.


17/123


18/123

2-6

National shipments of HPS lamps appear to have leveled off after a strong growth periodin the early 1990s. HPS lamps are a mature technology, having been commercially available formore than 40 years.

Similar to HPS lamps, MH lamp technology is mature, although this is the only type ofHID lamp that has increased market share in the last 10 years. Industry continues to invest inimproving MH technology, enabling it to continue to compete strongly in both the HID lampmarkets and other lighting markets, such as those typically serviced by fluorescent sources(e.g., retail stores). Examples of these performance improvements (discussed in chapter 3 of thistechnical support document [TSD]) include pulse-start technology and the development of aceramic arc tube. These and other improvements have lengthened the operational life andperformance characteristics of MH technology, making it an attractive light source in manysectors and applications.

Table 2.1.6 lists the domestic and import shipments of HID lamps, HPS represents 33percent of the total shipments, MH represents 60 percent of the shipments, and MV represents 7percent of the shipments. The data in Table 2.1.6 confirm the historic data shown in Table 2.1.4

and Figure 2.1.2. For the last year, 2002, of historical national sales data (Table 2.1.4), HPSrepresented 35 percent of national sales; MH represented 57 percent of national sales; and MVrepresented 8 percent of sales. Figure 2.1.2 depicted the historical shipment data for HID lamps.For the last year of available data (2008), MV represented about 5 percent (0 to 5 percent, Figure2.1.2); HPS represented about 33 percent (5 to 38 percent, Figure 2.1.2); and MH represented 62percent (38 to 100 percent, Figure 2.1.2) of the market.

Table 2.1.7. 2008 NEMA Shipments by Wattage GroupingLamp Type Wattage Range

%

1149 W 150500 W > 501 W

Mercury Vapor 37.68 58.75 3.58High-Pressure Sodium 49.45 44.49 6.06

Probe-Start Quartz Metal Halide 0.48 52.11 11.41

Pulse-Start Quartz Metal Halide 8.28 9.93 0.62

Pulse-Start Ceramic Metal Halide 14.06 3.11 0.00

Source: NEMA Correspondence with DOE 2009

Table 2.1.6 shows the lamp shipments by wattage bin for HID lamps. The bins are thestandard wattage groupings of low (less than or equal to 149 W), medium (150500 W), andhigh (greater than or equal to 501 W). A majority of the MV lamps shipped were of mediumwattage and a sizable amount of low-wattage MV lamps were shipped. The MV lampscommercially available affect the MV distribution; there are many lamps available at 175, 250,

400, and 450 W. In contrast, fewer options are available in the other wattages. An almost equalamount of low and medium HPS lamps were shipped in 2008. Virtually all of the HPS lampsshipped were 500 W or less. The typical applications HPS lamps are used dictate the distributionin the low and medium groups. Of the entire metal halide lamp family (probe, pulse, andceramic) a majority of lamps shipped in 2008 are medium wattage probe-start lamps. Low andmedium wattage pulse-start both quartz and ceramic comprise roughly 18 and 17 percent,respectively, of the entire MH market. The other significant amount of market share is the high-


19/123

2-7

wattage probe-start market. These values are for 2008; in the future, the probe-start MH valueswill probably not be as sizable because of current and pending legislation (Section 2.4).

2.1.3 Manufactur ers of High-Intensity Dischar ge Lamps, Luminair es, and BallastsNEMAs website lists manufacturers that constitute the NEMA membership for HID

lamp manufacturing who are responsible for the entire domestic (U.S.) production of HIDlamps.1 Like many of NEMAs members, these manufacturers may have non-domesticmanufacturing facilities and thus bring their products into the United States as imports.

NEMA companies also include members that manufacture HID ballasts.5 Electronicballasts for HID lamps are relatively new to the marketplace;6 consequently, the list ofmanufacturers is shorter than the list established magnetic ballast technology.7

The four largest lighting conglomerates in the United States are Acuity Lighting Brands,Cooper Lighting, Hubbell, and Philips. These manufacturers encompass numerous othercompanies and brands, and represent the majority of the domestic production of HID luminaires.

. All thesemanufacturers make luminaires for MH sources. Thirty-nine companies manufacture luminairessolely for MH sources, 42 companies manufacture luminaires for both HPS and MH sources, and27 companies manufacture luminaires for all HID sources (HPS, MV, and MH). Some of theseluminaires are similar in shape, design, or construction but have specific features to

accommodate the various light sources. Manufacturers that make products for different lightsources may not manufacture the same luminaire type for each source.

2.1.4 Distribution ChannelsFigure 2.1.3 shows the distribution channels for the HID lamp market. The structure of

this figure is relevant for all end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and other);

however, the volume of product going through the various channels varies. The dashed lines inthe figure represent distribution channels that contractors infrequently use. DOE adapted thisillustration of HID lamp distribution channels from Sardinsky,8 updating it using manufacturersand lighting specifiers literature to reflect the current HID lamp market.


20/123

2-8

HID Lamp Manufacturer

Internet

Manufacturer Representative

(4)

Mail Order

Distributor

Consumer

(6)

National

Accounts

ContractorContractor

(5)

Electrical

Distributor

(3)

Regional

Retailer

(2)

Local

Retailer


(1)

Specialty

Retailer

HID Lamp Manufacturer

Internet

Manufacturer Representative

(4)

Mail Order

Distributor

Consumer

(6)

National

Accounts


(5)

Electrical

Distributor

(3)

Regional

Retailer

(2)

Local

Retailer


(1)

Specialty

Retailer

Figure 2.1.3. High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Distribution Channels

HID lamp manufacturers sell products through six categories of distributors. Specialty,local, and regional retailers primarily serve the residential sector. Mail-order and electricaldistributor networks are the principal outlets used by the commercial, industrial, and publicsector lighting markets. The national accounts serve all sectors.

The specialty retailer is a broad distribution category typified by independently owned

specialty lamp retailers. However, as an HID lamp distribution channel, it only representsroughly 10 percent of the total market for HID lamps.

