* I Weather Forecast I Guide for Readers Occasional rain, probably ending early ^ 1 ® 11 ® a m «i •

tomorrow; high today near 40, low tonight ** ***

about 36. Partly cloudy, windy and cold Amusements --A-12 Lost and Found A-3 tomorrow. (Full report on Page A-2.) Classified ..B-ll-16 Obituary —A-10-11

Midnight-36 6 a m. ..34 11a.m. ..35 Cjmtes ....a-M-M Radio-TV B-17

2 a m. ..33 8 a.m 34 Noon ..36 -*** ®P°rts 7 A-13-15

4 am. ..34 9 am.-34 1 pm.-35 Editl Articles A-9 Womans

_____J m Financial_A-17 Section_B-3-6 Late New York Markets. Page A-17. ^ -7—7 :—7-7——- • 1

.— — An Associated Press Newspaper

100th Year. No. 63. Phone ST. 5000_WASHINGTON, D. C., MONDAY, MARCH 3, 1952—THIRTY-EIGHT PAGES. 5 CENTS

High Court Backs Feinberg Act Barring 'Subversives' From Jobs In New York's Public Schools

Justices Split, 6-3; Douglas, Black Note Vigorous Dissents

By Robert K. Wolsh The Supreme Court today up-

held constitutionality of a New

York law which bars Communists and other “subversives” from em-

ployment in the public school system of the State.

Justices Black, Douglas and Frankfurter dissented in the 6-3 opinion written by Justice Minton.

The so-called Feinberg law was upheld last year by the courts of that State. Opponents of the law appealed to the Supreme Court and contended the law violated constitutional guarantees of free- dom of speech and assembly.

Maryland has a somewhat sim- ilar statute known as the Ober law. That law', however, is much more extensive. It was upheld by the Supreme Court last year. I The law, passed in 1949 was rat- ified by an overwhelming vote in a general election. All public employes, school teachers and heads of institutions receiving State funds are required to sign loyalty affidavits. It provides fines and prison sentences for mem- bership in organizations designat- ed subversive. Candidates for State and city offices also must sign loyalty oaths.

Majority Opinion. In the majority opinion today.

Justice Minton declared that per- sons unquestionably have a right to assemble, speak, think and be- lieve as they will.

“But it is equally clear that they have no right to work for the State in a school system on their own terms,” Justice Minton con- tinued. “They may work for the school system upon the reasonable terms laid down by the proper authorities of New York. If they do not choose to work on such terms they are at liberty to retain their beliefs and associations and go elsewhere.”

Justice Minton noted that a teacher “works in a sensitive area in a school room and shapes the attitude of young minds toward the society in which they live.” He declared that the State has a “vital concern” in that process and in preserving the “integrity of the schools.”

“That the school authorities have the right and duty to screen the officials, teachers and em-

ployes as to their fitness to main- tain the integrity of the schools as a part of ordered society cannot be doubted.” Justice Minton said. “One's associates, past and pres- ent, as well as one’s conduct may properly be considered in deter- mining fitness and loyalty.”

Vigorous Dissent. Justice Douglas vigorously criti-

cized the majority opinion by de- scribing it as further support of “the recent doctrine that a citizen who enters the public service can be forced to sacrifice his civil rights.”

Justice Douglas continued: “I cannot find in our constitu-

tional scheme the power of a State to place its employes in the cate- gory of second-class citizens by denying them freedom of thought and expression. The Constitution guarantees freedom of thought and expression to every one in our so- ciety. All are entitled to it and none needs it more than the teacher.”

Justice Douglas predicted that the “guilt by association” pro- visions in the Feinberg law is' “certain to raise havoc with aca- demic freedom.”

“Youthful indiscretions, mis- taken causes, miguided enthu- siams—all long forgotten—be- come the ghosts of a harrowing present—a teacher caught in that mesh is almost certain to stand condemmed. Fearing condemna- tion she will tend to shrink from any association that stirs con- troversy. In that manner freedom of expression will be stifled.”

Typical of Police State. Justice Douglas denounced the

Feinberg law as a statue which “inevitably turns the school sys- tem into a spying project.” He as-

serted that "what happens under this law is typical of w’hat hap- pens in a police state.”

Justice Black, in his dissent, said the law makes public officials public masters instead of public servants.

