High and Late Middle Ages1050-1450
Chapter 8
Royal Power Grows
Section 1
William the Conqueror
• Who: King of England• What: conquered England & set out to control
the land• Where: England (Normandy, France) • When: 1028-1087; 1066*• Why: he conquered England to defeat his
cousin & became king; change the power of England to the Normans
William the Conq (wksht)
• King of England- Edward- died w/o an heir• His brother Harold inherited it• But William said it was his• = conquer England to take the throne• = Anglo-Saxons gone- Normans are in charge
Common Law
• Who: Royal courts, Henry II• What: a legal system based on customs & court
rulings • Where: England• When: 1154 AD• Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to all of
England instead of just local; ppl brought disputes to royal courts instead of church; centralized the law
Henry II (workbook)
• Inherited the throne in England• Claimed rights to rule clergy (church officials)
& the royal courts—• He developed common law & a jury system-
unifying the legal system under one power• - no longer local law but one central law
Jury
• Who: group of men that spoke the truth, Henry II• What: group of men determined what cases
would be brought to trial • Where: England• When: 1154• Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand
Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is judged by 12 of his neighbors
King John
• Who: son of Henry II, King of England• What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler• Where: Enlgand • When: 1205• Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity;
argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses = Magna Carta (limited his power)
King John (workbook)
• He abused power & overtaxed his nobles• = ppl unhappy• =Magna Carta = limited royal power
Magna Carta
• Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons (nobles)• What: a document that limited the king’s power due to
his abuses• Where: England• When: 1215*• Why: this shaped the future of English government--
this said nobles had rights (eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus
Due Process of Law
• Who: King John, townspeople• What: a clause that prpotected freemen from
arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal actions
• WherE: England• When: 1215• Why: formed the basis of the rights we know
&have today- we have rights even when being arrested
Habeas Corpus
• Who: citizens, people that are arrested• What: a right that no person can be held in prison
without first being charged with a specific crime• Where: England, WE• When: 1215-today• Why: this right was later confirmed in the
Petition of Right & is still around today protecting citizens from unjust arrest
Parliament
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
Section 2
Holy Roman Empire
• Who: Charlemagne; Otto I• What: empire that ruled throughout WE from
Germany to Italy• Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy)• When: 1077-• Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on
earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ; largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome
Henry IV
• Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor• What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated by
Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of Gregory VII• Where: Germany, HRE, WE• When: 1054-• Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was
excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)
Henry IV (Workbook)
• Actions: fought w. Pope Gregory VII about Lay Investiture; later repented but led an army to Rome to kick the Pope out
• Effects: he was excommunicated by the Pope but later brought back into church; he signed the Concordat of Worms= took away his power to appoint religious leaders (= Pope more powerful)
Gregory VII
• Who: Pope• What: Pope that instituted many church reforms
such as banning Lay Invest. • Where: Rome, Italy (WE)• When: 1054-1077• Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture
which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to be independent from the church (secular)
Gregory VII (Workbook)
• Actions: caused controversy when he banned Lay Invest. ; excommunicated Henry IV for arguing about it
• Effects: he wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers so he banned Lay Invest- making him the most powerful b.c. he now appointed all religious officials
Lay Investiture
• Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV• What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay
person (not relig) vested a person as a religious official or presented bishops w. rings that symbolized their office
• Where: Rome, Italy, (WE)• When: 1054-1077• Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV which
led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled
Frederick Barbarossa• Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red Beard” ,
ambitious German ruler• What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his control so he