Local retailers are relatively large retail outlets, such as local hardware stores. Thislimited outlet for HID products primarily serves the residential sector. Although productavailability is limited, some local and small contractors may opt to purchase HID lamps throughthese channels.

Regional retailers are the larger chain stores that have multiple locations. Similar to thelocal retailers, they usually offer a limited selection of HID lamps tailored to the residentialsector. Contractors have limited contact with this channel.

Mail-order distribution is another major distribution channel. Although these distributorsstock products used in all sectors, lamp availability through this channel is typically limited tohigh-volume items. Smaller businesses and contractors are the primary end-users for thesedistributors. However, the Internet is expanding the end-user base for these outlets and enablingthem to adapt their offerings more quickly to end-user needs.


21/123

2-9

Large electrical-equipment distributors handle the majority of the HID lamp shipments,effectively operating as a wholesale clearinghouse for the HID lamp industry. Often, contractorsoperate as middlemen between end-users and distributors. Building-management companies,maintenance contractors, developers, municipalities, utilities, and related entities purchase lampseither directly from electrical-equipment distributors or through a contractor.

The sixth major channel of distribution is through the national accounts. Lampmanufacturers sell some products through large national retailers, such as Wal-Mart, Sears, andbig-box retailers, such as Home Depot and Lowes. Large maintenance companies and othernational businesses may also purchase lamps directly from the manufacturers. However, productavailability through these outlets is limited to high-volume (commodity) HID products.

The advent of the Internet created new opportunities that could significantly impact alldistribution channels and sectors. In response to the growing base of Internet users,manufacturers created new online databases that list product offerings and links to variousdistribution channels for purchase. Although the references primarily link to mail-orderdistribution houses, other links to walk-in retailers are also available. For end-users interested in

accessing products, these new online sources and distributors offer an alternative to thetraditional channels of large retailers and specialty stores. Many of these websites incorporatedesign centers that help end-users match lamps with their needs, much like a knowledgeablespecifier or sales representative would do. The total impact on shipments for this industry issmall at this time.

2.1.5 Decision MakersAfter initial installation of a luminaire, the purchase of replacement lamps becomes a

maintenance issue. Therefore, in most cases, the luminaire purchasing decision dictates thesubsequent replacement lamps purchased because there is very little interoperability of different

lamp wattages or lamp types for the various HID ballasts. Specifiers who determine which lightsource to install are the electrical contractors, architects, lighting designers, electrical engineers,building owners, homeowners, building maintenance personnel, municipal officials, stateofficials (highway departments), and corporate officials who select HID luminaires for theirproperties. In addition, electrical distributors and manufacturers may also influence the choice oflight sources.

2.1.5.1 Residential Decision MakersFor the residential sector, the interaction between the builder (or homeowner) and the

other stakeholders (i.e., designer, contractor, engineer, retailer, and electrical distributor) may

change based on the budget and type of installation: new or retrofit.

For both new and retrofit installations, the builder or homeowner typically acts as theprimary specifier. The budget of the project generally determines the level of involvement of thevarious stakeholders. The role and decision-making power of the designer and contractortypically grows with the escalating cost of the project. However, as project budgets becometighter, direct involvement with retailers, electrical distributors, and the Internet gainsprominence.


22/123

2-10

2.1.5.2 Commercial, Industrial, and Public Sector Lighting Decision MakersFor the commercial, industrial, and public sectors, the interaction among decision makers

is more complex than in the residential sector. The key decision makers in the commercial andindustrial sectors are: (1) the owner (or developer); (2) the building manager; (3) the design team(i.e., architect, engineer, lighting designer); and (4) electrical contractor.

Local utilities, municipalities, and state highway agencies install and maintain many ofthe luminaires used in the public sector. Thus, these owners of HID lighting systems representthe most influential figures in the public sector decision-making process.

2.2 APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPSThe following sections discuss where and how the residential, commercial, industrial, and

public sectors use HID lamps.

2.2.1 Residential ApplicationsIn comparison to other lamp technologies, such as incandescent and fluorescent, HID

light sources occupy a very small niche in the residential sector. Of the lighting electricityconsumed in this sector in 2001, 90 percent was consumed by incandescent sources, over 9percent was consumed by fluorescent sources, and less than 1 percent was consumed by HIDsources.3Due to their electrical (long warm-up time, lack of quick re-strike) and photometric(produce too much light, poor color quality compared to incandescent lamps) characteristics,HID lamps are not well suited for most residential lighting applications. In this sector, HIDlighting is used primarily in landscape and security-lighting applications.

For security applications, MV technology is popular because both the lamps and

luminaires have low initial cost. The extremely long life of the MV lamp is an added bonus.These applications are typically areas in which lighting is needed for safety and visualassessment of the property to make the homeowner feel secure. The oldest of the three HIDsource types, MV was the first HID light source to enter the residential market. Many residentialcustomers associate MV with residential security products, so the other HID sources have gainedlittle penetration in the market. Initial price is also a major factor in the residential marketdecision-making process; the high initial costs of HPS and MH are another reason the MVdominates this application.

In some rural areas, home and farm owners may lease a security light from an electricutility or a rural cooperative. This lease may carry a fixed tariff that does not measure actualelectricity consumption. These luminaires have been primarily MV sources, but utilities nowoffer a wider array of sources, including HPS and MH.

For landscape lighting, the capability of MV lamps to enhance the color of the foliage hascreated a niche application. The spectral power distribution (SPD) of MV light results in greatersaturation of the shorter wavelength colors (from green to blue). Since most foliage is green, thelight from the MV lamp gives it a richer appearance than the lumen output of the lamp wouldsuggest, while creating greater contrast with its surrounding objects by muting thelonger-wavelength colors (from red to yellow). MH lamps offer comparable performance while


23/123

2-11

maintaining a much higher efficacy level; however, they have a higher initial cost and shorteroperating life than MV lamps. MH landscape lighting has increased in recent years with thecommercialization of numerous reflector (parabolic aluminized reflector [PAR], multi-facetedreflector [MR]) lamp types, offered in a variety of wattage and light output ratings.