‘“This is another of those rapidly multiplying legislative enactments which make it dangerous—this time for school teachers—to think or say anything except what a transient majority happens to ap- prove at the moment. Basically these laws rest on the belief that Government should supervise and limit the flow of ideas into the minds of men. The tendency of auch governmental policy is to mold people into a common intel- lectual pattern.”

Justice Frankfurter based his dissent mainly on a belief that the court should have dismissed the appeal on a jurisdictional issue in- stead of passing on the constitu- tional question.

Gravel Worker Drowns *

William D. Greggs, 23, of 530 South Patrick street, Alexandria, an employe of the Smoot Sand and Gravel Co., drowned today when he fell off a barge in the Potomac River near Oxon H»4 Md, Alexandria police reporte® 1

Russia So Intent as Peacemaker She May Wreck Korean Talks

Red Insistence on Role in Truce Supervision Believed Directly Inspired by Moscow

By John M. Hightower Associated Press Staff Writer

Russia apparently is so deter- mined to gain a role in Korean

{peacemaking that it may wreck the truce talks in the attempt.

Some highly placed officials of- fered that explanation today

Communists Admit U. N. Has Legal Right to Reject Russia. Page A-16

Outnumbered Sabres Shoot Down 2 MIGs and Damage 5 Others. Page A-16

for the present deadlock in the armistice talks at Panmunjom. They assume, as Washington has generally assumed from the first, that the Kremlin is mastermind- ing the Communist strategy in Korea.

The Reds’ insistence that the Soviet Union be included in a proposed commission of “neutral” nations to police the truce, if and when one is agreed upon, is thus regarded here as a move inspired and doggedly persisted in by the Soviet government itself.

State and Defense Department authorities do not believe the! North Korean and Chinese Corn-; munists want their big friend on the commission merely because it might be a nice gesture.

The first sign of a possible back- down from this position came during today’s negotiations. When the Reds were told objections to Russia could not be removed,!

I Chinese Col. Chang Chung San 'replied that the Allies had the right to reject any nominee but should give logical reasons.

United States officials said here, as United Nations negotiators have said in Korea, that they will never agree to accept Russia as a “neu- tral.” The United States has taken the stand that Russia told the North Koreans to start the war in the first place.

What the United States would agree to and what may prove to be the way out—if there is one— would be to drop the idea of a

neutral commission entirely and go back to the proposition originally suggested by the United Nations’ side that the truce be supervised by a joint commission of belligerents.

Russia and the United States would then be represented in equal position, provided Russia was willing to acknowledge a bel- ligerent status. ,

Moscow's interest in "getting into the act,” as diplomats see it, stems from a desire to trade on peacemaking credit in Korea. The Russians contend it was a

suggestion by them that started the negotiations in the first place seven months ago. Technically that is correct, although other countries, including the United States, had been suggesting nego- tiations for many weeks before.

Pinay Latest Choice To Attempt Forming New French Cabinet

Chances Seem Doubtful After Reynaud Fails, Pleven Refuses Call

By the Associated Press

PARIS, Mar. 3 — Antoine Pinay, 60-year-old conservative, said to-1 day he would see if he could form a new cabinet to get France out of its political and financial jam.

Mr. Pinay announced his deci- sion to newsmen after a half-

Connolly Tells France Further Aid Depends on Her Arms Effort. Page A-2

hour's talk with President Vincent Auriol.

“My first impulse was to re- fuse,” he said, “but when the president insisted I consented to consult my friends and make an effort.”

Mr. Pinay is expected to try to form another middle-ofrthe-road government similar to that of Edgar Faure, which collapsed Fri- j day. His chances are regarded asi highly doubtful. Paul Reynaud, a

former premier, tried it and failed. Former Premier Pleven refused even to try.

Slightly Right of Center. Mr. Pinay is a slightly right of

center member of the Independent Republican Party, a right-wing group.

Some said Mr. Pinay had little interest in succeeding. They fig-1 ured that Mr. Auriol, himself a

Socialist, had called on him only to make clear the impossibility of enforcing a “keep-to-the right”; policy on the middle-of-the-road- ers who have been holding the reins for the past five years in France. There have been 19 cab- inets since the liberation.