joined w. the Pope to have more control; he wanted to expand his Empire
• Where: Germany, Italy• When: 1100-1200 • Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to Adriatic
Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are more deeply involved in Italian affairs
Frederick Barbarossa (workbook)
• Actions: he fought to expand his Empire & succeeded in bringing Northern Italy under his power
• Effects: b.c. of his expansion Germany was more deeply involved in Italian affairs
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (Workbook)
The Crusades
Section 3
Crusades• Who: European Christians vs. Muslims • What: a series of wars where Christians battled the
Muslims over control of the Holy Land in the Middle East (ME)
• Where: Middle East (ME)• When: 1096-1296• Why: they learned that the world was larger than they
thought & these encounters outside of Europe accelerated change w.in Europe – expand their economies (new goods); monarchs become more powerful;
Crusades
• Who: Christians vs. Muslims• What: a series of religious wars over control of the
“Holy Land” for control of the Middle East • Where: Middle East (ME)• When: 1096-1291• Why: European Christians found the world was much
larger than they thought & their encounters outside of Europe accelerated change IN Europe- economies expand (new goods), monarchs increase in power
Crusades
• Who: European Christians vs. Muslim Turks• What: a series of religious wars fought over control of
the Holy Land • Where: Middle East (ME)• When: 1096- 1291• Why: Christians battled for control of land in the Middle
East, West. Europeans learned the world was much larger than they thought & their encounters out of Europe accelerated change @ home- economies expand (new goods); the power of the monarchs increases
Holy Land
• Who: Muslims vs Christians• What: the land that Christians believed Jesus was
from so it was the origin of their religion; Muslims believed it was the origin of theirs
• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine (ME)• When: 1071• Why: Muslims groups controlled this region which
prevented Christians from being together; This land was fought over in the Crusades
Holy Land
• Who: Christians, Muslims• What: land in the Middle East where Christians believed
Jesus lived & preached meaning it was the origin of their religious; Muslims felt the same about Muhammad here
• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME• When: 1071• Why: this land was the start of both Muslim & Christian
religions = Muslims had control here = Christians were prevented from being here = Crusades (war)
Holy Land
• Who: Muslim Turks vs. European Christians• What: loaction in the Middle East where Christians
believed Jesus preached so it was their Holy Land; Muslim founder Muhammad was from here so it was theirs also
• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME • When: 1071• Why: Muslims controlled this land= Christians couldn’t
go here = Crusades (war) for control of the land
Pope Urban II (3rd) • Who: Pope• What: got bishops & nobles to fight against the
Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land• Where: Rome, Italy, WE• When: 1095-1291• Why: he wanted Christians to stop fighting each
other & fight Muslims instead; he hoped this would increase his power; & he wanted to heal the split b.n the 2 churches (Orthodox & Catholic)
Pope Urban II (6th)
• Who: Roman Pope• What: gave Christian knights to the Byzantine
Empire to help fight against Muslims in the Holy Land
• Where: Rome, Italy, WE• When: 1095• Why: he wanted to increase his power; he hoped to
heal the schism (split) of the church & he wanted Christians to fight Muslims not other Christians
Pope Urban II (7th)
• Who: Pope• What: gathered Christian knights to fight for
Christianity against the Muslim Turks• Where: Rome, Italy, WE; ME• When: 1095-1145• Why: He hoped to increase his power in Europe;
heal the schism (split) in the Byzantine & WE Christian churches; set the Crusades to fight Muslims instead of other Christians
Reconquista (2nd )
• Who: Christian kingdoms• What: a campaign to drive Muslims from the Iberian
peninsula (Spain) • Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain• When: 1085-1491• Why: the Christians sought out to take over Muslim
lands- by 1300 Christians controlled the whole peninsula, Muslim influence remained strong; Ferdinand &Isabella completed the Recon. By making Spain all Christian
Reconquista (6th)
• Who: Christians vs. Muslims• What: the Christians strove to drive the Muslims from
the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) and make it all Christian
• Where: Iberian Peninsula, Spain, WE• When: 1085-1492• Why: The Christian kingdoms wanted to push the
Muslims out of Spain & they succeed- Ferdinand & Isabella complete the Recon. By getting rid of the Muslims
Reconquista (7th)
• Who: Christians vs. Muslims• What: Christians drive the Muslims off the