2.2.2 Commercial ApplicationsOf the lighting electricity consumed in this sector in 2001, 32 percent was consumed by

incandescent sources, 56 percent by fluorescent sources, and less than 12 percent by HIDsources.3In spite of their potential for significant energy savings, HID lamps are not widely usedin interior applications in the commercial sector for several reasons. The primary reason for HPS,MV, and non-ceramic MH is low color-rendering index (CRI). Other limiting factors includelong warm-up and re-strike times, ballast noise, lamp size, and limited compatibility withlighting controls.

Recent improvements in MH technology incorporating pulse-start systems and ceramicarc tube variants made the MH lamp more attractive than incandescent and fluorescent sources in

certain applications (e.g., retail and hospitality spaces). Despite these improvements, end-of-lifecolor shift is a problem associated with MH technology. Reflectorized MH (PAR, T-shaped,AR-type) lamps are used in accent lighting applications (e.g., track lighting) often to meetenergy codes. Most MH lamps are large in size, so these lamps are typically used in downlightsor low-bay style luminaires lighting commercial spaces.

2.2.3 Industr ial ApplicationsOf the lighting electricity consumed in this sector in 2008, 2 percent was consumed by

incandescent sources, 67 percent by fluorescent sources, and less than 31 percent by HIDsources.3HID lamps are popular in the industrial sector because the lamps offer a large lumen

package (i.e., very high light output) with a relatively compact form factor. The maximumwattage for high-output fluorescent lamps is 200 W, where HID lamps in this application can be1000 W or greater, with light ouput exceeding 100,000 lumens. Therefore, multiple fluorescentlamps are needed in a luminaire to equal the flux of the high-wattage HID sources. Unlike linearfluorescent lamps, HID lamps are point sources (i.e., the actual light source is a comparativelysmall plasma arc within the lamp envelope). Point sources like HID lamps allow for luminaireswith good optical control, which can more efficiently deliver light to the work area from greatermounting heights. HID sources are best operated on long operating cycles (e.g., over 12 hoursper start), which are typical for industrial applications. MH sources are typically specified inindustrial applications where white light with adequate color rendering (CRI greater than 50) isrequired.

2.2.4 Other (Outdoor Public Sector) ApplicationsHID lamps dominate public-sector lighting installations. Public-sector installations

account for roughly 8 percent of the total electricity consumed by all lighting in the UnitedStates, and HID sources represent 87 percent, incandescent 12 percent, and fluorescent only1 percent.3


24/123

2-12

For street and roadway lighting, HPS represents the vast majority of this market, havingreplaced most MV installations. A small percentage of installations use MH, MV, or LPS(though LPS is not an HID source). Often, luminaires used in these applications are equippedwith photosensors that turn the luminaires on at dusk and off at dawn.

MH lamps are now replacing some HPS lamps that previously replaced MV lamps.Although MH sources are less efficacious than HPS, they offer superior color rendition andappear as a white-light source compared to HPS. In some area and street lighting applications,utilities turned down requests by municipalities for MH sources because maintenance costs weretoo high compared to those of HPS sources. The pulse-start metal halide (PMH) lamp addressesthis problem, increasing lamp life as compared to the standard probe-start MH. However, the lifefor pulse-start MH is still shorter than typical HPS and MV lamps. Meanwhile, lampmanufacturers are addressing HPS color issues by trying to broaden the lamp SPD. The white-light HPS products available today offer better CRI and CCT, but these improvements come atthe cost of shorter lamp life and lower efficacy. MH and white-light HPS may be consideredcompetitors in some applications, but lighting specifiers will typically specify MH for anyapplication where color rendering or appearance are important.

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LUMINAIRESLamps are intended to be used inside fixtures, also referred to as luminaires. To describe

how the lamps are to be used, the luminaires need to be classified. Luminaire classifications helpdescribe, organize, and catalog the HID lamp market for easy identification by specifiers,manufacturers, and consumers. Virtually all lighting industry luminaire classifications focus onthe distribution of the luminaire, which varies with lamp type and fixture design. For instance, aclassification system developed by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) classifiesluminaires by the proportion of upward and downward light emission. This system most aptlyapplies to suspended luminaires where fluorescent dominates the market. A system developed by

NEMA classifies luminaires by circular or oval distribution defined in terms of field angle. Thissystem most aptly applies to floodlight luminaires where HID sources dominate the market. Athird system developed by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)classifies luminaires by distribution for desired patterns of illumination. This system is forarea/roadway luminaires where HID sources dominate.

Since the existing classifications systems focus on luminaire distribution, DOE developeda system that takes into account the application, construction, and photometrics of luminairesthat most typically use HID sources (non-HID sources typical of this luminaire type will beaddressed as needed).

2.3.1 Proposed High-Intensity Discharge Luminaire Classification SystemIn the following sections, DOE categorizes luminaires by selecting their most appropriate

and distinguishing feature, whether in terms of their source, mounting, construction, orapplication. The three primary groups are indoor (includes both industrial and commercial),outdoor, and specialty (can be indoor or outdoor) applications. For applications, DOE adaptedthe classifications and their descriptions from luminaire manufacturers literature, industrystandard practice, and the IESNALighting Handbook.9 Although specialty-applicationluminaires do not account for a large portion of the general-service HID market, DOE presents


25/123

2-13

these to complete the classification of HID light-source applications. This classification systemconstitutes the product applications that DOE used in this analysis.

2.3.1.1 Product Applications: IndoorTable 2.3.1summarizes the indoor application classifications, following which are

detailed descriptions on each of these product applications.

Table 2.3.1. Classification for Indoor ApplicationsClassification Summary Description

Accent Luminaires providing directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or surfacefeature or to draw attention to a part of the field of view.

Down-Lighting Small direct-lighting units that direct the light downward. They may be recessed orsurface-mounted.

Suspended Luminaires that are pendant-mounted via chain or cables or suspended from a post(stem). They may be direct, indirect, or direct/indirect combination luminaires.

High-Bay Luminaires providing general illumination, primarily in industrial applications, wherethe floor-to-ceiling height is greater than 25 feet.