It was though that Mr. Pinay! would “take just one turn around the track”—that is, interview the various party leaders to assure himself that the job Is impos- sible. The big stumbling block is socialist refusal to sit down at the same cabinet table with the followers of Gen. Charles de Gaulle.

Some politicians were looking ahead to a try by ex-Premier Henri Queuille, despite his 67 years and poor health. He would have a better chance of getting socialist, if not Gaullist, co-opera- tion.

Double Military Problem. France is beset with a two-

front military problem—the fight- ing of a real war in Indo-China and the preparation of her de- fenses in Western Europe against possible Communist aggression.

She is spending about IV2 bil- lion dollars for the Indo-China war and has been asked to nearly double that figure for European defense through NATO. This comes at a time when the value; of the franc is decreasing, making; purchases of military equipment! more costly all the time.

But of immediate concern was :he political crisis which stalled development of the Western Euro- pean defense plans and may call for their recastmg.

Mr. Reynaud’s hopes of form- ing a cabinet were dashed when the Socialists refused to serve with Gaullists. Mr. Pleven, still smart- ing from his parliamentary defeat on January 7 on the issue of financial reforms and which open- ed the present crisis, declinegjfc try again. ^

McCarthy Questions Dunlap on Pressure to 'Lay Off'Tax Cases

Commissioner Is Asked If T reasury Undersecretary Interferred in Prosecutions

The Senate Executive Expendi- tures Committee instructed In- ternal Revenue Commissioner John B. Dunlap today to find out whether Under-Secretary of the Treasury Foley ever asked the Revenue Bureau to “lay off” certain tax cases.

Senator McCarthy, Republican, of Wisconsin, raised the issue as

Finnegan Fails to Get Continuance as Trial Opens in Tax Bribe. Page A-2,

Vaughan and O'Dwyer Put in Path of Broom by Newbold^ Morris. Poge A-3

Mr. Dunlap testified before the committee in favor of President Truman’s proposal to reorganize the bureau.

Senator McCarthy asked Mr. Dunlap whether Mr. Foley inter- fered with tax cases. Mr. Dunlap said he did not know. Senator McCarthy suggested he go back to the revenue bureau and find out whether there was “general knowledge that he has ad- vised your bureau about what cases to prosecute and where you should lay off.”

Wants Careful Check. Committee Chairman McClellan

of Arkansas instructed Mr. Dun- lap to prepare himself to testify on the subject.

“Make a careful check,” Sena- tor McCarthy added, “because I will have a sizeable number of questions to ask.”

Senator McCarthy suggested that Mr. Dunlap give the infor- mation under oath. Mr. Dunlap said he had no objections, but Senator McClellan said that was a detail for the committee to de- cide in executive session.

Mr. Dunlap testified that In- ternal Revenue probably would have collected an extra $2 billion last year if it had “adequate or- ganization and personnel.”

Backs Reorganization Plan. He urged the Senate to approve

the Internal Revenue reorganiza- tion plan to help keep politics out of tax collection and “to detect and punish any individuals who have been unfaithful to their high pub- lic trust.”

Senator McClellan suggested

(See REVENUE, Page A-2.)

Late News Bulletins Bible Law Attack Loses

The Supreme Court today dismissed an attack on a New Jersey law which requires daily Bible reading in public schools.

Milk Payments Curbed The Supreme Court today

decided the Secretary of Agri- culture lacks power to order payment to milk co-operatives for disposing of milk during sea-

sons of high production.

Truman Signs Bridge Bill President Truman today

signed into law a bill authoris- ing the Commissioners to co-

operate with Federal and Vir- ginia authorities in official Joint studies of the best locatkm for the next bridge to be builAover the Potomac River. *

3/Die in Crash Of French Plane Leaving Riviera

American Dancer And 2 Parisian Actresses Victims

ly tho Associated Pratt

NICE, France, Mar. 3.—An Air France airliner crashed in an

olive grove near this Riviera fun | spot today, killing 37 persons, in- cluding an American ballet dancer and two French actresses. A woman taken alive from the wreckage was reported in critical condition.

The four-engine plane had just taken off from Nice airport. In-

Picture on Page A-6

stead of heading out as usual over

the Mediterranean on the flight to Paris, the plane turned back. It lost altitude, then smashed into bits in the olive grove, just miss- ing a group of houses where 30 families live.

Airport employes said pieces of sea gull’s wings and feathers had been found in the air intakes of the plane’s engines, and this might have caused the crash. Air France officials in Paris could not I confirm this. The two left engines apparently had failed.

Pilot and Wife Killed. The American ballet dancer

killed was Brooklyn-born Joan Harriet Katzman, 21, who danced under the name of Harriet Toby with the Marquis de Cuevas Com- pany. She appeared last night at Cannes in a ballet called “Del Amor y de la Muerte” (of love and death).

Lise Topart, 24. and Michele Verly, 41, were the French actress- es who died. Eleven other victims had British addresses. Others listed their addresses in France or Italy. The pilot. Theau Far- rugia. 29, a veteran of 4,500 hours flying time, and his wife, were killed.

Mrs. 'Margarite Delpy of Paris was taken alive from the wreck- age. She is in critical condition at a hospital, authorities said. An Italian woman similiarly rescued died en routes to the hospital.

Three Miles From Nice. The plane was a Languedoc,

used in European and North Af- rican services. Normally it carries a crew of five and has a capacity of 33 passengers. Today it had one more passenger and one less crewman. Air France officials in New York said it was the first fatality suffered by that type of plane in the six years the com- pany has used it.

The plane crashed at 9:05 a.m. (3:05 EST). The scene was 150 feet from the railway station at the village of St. Augustin, the last stop before Nice 3 miles away.

Motion Is Filed in Senate To Revive Bill on Alaska

Senator Smith, Republican, of New Jersey, today filed a motion to reconsider the 45-to-44 vote by which the Senate side-tracked statehood for Alaska last week.

The new vote will not come to- day, but Senator Smith’s action keeps the door open for another roll call whenever friends of Alas- ka deem it wise. The motion had to be entered today to meet a three-day deadline rqguired by the Senate on reconsidering bills. Senator Smith was able to make the motion because he was absent when the original vote was taken.

The first test will come, however, on the issue of whether to take up the companion bill for Hawaiian statehood, or turn to the Tidelands oil bill.

Senate Majority Leader McFar- land has moved to take up the tidelands issue, but friends of Hawaii will resist that motion. If they can beat the tidelands motion they can take up Hawaii. Other- wise both statehood bills probably will be sidetracked for some time.

'Pray for Me?' Blind Boy Exclaims; 'I Can Walk!'

By fho Associated Press

WOODWARD. Okla., Mar. 3.— Vernie Smith, Woodward’s blind 3-year-old, put a glow in the hearts of two ministers yesterday.

The ministers called at Vernie’s home to pray with his uncle, Harvey Arnbrecht, who has been bedfast for two years.

As the ministers left, one put his arm around the sightless boy and said: “Good-by, Vernie, we’re praying for you, too.”

Vernie seemed puzzled. “Why me?” he asked. “I can walk!”

president*] BUDGET*!

r ET TU. BRUTE?

Miss Minnie Hawke Dies at 77; Taught Dancing for 50 Years

Introduced Helen Hayes in Latter's Bow To Public at Old Belasco Theater Here

Miss Minnie Hawke, whose dancing classes were a Washing-1 ton institution that lasted for half a century, died early today! at her home. 2205 California; street N.W., after a brief illness. She was 77,

She taught from 1896 until she retired in 1946 and the children of many of the prominent fami- lies of Washington attended her classes.

A littlewoman. she was scarcely over 5 feet tall, with gray hair in| her later years. She was a beauti-! ful dvwer. she had tiny feet and well-turned ankles and not only! taught her young charges the dance steps, but emphasized the courtesies of the ballroom.

Men prominent in the business

life of Washington today remem- ber how she taught them to bow—

j heels together, the right hand on (the chest, the left hand behind at jthe waist. They would have to ask for “the pleasure” of the next dance. And women prominent in society remember the curtsies they had to make in accepting. Some iof them used the curtsy during the visit of royalty.

While Miss Hawke mostly lim- ited her teaching to ballroom

; dancing of the period—the waltz and the two-step in the early days, jthe waltz and the fox trot later, some remarkable stage successes came from her classes.

In the old days Miss Hawke used

(See HAWKE, Page A-16.)

4 Fairfax Students Hurt As Bus Slips Off Road, Topples Down Bank

16 Others Are Unharmed As Vehicle Hits Abutment Before Turning Over

Four Fairfax High School stu- dents were injured, none seriously, when a school bus slipped off the road, struck a bridge abutment, skidded down a bank and turned on its side near Oakton, Va., to- day.

Taken to Arlington Hospital for treatment were: Joan Waple, 16, possible fractured rib: Bill Feidler, 13, possible fractured right arm and left leg: Arline Rosin, 14, pos- sible fractured rib and leg cuts, and Ellen Fones, 15, possible head injuries.

Continue to School. Police said when they arrived at

the scone all 20 students on the bus had been taken in another bus to Fairfax High School. After reaching the school it was de- cided to send four to Arlington Hospital. Earlier, school officials had thought eight were hurt.

The bus was driven by Donald Lee Huguley, 17, who is a student at the high school.

Pvt. Anson Roberts said young Huguley told him the right front wheel of the bus skidded off the road. The bus then struck the bridge abutment and slipped down the eight-foot embankment. The students got out through a rear emergency door.

Police estimated damage to the bus at $400.

Assistant School Supt. J. H. Rice said it was a miracle the students were not hurt mere se-

riously. A group of elementary students

had just gotten off the bus at the Oakton School a few minutes be- fore the accident.

William Ebhardt, school bus transportation supervisor, viewed the accident scene and said he was satisfied the accident was not caused by negligence.

“I don’t know of anything we can do to prevent a recurrence of this type of accident unless the highway department paves the shoulders of these narrow roads,” |he said.

'Insipid' Russian Movie Queens Blamed for East German Apathy

BERLIN. Mar. 3 (NANA-Kem- news).—Russia’s film pinup girls are a flop with Eastern German audiences. Their unpopularity has cost the official Russian film ex- port agency, Sovexportfllm, Ltd., $2.75 million during the last year.

Public-opinion polls show that the Eastern German cinema pub- lic stays away from theaters where Russian movies are shown because of unattractive, insipid Russian! “film stars” with bad makeups and 1930 hair styles.

Most big theaters in tbetRus- sian zone are compelled tolshow Russian films lor at learnt wo

I

weeks In each month, but only 20 million people saw Russian films last year, 25 million fewer than the "target” set by the Russians. The Russians themselves admit that their movies have deteri- orated since the film masterpieces, produced in the 1930s.

The managing director of Sov- exportfllm. Ltd., M. Kusmin. re- turned to Berlin from Moscow re-

cently with orde» to jerk the Eastern Germans out of their apathy by showing them a num- ber of old German films made in the Nazi days, side by side with the new Russian pictures, fl

1

Sit-Down Strike Staged By Colored Minister At Wheatley School

Preacher Acts to Force Enrollment of His Son After Transfer Order

A colored minister staged a

sit-down strike today with his small son at Wheatley Elementary School in an effort to force en-

rollment of his son at the white ! school.

About three hours after the Rev. Smallwood Williams. 1328 Mon- tello avenue N.E., pastor of Bible Way Church, brought his son Wallace, 5, to the school. Board of Education officials asked him to a conference.

Mr. Williams said he was pro- testing the transfer of his son from Charles Young School be- cause the three alternative schools suggested by the Board of Educa- tion are too far from his home.

School Near His Home. Wheatley School is at Montello

avenue and Neal street N.E., about a block from Mr. Williams’ home.

Dr. Carl F. Hansen, in charge of white elementary schools for the Board of Education, arrived at the school at noon to talk with the minister. A short time later, both left to go to the board offices to talk with Dr. Hobart M. Corning, superintendent of schools. Earlier Dr. Hansen had declared “we feel at the moment that he is there as an observer.”

Mr. Williams arrived at Wheat- ley School shortly after 9 a.m. to- day and asked the principal, Miss Julia Taliaferro, for permission to enroll Wallace as a pupil.

Notes Vacant Seats. He said Miss Taliaferro told him

that she could not enroll him be- cause such a move would be “ir- regular of the dual system.”

He visited the classroom, where a substitute teacher, Mrs. Lucille Caudill, wag in charge and saw 22 vacant seats, he said. He entered

j with his child and sat down. Miss Taliaferro told a Star re-

porter that the boy “has not been enrolled, is not being enrolled, and is not going to be enrolled.”

