Date post: | 22-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | austin-walsh |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 2 times |
High and Late Middle Ages
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Monarchs begin to centralize power. Organize government
bureaucracies Developed tax systems Built standing armies.
Monarchs Create ties with the
townspeople of the middle class.
Townspeople, support Monarchs
Trade increases
William the Conquer – From France
Was promised the throne by King Edward.
William raised an army and won the backing of the pope.
At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. – Ed’s Brother-in-Law
Became king of England on Christmas Day 1066.
Blended Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions.
Granted large amounts of land to himself
King Henry II Expanded accepted customs into law and sent justices out to enforce these royal laws.
The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings.
Common law applied to all of England.
In time, people brought their disputes to royal courts rather than to those of nobles or the Church.
Jury system developed.
The World in 1050
Western Europe was emerging from a period of isolation
The religion of Islam had given rise to a brilliant civilization that stretched from Spain to India
India East Asia, and West Africa were building the great trading empire.
Byzantine - prosperous and united. I
The Crusades Goal – Recapture the Holy Land – Make Pilgrimage safe.
Only the First Crusade came close to achieving its goals.
Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.
They capped their victory with a massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of the city.
The Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years.
Muslims recapture Jerusalem which leads to the 3rd Crusade
Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian pilgrims
Pope Urban II The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks
Impact of the Crusades
The Crusades breed religious hatred.
Jews, Christians, and Muslims committed violence through Europe and the Middle East.
European economies expand
Trade increased and expanded because of the traveling knights.
Merchants use their fleets to carry goods instead of Crusaders to and from Middle East.
The Crusades further encouraged the growth of a money economy.
Effects on Monarchs and the Church
The Crusades helped to increase the power of monarchs.
Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought papal power to its greatest height.
Crusades did not end the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches as Pope Urban had hoped.
Constantinople was conquered and looted in the Fourth Crusade by Western Crusaders
Worldview Evolves Marco Polo, set out for China.
Returned to Venice and wrote a book about the wonders of Chinese civilization.
In the 1400s, a desire to trade directly with India and China would lead Europeans to a new age of exploration
King John
Lost a war with Philip II and had to give up lands in France.
John rejected the pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury, the pope excommunicated him.
The Magna Carta John upset the nobles taxes.
1215, a group of barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter.
Magna Carta 1. Nobles had certain rights - will be extended to all English citizens.
2.The monarch must obey the law.
3. habeas corpus - the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.
The Development of Parliament
English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. -Evolved into Parliament
House of Lords – Lords and Clergy
House of Commons - knights and middle class citizens
Parliament gained the right to approve any new taxes.
Parliament could limit the power of the monarch
The Capetian Kings Nobles elected Hugh Capet, to fill French throne.
Thought he would be a weak king.
Capetian King they made the throne hereditary
Added to their Lands – Destroyed Noble Power
Won the support of the Church.
Created a bureaucracy. Government officials
collected taxes Imposed royal law
Philip Augustus Paid middle-class officials to fill government positions instead of nobles. – More loyal
Philip gained control of English-ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou. – From King John
Philip had become the most powerful ruler in Europe
Louis IX persecuted heretics and Jews
Led French knights in two Crusade, against Muslims.
By the time of his death in 1270, France was emerging as an efficient centralized monarchy
Forming the Estates General
This body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople.
never controlled the money of France (Parliament)
Holy Roman Empire Conflicts had arisen
between secular rulers and Church officials.
The longest and most destructive struggle pitted popes against the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, who ruled vast lands from Germany to Italy.
Otto I Worked closely with
the Church. Appointed bishops to
top government jobs. helped the pope
defeat rebellious Roman nobles.
Crowned by the Pope Called Holy Roman
emperor
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
Pope banned the practice of lay investiture.
Emperors could not appointed install bishops in office.
Gregory excommunicated Henry.
Henry repents his sins to the Pope
Took revenge on Gregory by leading an army to Rome and forcing the pope into exile
Concordat of Worms This treaty declared
that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.
The emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs.
Papal Supremacy Pope Innocent
claimed supremacy over all other rulers..
Innocent strengthened papal power within the Church
He extended the Papal States
Education in the Middle Ages
As economic and political conditions improved need for education expanded.
Medical schools Law schools
Medieval Literature
Spain - Poem of the Cid - a Christian lord who fought both with and against Muslim forces.
Divine Comedy - Dante Alighieri – an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory, where souls await forgiveness.
Canterbury Tales, the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb.
Art and Architecture
Gothic style - European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, thin walls, and high roofs
Stain glass windows - pictures depicting the life of Jesus.
helped educate the people who were unable to read.
Black Death 1 in 3 people
died
Hit western Europe through Italy then spread to Spain and France.
Where did the Black Death come from?
spread by fleas carried by rats.
A strain survived in Mongolia
Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably setting off the new epidemic
Fleas jumped on rats and infest the clothes and packs of traders traveling west.
The disease quickly spread from Asia to the Middle East and then to Europe.
Impact of the Plague Normal life breaks
down – People turn to witchcraft.
Some thought the Plague was God’s Punishment
Jews blamed for the plague and killed
Inflation Riots
Rise of the Middle Class The black plague brought
about a new middle class This class was made of
merchants and traders To help regulate the
craftsmen guilds were developed
Guilds: 1. Set standard of quality 2. Control wages and
prices 3. Train apprentices
The Church Splits Pope Clement V had
moved the papal court to Avignon, France.
Another pope was elected to rule from Rome.
Schism in the Church. 1417 - removed
authority from all popes and elected Pope Martin V – to the papacy to Rome.
Hundred Years’ War 1337 and 1453 English rulers wanted
to hold on to French lands of their Norman ancestors.
French kings wanted to extend their own power in France.
England and France were also rivals for control of the English Channel,
Joan of Arc
1429 - France 17-year-old peasant
woman appeared at the court of
Charles VII, She told him that God had
sent her to save France. Charles authorized her to
lead an army against the English.
She was taken captive by allies of the English
Went on trial for witchcraft She was convicted and
burned at the stake. Later declared a saint.
Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
French Kings gained power Parliament gained power the more deadly firepower
of the longbow and the cannon.
Monarchs used large armies, not feudal vassals, to fight their wars.
As Europe recovered from the Black Death
- population expanded - manufacturing grew
- Trade increased Italian cities flourished as
centers of trade and shipping.