Low-Bay Luminaires providing general illumination, primarily in industrial applications, wherefloor-to-ceiling height is equal to or less than 25 feet.

Source: IESNA, The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 2000.

Accent Lighting Luminaires that provide light from a preferred direction (directionallighting) to emphasize a particular object, feature, or to draw attention to a part of the field ofview. A point-source technology (e.g., incandescent) is needed to create the directional lighting,and large-source technologies (e.g., fluorescent) that create diffuse lighting are the least effectivefor this application. The luminaires can be either recessed or surface-mounted. Track lighting, anon-fixed system with track heads (housing for the lamp and typically the ballast), is often usedfor accent lighting. Other non-track luminaires utilize some means of articulation for proper

aiming. Although the small point source and high CRI of the new ceramic MH make it acompetitive addition to this class, the light sources in this class are typically incandescent(e.g., halogen MR and PAR lamps). Ceramic MH sources are often used in applications wherehigh CRI, significant illumination, small luminaires are needed, and are more often beinginstalled to comply with stricter energy codes.

Down-Lighting Luminaires that provide general lighting in residential and commercialspaces. These luminaires either have a reflector designed around a point source or house adirectional light source (i.e., a PAR or MR lamp). HID down-lights have not penetrated theresidential market. HID down-lights are commonly used in applications in which the luminairewill operate for long periods of time, and color appearance/rendering is not a high priority.Spaces with a mounting height over 9 feet are another potential application for down-lights withHID sources. Canopy lightsluminaires typically found under gas station canopies or used inparking garagesalmost always are one of the three HID sources. Ceramic MH and pulse-startballasts enabled the use of low to mid-wattage MH lamps in interior applications; however,incandescent and fluorescent sources still dominate interior down-light applications.

Suspended Lighting Luminaires range from decorative pendants/chandeliers topendants used in office lighting. These luminaires emit light directly, indirectly, or acombination. Ornamental or decorative chandeliers typically operate incandescent sources. A


26/123

2-14

small exception exists for large ornamental luminaires that typically have the option forincandescent, fluorescent, or MH sources. Less decorative and more functional luminairestypically use fluorescent or compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) sources.

High-Bay Lighting Luminaires in spaces with high ceilings (greater than 25 feet) thattend to be industrial applications. Typically, the luminaire spacing-to-mounting-height (S/MH) isless than or equal to 1.0 for these applications. Depending on the ceiling type and construction,these luminaires are either surface or pendant-mounted. HID sources previously dominated thismarket; in recent years, fluorescent and CFL high-bay luminaires (known as high-intensityfluorescent [HIF]) are becoming more common. Unlike HID, fluorescent technology allows formore control flexibility via easier dimming or switching groups of lamps.

Low-Bay Lighting Luminaires used for lighting spaces with ceiling heights less than25 feet. Applications include industrial, commercial, and retail spaces. The luminaire S/MH istypically greater than 1.0. These luminaires often appear similar to high-bay luminaires, butusually have different refractors and reflectors. HID sources represent a majority of theluminaires in this category, with fluorescent sources filling in the rest of the market.

2.3.1.2 Product Applications: OutdoorTable 2.3.2 summarizes the classifications for outdoor applications. The IESNA defines

seven types of classifications for outdoor luminaires: floodlight, sports light, area/roadwaylighting, pathway, parking garage, security, and landscape. Detailed descriptions and furtherinformation on each of these product applications follow Table 2.3.2.

Table 2.3.2. Classification for Outdoor ApplicationsClassification Summary Description

Floodlight Luminaires for building lighting and other special applications.

Sports Lighting Luminaires designed to light playing fields.Area/Roadway Lighting Luminaires designed to produce reasonably uniform illuminance on streets and

roadways.

Pathway Luminaires designed for lighting pedestrian pathways.

Parking Garage Luminaires designed to light parking garages and lots.

Security Outdoor luminaires typically used visually to assess an area.

Landscape Luminaires designed to light buildings, planting, water features, and walkways.

Source: IESNA, The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 2000.

Floodlight Enclosed lensed luminaire with permanent reflector. These luminaires oftenlight the exterior facades of buildings or large parking lots from a pole. It is not uncommon forthe light distribution to be a square or rectangular pattern for floodlightsHID luminaires

completely dominate this market.

Sports Lighting Luminaires with very narrow light distributions for lighting playingfields/surfaces from a great distance (often 100+ feet) either from the side or from above. Thiscategory is entirely comprised of HID sources. Incandescent sources could not be used toprovide the amount of light needed from the distance at which these luminaires are often located.Fluorescent (linear or compact) sources cannot be used because reflector design makes itimpractical. These luminaires have devices to prevent glare and stray light. This is a specialty


27/123

2-15

category of outdoor luminaires with a small number of applicable light sources and only ahandful of luminaire manufacturers making products.

Area/Roadway Lighting Luminaires designed for illuminating major driving surfaces(e.g., streets, roadways, parking lots). HPS and MH are the main sources for this application. Avery small percentage of the luminaires installed across the country use LPS (not an HID source)lamps. These luminaires are classified by photometric distribution and by appearance/mountingmethod. The two classifications are neither exclusive nor concurrent. A luminaire might have aspecific appearance and mounting and yet be capable of numerous photometric distributions.Luminaires in this category are typically mounted above 15 feet and up to about 50 feet.Luminaires mounted above 50 feet are known as high-mast and produce the same photometricdistributions as luminaires mounted at a lower height. The most typical luminaire in this categoryis known as the cobra head. The luminaire resembles the head of a snake and, more often thannot, the arm that supports the head curves over the roadway. This allows the pole to be located ina right of way or off the road, while positioning the luminaire directly over the surface beinglighted. A majority of the cobra head installations across the country contain HPS sources.Architectural roadway luminaires incorporate aesthetic design features, materials and finishesnot typically used in more common cobra head fixtures.