Iberian peninsula to make it all Christian• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE • When: 1085-1492• Why: Christians drove most of the Muslims
out of Spain, they conquered most of Spain & tried converting them to Christianity
Ferdinand & Isabella
• Who: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile• What: they married & unified Spain; pushed the
Muslims out of Granada & completed the Reconquista• Where: Spain• When: 1469-1492• Why: The Christians wanted to take over Muslim lands
in Spain & end religious tolerance of other religions- Isabella wanted to convert everyone to Christianity– “Inquisition”; wanted to bring political & religious unity to Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella (6th)
• Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella of Castile
• What: they married & unified Spain under 1 political power; they completed the Reconquista
• WherE: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE• When: 1469-1492• Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed
the Muslims out in the Reconquista & Inquisition
Ferdinand & Isabella (7th)
• Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella of Castile
• What: they married & created a unified country called Spain
• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE• When: 1469-1492• Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed back
Muslim Grenada which fell & completed the Reconquista; They led the Inquisition (they wanted to unify politically and religiously)
Inquisition
• Who: non- Christians & Muslims; Ferdinand & Isabella• What: a church court set up to try people accused of
heresy (against the church) • Where: Spain• When: 1492-• Why: Jews & Muslims were forced to convert to
Christianity or else they were tried by the Inquisition- many who refused were burned at the stake or expelled from Spain; 150000 fled- Spain suffered
Inquisition (6th)
• Who: Queen Isabella of Spain, Non-Christians (Jews & Muslims)
• What: the church court that was set up to try people of heresy (going against the church)
• Where: Spain• When: 1469-1492• Why: the Christian church in Spain accused all non-
Christians of heresy & punished them with death by burning at the stake OR they were expelled- 150000 non Christians fled Spain
Inquisition (7th)
• Who: Ferdinand & Isabella; non-Christians (Muslims & Jews)
• What: a church court that was set up to try people of heresy (against the Christian church)
• Where: Spain• When: 1469-1492• Why: if you were non-christian (heretic)= punished by
burning at the stake or being expelled; expelled all Jews & Muslims if they didn’t convert to Christianity- 150000 fled Spain
Causes of the Crusades(worksheet for the top 4 bubbles)
• Christians fought Muslims for control of the Holy Land
• Seljuk Turks (Muslim) invaded the Byzantine Empire = prevented Christians from traveling to the Holy Land
• Religious zeal- really excited about Christianity & fighting for it
• Muslims continually sought to destroy Christian states = Christians defended them
Causes of the Crusades(top 4 bubbles on wksht)
• The Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for Christian knights to help fight off the Muslim Turks who were invading the Byzantine Empire
• Christian men were encouraged to fight in the name of Christ for control of the Holy Land for the Christians
• Christian knights had not been allowed to enter the Holy Land, went to fight for their right to be in the Holy Land
• The Muslims repeatedly sought to destroy the Christians states which caused the Europeans to fight against them
Causes of the Crusades (top 4 bubbles) 7th
• Christian knights wanted to fight Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land
• Pope Urban & monarchs wanted to increase the power in WE
Effects of the Crusades(bottom 5 bubbles on wksht)
• Christians failed in the Crusades & did not succeed in taking over the Holy Land (Muslims had control of Holy Land)
• There was a bitter legacy of religious hatred. Both Christians & Muslims committed atrocities in the name of their religion- massacring other religions
• Christians learned the world was larger than they thought = curious about the rest of the world = traveling
• Economy expanded & improved= Christians were exposed to new goods from ME = trade increased
• Monarchs’ power increased back in Europe
Effects of the Crusades(bottom 5 bubbles)
• Encouraged the growth of the Economy b.c. the Lords allowed peasants to pay w. $
• Monarchs’ power increased• Crusaders experienced ME = other culture = curiosity
about the world = travel• People had religious hatred towards each other=
atrocities against other religions = massacres of other faiths
• Helped accelerated/speed up the pace of things in Europe = ppl are encouraged by other cultures
Scholasticism (6th)
• Who: Christian Scholars• What: a method of studying; a method used
to solve conflict of science & religion; a mixture of Christian beliefs and Reason
• Where: WE• When: 1100s• Why: