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Cryptic surgeonfish species: Cryptic surgeonfish species: Phylogeographic survey reveals hidden Phylogeographic survey reveals hidden
biodiversity in the Pacific Oceanbiodiversity in the Pacific Ocean
J. DiBattista, C. Wilcox, M. Craig, L. Rocha, and B. BowenJ. DiBattista, C. Wilcox, M. Craig, L. Rocha, and B. BowenHawai’i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii Hawai’i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii
Genetic connectivity of reef fishGenetic connectivity of reef fish
Most have high dispersal potential:- pelagic larvae (weeks to months)
Genetic connectivity of reef fishGenetic connectivity of reef fish
Most have high dispersal potential:- pelagic larvae (weeks to months)
Direct tagging logistically difficult: Molecular tools important hereMolecular tools important here
Genetic connectivity of reef fishGenetic connectivity of reef fish
Most have high dispersal potential:- pelagic larvae (weeks to months)
Direct tagging logistically difficult: Molecular tools important hereMolecular tools important here
Scale of dispersal fundamental for: - defining management units- designing marine reserves (MPAs)- Identifying sources versus sinks
Phylogeography of Indo-Pacific reef fishPhylogeography of Indo-Pacific reef fish
SE DG
CC
CM
OK
HI
KI
MAMOAS
FJ
PN
MA
TIKA
JO
Reef fish familiesReef fish families AcanthuridaeAcanthuridae ChaetodontidaeChaetodontidae LabridaeLabridae LutjanidaeLutjanidae MullidaeMullidae PomacanthidaePomacanthidae SerranidaeSerranidae
Phylogeography of Indo-Pacific reef fishPhylogeography of Indo-Pacific reef fish
SE DG
CC
CM
OK
HI
JO
KI
MAMOAS
FJ
PN
MA
TIKA
Hawaiian archipelagoHawaiian archipelago
Reef fish familiesReef fish families AcanthuridaeAcanthuridae ChaetodontidaeChaetodontidae LabridaeLabridae LutjanidaeLutjanidae MullidaeMullidae PomacanthidaePomacanthidae SerranidaeSerranidae
Hawaiian archipelagoHawaiian archipelago25% endemism (Randall 2007)25% endemism (Randall 2007)
One of the most isolated in the PacificOne of the most isolated in the Pacific
?
?
PapahPapahāānaumokunaumokuāākea kea Marine National MonumentMarine National Monument
One of the largest marine conservation areas in the worldOne of the largest marine conservation areas in the world
Bluelined SurgeonfishBluelined Surgeonfish((Acanthurus nigrorisAcanthurus nigroris))
• Reef generalist/herbivore
• 542 specimens collected
2004 to 2007
• 18 locations sampled
Hawaii and Pacific islands
• mtDNA, cytochrome b
Pacific locationsPacific locationsHawaiian LocationsHawaiian Locations
Marshall Islands(N = 19, MI)
Christmas IslandKiribati
(N = 24, KI)
American Samoa(N = 23, AS)
Moorea(N = 32, MO)
NN = 98 = 98
Photo by Jerker Tamelander, IUCNPhoto by Jerker Tamelander, IUCN
Kure (N = 41)
Midway (N = 30)
Pearl & Hermes (N = 29)
Lisianski (N = 39)
Laysan(N = 46)
Maro Reef(N = 35)
Gardner(N = 27)
French Frigate Shoals(N = 33)
Necker Island(N = 3)
Nihoa(N = 32)
Kauai (N = 34)
Oahu (N = 29)
Lanai(N = 1)
Hawaii(N = 32)
Johnston Atoll(N = 34)
Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI)Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI)NN = 315 = 315
Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI)Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) N = 96N = 96
Hawaiian locationsHawaiian locationsNN = 445 = 445
Study objectivesStudy objectives
We aim to address the following questions:We aim to address the following questions:
(1) Is there genetic structure within the Hawaiian archipelago? (2) Is there genetic structure among other sampled Pacific populations? (3) Is there evidence of genetic exchange between Hawaii and the rest of the Pacific?
Analysis of genetic structure
1) Haplotype and nucleotide diversity
2) Neutrality test statistics:
Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs
3) Connectivity via ST values:– Between all populations– Between NWHI & MHI– Between Hawaii and Pacific
4) mtDNA sequence divergence
5) Mismatch distribution analysis:
Coalescence times (from estimates)
6) MIGRATE software analysis:
number of migrants per generation
Analysis of genetic structure
1) Haplotype and nucleotide diversity
2) Neutrality test statistics:
Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs
3)3) Connectivity via Connectivity via STST values: values:– Between all populationsBetween all populations– Between NWHI & MHIBetween NWHI & MHI– Between Hawaii and PacificBetween Hawaii and Pacific
4) mtDNA sequence divergence4) mtDNA sequence divergence
5) Mismatch distribution analysis:
Coalescence times (from estimates)
6) MIGRATE software analysis:6) MIGRATE software analysis:
number of migrants per generationnumber of migrants per generation
NO genetic structure in HawaiiNO genetic structure in Hawaii
- Overall: ST = 0.01, P = 0.07
- MHI vs. NWHI: ST = -0.002, P = 0.65
- 38 haplotypes (HAP 1 + 2 every site)
- mtDNA sequence divergence= 0.1%
Connectivity within Hawaiian islandsConnectivity within Hawaiian islands
NO genetic structure in HawaiiNO genetic structure in Hawaii
- Overall: ST = 0.01, P = 0.07
- MHI vs. NWHI: ST = -0.002, P = 0.65
- 38 haplotypes (HAP 1 + 2 every site)
- mtDNA sequence divergence= 0.1%
Connectivity within Hawaiian islandsConnectivity within Hawaiian islands
STST = 0.01, = 0.01, PP = 0.07 = 0.07
NO genetic structure in HawaiiNO genetic structure in Hawaii
- Overall: ST = 0.01, P = 0.07
- MHI vs. NWHI: ST = -0.002, P = 0.65
- 38 haplotypes (HAP 1 + 2 every site)
- mtDNA sequence divergence= 0.1%
Connectivity within Hawaiian islandsConnectivity within Hawaiian islands
STST = -0.002, = -0.002, PP = 0.65 = 0.65
NO genetic structure in HawaiiNO genetic structure in Hawaii
- Overall: ST = 0.01, P = 0.07
- MHI vs. NWHI: ST = -0.002, P = 0.65
- 38 haplotypes (HAP 1 + 2 every site)
- mtDNA sequence divergence= 0.1%
Number of migrants/generation: Number of migrants/generation: From NWHI into MHI = 22.99 (0 to 132) From MHI into NWHI = 35.19 (0 to 162)
Connectivity within Hawaiian islandsConnectivity within Hawaiian islands
NmNm = 22.99 = 22.99
NmNm = 35.19 = 35.19
Direction of exchange appears primarily Direction of exchange appears primarily to the NW rather than SE in Hawaiito the NW rather than SE in Hawaii
Connectivity within Pacific islandsConnectivity within Pacific islands
AS
KI
MO
MI
NO genetic structure in PacificNO genetic structure in Pacific
- Overall: ST= 0.009, P = 0.18
- 58 haplotypes (many singletons)
- mtDNA sequence divergence = 0.6%
MI = Marshall IslandsMI = Marshall IslandsAS = American SamoaAS = American SamoaKI = KiribatiKI = KiribatiMO = MooreaMO = Moorea
Connectivity within Pacific islandsConnectivity within Pacific islands
AS
KI
MO
MI
NO genetic structure in PacificNO genetic structure in Pacific
- Overall: ST= 0.009, P = 0.18
- 58 haplotypes (many singletons)
- mtDNA sequence divergence = 0.6%
STST = 0.009, = 0.009, PP = 0.18 = 0.18
MI = Marshall IslandsMI = Marshall IslandsAS = American SamoaAS = American SamoaKI = KiribatiKI = KiribatiMO = MooreaMO = Moorea
Connectivity within Pacific islandsConnectivity within Pacific islands
AS
KI
MO
MI
NO genetic structure in PacificNO genetic structure in Pacific
- Overall: ST= 0.009, P = 0.18
- 58 haplotypes (many singletons)
- mtDNA sequence divergence = 0.6%
Number of migrants/generation: Number of migrants/generation: Mean migration rate within Pacific = 13.36 (0 to 66 CI) NO BIAS IN MIGRATION DIRECTIONNO BIAS IN MIGRATION DIRECTION
STST = 0.009, = 0.009, PP = 0.18 = 0.18
MI = Marshall IslandsMI = Marshall IslandsAS = American SamoaAS = American SamoaKI = KiribatiKI = KiribatiMO = MooreaMO = Moorea
HawaiiOahuLanaiKauaiNihoaNeckerFrench Frigate ShoalsGardner PinnaclesMaro ReefLaysanLisianskiPearl & Hermes AtollMidwayKureJohnston Atoll
Pacific IslandsPacific Islands
Hawaiian ArchipelagoHawaiian Archipelago
Sequence divergence = 4.12 % ST = 0.96, P < 0.0001
25 muta
tions
25 muta
tions
Connectivity between Pacific regionsConnectivity between Pacific regions
Marshall IslandsMooreaKiribatiAmerican Samoa
(DiBattista, Wilcox et al., 2011(DiBattista, Wilcox et al., 2011 JMB) JMB)
Meristic DifferencesHawaiian Hawaiian A. nigroris,A. nigroris, from Oahu from Oahu Pacific Pacific A. nigrorisA. nigroris, from Enewetak, from Enewetak
Randall, JE (1956), Pacific Science, 10:159-235.
Hawaiian Pacific
Dorsal Soft Rays 24 - 27 23 - 26
Anal Soft Rays 22 - 25 22 - 24
Anterior Gill Rakers 26 - 31 21 - 25
Posterior Gill Rakers 24 - 27 19 - 24
Photos by Jack E. Randall
Meristic DifferencesHawaiian Pacific
Dorsal Soft Rays 24 - 27 23 - 26
Anal Soft Rays 22 - 25 22 - 24
Anterior Gill Rakers 26 - 31 21 - 25
Posterior Gill Rakers 24 - 27 19 - 24
Photos by Jack E. Randall
Hawaiian Hawaiian A. nigroris,A. nigroris, from Oahu from Oahu Pacific Pacific A. nigrorisA. nigroris, from Enewetak, from Enewetak
Randall, JE (1956), Pacific Science, 10:159-235.
Acanthurus nigros GüntherAcanthurus nigroris
Randall et al. Randall et al. in pressin press,, Pacific Science Pacific ScienceSpecies distribution mapSpecies distribution map
ConclusionsConclusions
• High gene flow over large distances: Hawaiian region: ~2600 km
Pacific region: ~800 km
• Distinct barrier to gene flow between Hawaii and the rest of the Pacific
• Two proposed surgeonfish species:
Hawaiian endemic species
Widespread Pacific species
The bigger picture?The bigger picture?
Hawaiian endemicsHawaiian endemics Widespread surgeonfishWidespread surgeonfish
Eble et al. 2009:
Strong genetic structure
Eble et al. 2011:
Indo-Pacific
Some genetic structureAcanthurus Acanthurus nigrofuscusnigrofuscus
Ctenochaetus strigosusCtenochaetus strigosus Eble et al. 2009:
North/West Pacific
Some genetic structureZebrasoma flavescensZebrasoma flavescens
Present study:
No genetic structure
Acanthurus nigrorisAcanthurus nigroris
Acanthurus nigrosAcanthurus nigros
Present Study:
Central Pacific
No genetic structure
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Thanks to Robert Toonen and Jeff Eble for multiple contributions to this study.This research was supported by the National Science Foundation grants OIA0554657, OCE-0453167 and OCE-0929031 (BWB), OCE-0623678 (RJT), and NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries Program MOA No. 2005-008/66882 (BWB & RJT). We thank the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument and co-trustees NOAA Marine Sanctuaries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the State of Hawaii. Paul Barber, Howard Choat, Pat Collins, Greg Concepcion, Jonathan Dale, Toby Daly-Engel, John Earle, Michelle Gaither, Brian Greene, Matt Iacchei, Stephen Karl, Randall Kosaki, Carl Meyer, Yannis Papastamatiou, Joshua Reece, Jennifer Schultz, Zoltan Szabo, Tonatiuh Trejo-Cantwell, Jill Zamzow, and the crew of the R.V. Hi’ialakai helped collect specimens. Aulani Wilhelm, Jo-Ann Leong, Hoku Johnson, Danielle Carter, Daniel Polhemus, Randall Kosaki, Ann Mooney, Elizabeth Keenen, Kelly Gleason, James Maragos, and the Coral Reef Research Foundation provided crucial logistic assistance to this project. We thank Zoltan Szabo for valuable laboratory assistance and protocol development, Sarah Daley, Rajesh Shrestha and Mindy Mizobe of the HIMB EPSCoR core facility for their assistance with DNA sequencing, John Randall, Stephen Karl, and all the members of the ToBo lab for their advice, assistance, and support.