Pathway Luminaires designed to illuminate surfaces used by pedestrians. Theseluminaires are typically of two types: overhead or ground level. The overhead luminaires areoften similar to street and roadway luminaires but on a pedestrian-level scale with shorter poleheights. Typically, the overall height of the luminaire and pole does not exceed 15 feet.Luminaires mounted closer to ground level use low-wattage (under 150 W) sources. Thestereotypical pathway source is the bollard. This is a round or square luminaire between 30 and60 inches tall, made of concrete, aluminum, or steel. HID sources represent a large portion of thepathway luminaire market, but luminaires for CFL and incandescent sources are also used.Recently, luminaires with light emitting diodes (LEDs) have entered this market as well.

Pathway luminaires are most prone to vandalism or accidental breakage from snowplows orother vehicles because the luminaire is located near the ground.

Parking Garage Luminaires are typically either surface-mounted or suspended nearthe ceiling. Gas station canopy luminaires often fall in this category. These produce light over avery wide area compared to the distance they are mounted above the surface. HID sourcescomprise a majority of the installations, followed by fluorescent sources. Recently, luminaireswith LEDs have entered this market as well.

Security Luminaires specifically installed to provide a sense of safety or to illuminate afield of view for safety/security reasons. Luminaires in this category include recessed step lights

for lighting steps, wall-mounted luminaires at entrances to facility access into the building, andwall packs. Step lights are typically recessed luminaires mounted approximately 2 feet above astair or walkway. Typical sources include CFL or incandescent sources; LEDs have entered thismarket as well. HID sources are sometimes used, but this luminaire typically needs both a low-wattage source and a small-size source. Wall packs are the most common security light. Theseluminaires are mounted on the exterior facades of buildings with the purpose of lighting the areafor safety. HID sources are prevalent for wall packs. For most other security luminaires, onesource does not dominate the market.


28/123

2-16

Landscape Luminaires light foliage, parts of building facades, water features, exteriorstatues, etc. Unlike floodlights, landscape luminaires are used to illuminate discrete landscapeand architectural features. Low-voltage halogen represents the bulk of this market. HID sourcesexcluding HPS are also used. Of the HID sources, MH is most often used because its compactlamp types (T6, PAR, MR) allow good optical control. For specific types of foliage, MV is the

ideal source because of the spectrum of light produced by the source. The largest drawback forHID sources in landscape lighting is lack of interchangeability. HID sources use wattage-specificballasts, which precludes using lamps with different wattages and light output. If lightingrequirements change over time (e.g., the lighted object grows larger), the original fixture andlamp type may no longer meet the application needs.

2.3.1.3 Pr oduct Applications: SpecialtyHID luminaires in specialty applications often employ lamp shapes and bases that are not

typically associated with general-service HID lamps discussed in the indoor and outdoorapplication groupings. Therefore, some lamps used in specialty applications would be exemptfrom standards. Although the impact from this product application would be very small, DOE

included them in this report for completeness. Table 2.3.3 presents the of specialty-productapplications.

Table 2.3.3. Classification for Specialty ApplicationsClassification Summary Description

TheatricalLuminaires

Luminaires designed with precise optical control and maximum flexibility.These are niche products used in the stage, studio, and other related fields.

Reprographics Lamps used in reprography, such as photography and photocopying.

2.4 REGULATORY AND NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMSAs part of this analysis, DOE reviews all voluntary and compulsory programs that relate

to HID technology. This review provides DOE with a greater understanding of the marketplacein which HID lamp, ballast, and luminaire manufacturers operate as well as what programs andtrends may influence the future of the market.

2.4.1 Regulatory Pr ograms and Legislation Impacting High-Intensity Dischar ge LampsDOE reviewed Federal and State regulatory programs and legislation that impact HID

technology, and applications where HID has a large market share. DOE acknowledges that notall programs and legislation affecting HID technology are discussed below but that its reviewaddresses the major federal examples and, where possible, representative state programs are

listed as well.

2.4.1.1 Federa l Regulatory Pr ograms and LegislationIn 2005, the president signed into law the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005),

which amended and expanded parts of the EPAct of 1992. This regulation included the


29/123

2-17

requirement that ballasts for MV lampsb cannot be imported or manufactured effectiveJanuary 1, 2008.10

Previously, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct 1992) required states to adopt anenergy code for buildings, which includes energy consumption guidelines for lighting. On July15, 2002, DOE issued a Determination that American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 90.1-1999 was more stringent than 90.1-1989.

11

Both the current 90.1-2010 Standard as well as Californias Energy Efficiency Standardsfor Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, Title 24, Part 6 (Title 24) have stated minimum

efficacy values for lighting exterior building grounds. All luminaires for exterior buildinggrounds that operate at greater than 100 W must contain lamps having a minimum efficacy of60 lumens per watt (LPW), unless the luminaire is controlled by a motion sensor or qualifies forone of the exceptions. This minimum efficacy value affects HID sources and, in some cases,prevents them from being used in non-residential applications.

As a result, each state must certify that it reviewed and updated the provisions of its commercialbuilding code regarding energy efficiency to meet or exceed Standard 90.1-1999 by July 15,2004, for any building under the means of Section 303(2) of EPAct, as amended. EPAct 2005provides substantial property tax credits for commercial properties that exceed the allowedlighting power density (LPD) in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001 by at least 25 percent. Further,the EPAct 2005 required new federal buildings constructed to be designed 30 percent less thanthe current version of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (90.1-2004 at time of enactment).

In addition to the minimum efficacy values, energy codes regulate energy use via thepower density (W per square or linear foot, depending on the application) of luminaireinstallations. Prescriptive design requirements allow for a variety of energy efficient sources tobe used without banning or restricting technologies outright. As the power density valuesdecrease, the demand for more efficient lighting increases.

A number of states and the Federal government set requirements for MH ballasts ofspecific wattages. The Energy Independence Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) requires ballastefficiency (Pin/Pout) values for MH ballasts between 150 and 500 W of 88 percent for pulse-start,94 percent for probe-start, 90 percent for nonpulse-start electronic ballasts operating lampsbetween 150 and 250 W; and 92 percent for nonpulse-start electronic ballasts operating lampsbetween 250 and 500 W. EISA 2007 allows a one-time exception to California.

In 1999, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required recycling (based onvolume of use) and proper disposal of lamps containing mercury. All HID lamps contain someamount of mercury.

2.4.1.2 Draft LegislationDuring 2009, different members of Congress drafted legislation focusing on energy

efficiency, with aspects of this draft legislation affecting HID lamps and luminaires primarilyusing HID lamps. Rep. Jane Harman (D-CA36) introduced H.R. 1732: Outdoor LightingEfficiency Act that was referred to Committee. The requirements in H.R. 1732 were later

b Some ballasts for special applications are exempted from the ban of importation or manufacture.


30/123

2-18

adopted in H.R. 2454: American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, sponsored by by Rep.Henry Waxman (D-CA30), and passed by the House on June 26, 2009. This bill H.R. 2454 hadrequirements for outdoor lighting:

1. Each outdoor luminaire manufactured on or after January 1, 2016 shall:a. have an initial luminaire efficacy of at least 50 LPW; andb. be designed to use a light source with a lumen maintenance, calculated as mean rated

lumens divided by initial lumens, of at least 0.6.

2. Each outdoor luminaire manufactured on or after January 1, 2018 shall:a. have an initial luminaire efficacy of at least 70 LPW; andb. be designed to use a light source with a lumen maintenance, calculated as mean rated

lumens divided by initial lumens, of at least 0.6.

3. In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (1) through (3), each outdoor luminairemanufactured on or after January 1, 2016, shall have the capability of producing at leasttwo different light levels, including 100 percent and 60 percent of full lamp output as

tested with the maximum rated lamp power UL1598 or the manufacturers maximumspecified for the luminaire under test. Outdoor luminaires used for roadway lightingapplications shall be exempt the two light level requirement.

Other requirements in the bill focus on outdoor high light output lamps:c

On March 2, 2010, Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) introduced the National EnergyEfficiency Enhancement Act of 2010. The bill was cosponsored by Evan Bayh (D-IN), ThadCochran (R-MS), Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Mary Landrieu (D-LA), Robert Menendez (D-NJ),

Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), Debbie Ann Stabenow (D-MI). u The main focus of the bill was toimprovThe draft legislation includes requirements for outdoor pole-mounted lighting and MVlamps - A general purpose mercury vapor lamp shall not be manufactured on or after January 1,2016.

Each outdoorhigh light output lamp manufactured on or after January 1, 2017 shall have a lighting efficiencyof at least 45 lumens per watt.

DOEs review of legislation affecting HID technology indicated three major approaches:regulating lamp efficacy, regulating lumen maintenance, and requiring multi-state operation of alight source.

The proposed outdoor lighting bill bans MV lamps outright because they are the mostinefficient HID source. H.R. 2454 sets the bar for a class of lamps at 45 LPW, effectively

eliminating most MV sources. The outdoor lighting bill set minimum luminaire efficacy values,calculated as the amount of light leaving the luminaire (measured in lumens) divided by the inputpower (watts) supplied to the luminaire. For HID lighting, fixture efficacy can be calculated by

c This is not an industry term. The bill defines the term as a lamp that (a) has a rated lumen output not less than2601 lumens; (b) is capable of being operated at a voltage of not less than 110 volts and not greater than 300 volts,or driven at a constant current of 6.6 amperes; (c) is not a Parabolic Aluminized Reflector Lamp; and (d) is not a J-type double-ended (T-3) halogen quartz lamp, utilizing R-7S bases that is manufactured before January 1, 2015.


31/123

2-19

multiplying the fixture efficiency by the lamp/ballast efficacy.d Chapter 3 will include moreinformation about lamp/ballast efficacy. However, typical parking lot and area luminaires (pole-mounted luminaires that comprise much of exterior lighting) typically have downward fixtureefficienciese between 54.8 to 88.7 percent with an average of 75.3 percent.12

2.4.1.3 DOE Background Studies

The minimumlamp/ballast efficiacy can be calculated by dividing the required 50 LPW fixture efficacy by the

typical luminaire efficiency of 75 percent. If the outdoor lighting bill is enacted and the fixtureefficiency stays the average, then the lamp/ballast efficacy would have to be 66.6 LPW to meetthe required 50 LPW fixture efficacy. Again under that legislation when the minimum fixtureefficacy increased to 70 LPW, the minimum lamp/ballast efficacy would 93.3 LPW assumingthat the fixture efficiency stayed constant.

In 2004, DOE publishedHigh-Intensity Discharge Lamps Analysis of Potential EnergySavings (Docket EE-DET-03-001). The scope of the document was HID lamps but focused on anin-depth analysis of MV lamps. While developing and after publishing the document, DOEreceived comments on the draft document as follows:

In 2003, a representative of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) stated,The affect on Caltrans if mercury vapor ceased to be an option would be minimal. Atthis time, we are installing no new MV street lighting fixtures, and have replaced most ofthose that were installed 30 to 40 years ago with HPS.13

In 2003, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) stated,ACEEE agrees that it makes sense to establish a minimum efficacy standard thateliminates mercury vapor lamps for many, if not all, applicationsIt should be noted thatsome states are adopting even more stringent codes resulting in rapid adoption of pulse-start metal halide in new installations ACEEE believes that the Department should

explore the potential for setting minimum efficacy requirements for HID that wouldeffectively eliminate probe-start metal halide lamps greater than 150 W-the best highwattage probe-start lamps (i.e., 1000 W lamps) can match pulse-start efficacys and wouldnot be affected. Pulse-start metal halide lamps offer immediate energy savings relative toprobe-start lamps and offer the potential for even greater savings as electronic ballastsbecome more widely available. The technical, life cycle cost, and energy savingsanalyses should include the substitution of pulse-start metal halide for both mercuryvapor and probe-start metal halide lamps to determine the cost and savings associatedwith a higher efficacy requirement.

14

In 2004, independent lighting designer Jim Benya of Benya Lighting Design stated: Inmy opinion, banning mercury vapor technology is warranted.

15

d Fixture efficiency is the percentage of light emitted by the luminaire (fixture) divided by the amount of lightgenerated by the lamp.e Downward efficiency is the percentage of light emitted by the luminaire between 0 and 90 . It is typically reportedfor area, parking, and roadway luminaires. Although additional light may be emitted above 90 , it provides no valueto lighting the intended surfaces.


32/123

2-20

In 2005, NEMA stated that it would oppose any DOE rulemaking that imposed alumens-per-watt standard on HID lamps such that a formal, regular reporting ofmeasurements of metal halide and high pressure sodium lamp efficacies would berequired to prove that no lamps with MV-type efficacies are being placed on the market.Such reporting would represent a gross administrative overkill to achieve the

objective.

16

In 2005, ACEEE stated that it is disappointed that DOE is not addressing other savingsopportunities from HID lamps, specifically the savings available from replacing probe-start metal halide lamps with pulse-start metal halide technology. However, at this timeseveral states are developing standards on these metal halide products, so we recommendthat DOE let states take the lead on these products rather than doing further work in thsarea at the present time.

17

In summary, DOE received no comments advocating for MV lamps and comments to setpulse-start MH as the efficacy standard.

2.4.1.4 State Regulatory ProgramsEffective January 1, 2008, MH luminaires with lamps in all operating positions ranging

from 150 to 500 W cannot contain a probe-start ballast in Arizona, Oregon, or Washington. NewYork and Rhode Island have similar laws effective January 1, 2008. In New York and RhodeIsland, only luminaires with lamps operating in a vertical position ( 15 degrees of vertical) shallnot contain probe-start ballasts.18

Under Title 20, California has an appliance efficiency program and requirements in placeregarding metal halide luminaires (fixtures) since 2006 (

Table 2.4.1).

Table 2.4.1. California Metal Halide Fixture RequirementsGeneral Title 20 Enactments

Milestone Date Description

1/1/06 Luminaires with lamps oriented vertically with the base up at rated wattages 150500 Wshall not contain a probe-start MH ballast.

1/1/08 Luminaires with lamps oriented vertically with the base down at rated wattages 150500 Wshall not contain a probe-start MH ballast.

Luminaires rated wattages 150500 W shall not contain a probe-start MH ballast.

Luminaires rated wattages 150500 W shall not contain a metal halide ballast with aminimum ballast efficiency of 88 percent. Exceptions include:

Luminaires with electronic ballasts that operate at 480 V. Luminaires rated at 150 W, rated for use in wet locations per NEC and contain a ballast

rated to operate at ambient air temperature above 50 F.1/1/10 Metal halide luminaires rated partially within the range of 150 to 5000 W shall not haveprobe-start ballasts and comply with Section 1605.3(n)(2)(A) as applicable.


33/123

2-21

Table 2.4.2. California (continued)1605.3(n)(2)(A) Indoor metal halide luminaires manufactured on or after January 1, 2010 shall comply

with at least one option of Section 1605.3(n)(2)(B).

Indoor metal halide luminaires manufactured on or after January 1, 2015 shall complywith Section 1605.3(n)(2)(B)4 and shall also comply with at least one other option ofSection 1605.3(n)(2)(B).

Outdoor metal halide luminaire manufactured on or after January 1, 2010 may complywith Section 1605.3(n)(2)(B)3 and shall comply with at least on other option of Section1605.3(n)(2)(B).

1605.3(n)(2)(B) A minimum ballast efficiency of 90 percent for 150250 W lamps or 92 percent for 251500 W lamps.

A minimum ballast efficiency of 88 percent and occupant sensors that are integral controlas defined in Section 1602(n) of this Article, shipped with the factory default setting toreduce lamp power automatically through dimming by a minimum of 40 percent within 30minutes or less after an area has been vacated.

A minimum ballast efficiency of 88 percent and automatic daylight integral control asdefined in Section 1602(n) of this Article, shipped with the factory default setting toreduce lamp power automatically through dimming by a minimum of 40 percent.

A minimum ballast efficiency of 88 percent and a relamping rated wattage within only oneof the four wattage bins specified. The luminaire shall be able to operate lamps withinonly one of the four wattage bins and shall not be rated for any lamp wattage outside ofthat wattage bin. The luminaire shall have a permanent, pre-printed factory-installed labelthat states the relamping rated wattage: 150160, 200215, 290335, or 336500. Whenoperating 336500 W lamps, the luminaire shall be prepackaged and sold together with atleast one lamp per socket having a minimum lamp efficacy of 80 lumens per watt, basedon published mean lumens and rated lamp power (watts).

Exceptions to1605.3(n)(2)

The following metal halide lighting systems shall not have probe-start ballasts and are notrequired to meet the minimum ballast efficiency requirements:

Luminaires that use regulated lag ballasts; Luminaires that use electronic ballasts which operate 480 V; or Luminaires that meet all three of the following requirements:Rated for use only with 150 W lamps, andRated for use in wet locations per NEC, andContain a ballast rated to operate at ambient air temperature above 50 F.

The effect of Californias Title 20 brings the state appliance requirements in line with theFederal requirements. The rules effective in 2010 push consumers towards electronic ballasts.The efficiencies in 1605.3(n)(2)(B) are the ballast efficiencies in EISA 2007 for nonpulse-startelectronic ballasts. Dimming requirements (reduce power to 40 percent) per 1605.3(n)(2)(B) andcan really only be achieved via electronic ballasts. It is possible with magnetic ballasts, butinefficient, more expensive, and harder to compete with electronic ballasts. Finally, Californiasrequirements of 80 mean LPW push consumers to better lamps. Better lamp lumen maintenancecan be achieved with electronic ballasts than with magnetic ballasts, but also needs a better lamp

to actually achieve the required system efficacy. Another example of an efficacy requirementindirectly affecting HID sources is the Minnesota Statute 216C.19 that states, [n]o newhighway, street or parking lot lighting may be installed in violation of these rules. Existinglighting equipment, excluding roadway sign lighting, with lamps with initial efficiencies lessthan 70 lumens per watt must be replaced when worn out with light sources using lamps withinitial efficiencies of at least 70 lumens per watt. Although the statute is technology neutral, iteffectively excludes incandescent halogen lamps and virtually all CFL sources. This statutefocuses on roadway lighting and affects applicable HID sources. MV lamps could not be


34/123

2-22

installed in any application under this statute.

Several states and a number of municipalities passed dark-sky ordinances aimed atreducing light pollution. While most focus on eliminating light pollution by addressing luminairetype and shielding, some ordinances (e.g., Arizona) specifically address the light source. Often,these municipalities are trying to ban a certain portion of the visible light spectrum.Astronomical observatories and coastal areas can be negatively impacted by certain spectralcontent that affects nighttime sky observation and animal habitats.19

Arizonas statute states, No new mercury vapor outdoor light fixtures shall be installedafter the effective date of this section. No replacement equipment other than bulbs formercury vapor lighting fixtures shall be sold in the state after January 1, 1991 and the useof mercury vapor light fixtures is prohibited after January 1, 2011.

However, regulatoryauthority is not consistent; some ordinances cover only the lighting owned by the regulatoryentity (e.g., state or municipal), while others cover privately owned lighting as well. Examples ofsource-specific state requirements are as follows:

20

The City of San Jos, California limits restricts source type because of the localobservatory. The use of low-pressure (LPS) sodium lighting for outdoor, unroofed areasshall be required for all private development in the City of San Jos as a condition ofapproval on all Land Use Development Permits.

21

In addition to dark-sky ordinances, numerous state departments of transportation havespecifications that focus on HID technology. In addition to their specifications, thesedepartments and other municipalities have prequalified lighting-procurement programs thatspecifically govern HID sources. For example, the Kansas Department of Transportation has alist of prequalified lighting systems that specifically list MH and HPS technology.

22

The Model-Lighting Ordinance (MLO) is a joint effort by IESNA and the InternationalDark-Sky Association (IDA) to provide a sample code that municipalities can adopt. The MLOpertains to outdoor lighting only. In contrast to the major energy codes, the MLO recommendsrestricting light output in terms of initial lumens for environmental zones. Where ASHRAEStandard 90.1 and California Title 24 Standard regulate installed power density for the differentenvironmental zones, the MLO gives a total lumen value for the zones. At the time of thispublication, the MLO had not been completed by the IESNA/IDA Joint Task Force. Therefore,no actual values were provided.

Althoughthis is not an outright regulatory program, it is an example of municipal action that directly

affects HID technology.

California Title 24 requires spaces with two or more luminaires lighting building facades,parking lots, garages, non-sales canopies, and all outdoor sales areas to reduce the lighting powerby 50 percent when the lighting is not needed. Compliance with this code can be achieved viacontinuous dimming and hi-lo ballasts (stepped dimming ballasts) as well as switching everyother luminaire.


35/123

2-23

After an incident in a school in Oregon where teachers were injured by burns to their eyes(via excessive ultraviolet radiation exposure) by a damaged MH lamp, the State of Oregonmandated that all schools replace MH and MV lamps with self-extinguishing versions.23

2.4.2 Non-Regulatory Pr ograms Affecting High-Intensity Dischar ge LampsDOEs review of non-regulatory programs promoting higher-efficiency HID sources

found that there are four general types of programs that are either prescriptive or performance-based. A prescriptive program would provide an incentive for using an efficient technology (withthe assumption that with the equipment installed, energy will be saved). A performance-basedprogram would provide an incentive for saving energy with little restrictions on how thosesavings were achieved.

The first type of program promotes energy efficiency through sponsored retrofits, eitheron a prescriptive (technology) basis or on a minimum efficacy (LPW threshold) basis. Thesecond type of program encourages using the most efficient technology in new installations. Thethird type of program encourages higher-efficiency technology, with the objective of reducing

peak-load demand. This type of program is more applicable to indoor HID luminaires, ratherthan outdoor lighting that typically operates during off-peak hours. Incentives in this category arebased on kilowatts saved during peak periods without dictating the technology used to reduce theload. The fourth and final type of program focuses on reducing energy (kilowatt hours) throughmore efficient technology. Again, this does not prescribe specific technologies, but insteadrewards energy savings.

In Appendix A, DOE provides a summary of non-regulatory programs in the UnitedStates that focus on lighting and HID technology. Each program is described briefly, identifyingthe target technology, the incentives offered, and a website for more information. Although thelist is not exhaustive, 23 states offer some type of program that specifically focuses on HID

technology. Incentives exist for either installing new HID sources or replacing HID sources withnon-HID sources. In general, the incentives treat MV and MH as the old inefficient sources tobe replaced. The three most common incentives are:

1. PMH These incentives are for PMH fixtures or lamps/ballasts replacing incandescent,MV, MH, and HPS technology. The incentives can include either quartz or ceramic PMHlamps. The incentives range from $18 to $100. The most common PMH incentive is the320W replacement for a 360W or 400W MH system. PMH being more efficacious andhaving better lumen maintenance than MH lamps means that, over the operating life, thelower wattage PMH system is equal or better than the standard higher wattage MHsystems.

2. High-intensity fluorescent (HIF) These incentives are for multi-lamp T5 or T8fluorescent low/high bay luminaires. Incentives range from $50 to $125 for replacingHID fixtures. The rationale for these incentives is that fluorescent lamps can be dimmedmore easily than HID lamps. Multi-lamp fixtures can also be switched off in differentpairings. These control features save energy. The high lumen maintenance (above 0.90)for fluorescent lamps, the high efficacy (above 90 LPW), and the long rated life when


36/123

2-24

operated for long periods (over 30,000 hours) makes HIF a good option compared totraditional HID fixtures.

3. Integrally-ballasted CMH lamp This is a PAR lamp with an integral electronic ballast.Other incentives exist for CMH lamps but those are similar to other PMH incentives.Incentives range from $12 to $25 for this type of lamp, which directly replaces halogenPAR 38 lamps. This type of CMH lamp yields at least a 50 percent energy savingscompared to the halogen lamps. The CMH lamps typica

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vu-nhuan
View:	249 times
Download:	1 times