Mr.Williams said that he was

(See SCHOOL, Page A-16.)

High School Student Dies Entering Arlington Class

A 16-year-old Arlington high school student collapsed and died at about 8:20 this morning as he entered a printing class.

Edward Rutter, principal of| Washington-Lee High School, said Nicholas J. Couzinos, a 10th grade student, was given artificial res-

piration by a nurse and a fellow student. An ambulance crew ad- ministered oxygen but the boy was

pronounced dead when Dr. Basil Thompson arrived.

The boy's mother, Mrs. Diana Couzinos. 2638 South Nash street, was called and she nfcifcted the father. FT

McMillan to Discuss Capital Transit Study With Patterson Today

Report Recommends ICC Replace PUC Regulation; Meeting Set Wednesday

A conference between Chairman McMillan of the House District Committee and Representative Patterson, Republican, of Con- necticut on Mr. Patterson’s study of the Capital Transit Co. was the latest development today in the controversial transit situation.

Mr. Patterson was named by Mr. McMillan to conduct a one- man inquiry into the transit firm’s policies. He has almost completed the report and ipay submit it to Mr. McMillan today.

It calls for a full investigation of Capital Transit Co. and recom- mends that the Interstate Com- merce Commission be given juris- diction over the company instead of the District Public Utilities Commission.

Discuss Size of Report. Mr. Patterson said he wanted to

talk the matter over with Mr. McMillan to determine how vol- uminous the report should be.

Mr. McMillan has called a meet- ing of the House District Com- mittee for 10 a.m. Wednesday to consider Mr. Patterson’s report, j The committee will try to decide whether an investigation is war- ranted.

Mr. Patterson’s recommendation that the ICC take over the regu- lation of the transit firm met with guarded comment.

John L. Rogers, ICC chairman, said he would have to study the proposal before he could comment. James H. Flanagan, chairman of the PUC, said he felt it would be inappropriate for him to express his views at this time.

McMillan Won’t Comment. Mr. McMillan said: “I can’t comment on that now.

I don’t know if the PUC has fallen down on the job. I would not want to take jurisdiction from them if they haven’t.”

The furor over Capital Transit Co. policies came to a head last week when J. A. B. Broadwater, transit president, made a speech in which he said the company should either be allowed to make a 7.5 per cent profit or be bought out by a municipal transit au- thority. The situation has been complicated by the transit firm declaring increased dividends at a time when it is pleading pov- erty.

Would Need Larger Staff. ICC officials, who would not be

quoted, pointed out that if Con- gress gave the commission respqn- sibility for the regulation of Capi- tal Transit, it would require money and a staff. The ICC deals only with interstate operations now and regulation of a local transit line would be new to the agency.

However, the District is a special case, it was pointed out, and any- thing that Congress decides to do in the situation would hove to be worked out in accordance with the law passed.

The ICC does regulate part of the Capital Transit operation now. It fixes fares to the Pentagon, jyi interstate operation of the transit firm.

Mr. Patterson’s feeling on shift- ing jurisdiction to the ICC is that the commission would be a

tougher boss of the transit firm than the PUC has been.

Crawford Backs View. Support for this view also came

from Representative Crawford, Republican, of Michigan. Al- though not a member of the House District Committee, Mr. Crawford has interested himself in Capital’ Transit Co. and has been critical of its dividend policies.

Mr. Crawford said he favored the ICC taking over regulatory powers. He said the ICC had a !competent,staff and is used to i working with all types of trans- portation problems on a country- wide basis.

“The ICC knows how to cross- section any proposal,” he de- clared. “By cross section I mean they have the staff to spade into it, to cut it to pieceeYand to smell it” j

9

U. S. Jobholders Top 2.5 Millions, Byrd Declares

Domestic Aid Report Shows $58 Billions Paid Out Since 1934

Uncle Sam increased his work- ing force in January by 12.989. bringing Federal employment up to 2,517,778, Chairman Byrd of the Joint Congressional Economy Committee announced today.

Senator Byrd said this was the largest increase reported for any month since July, and ran through every category of government ex-

cept civilian agencies overseas. In a separate report made pub-

lic last night. Senator Byrd re- vealed that since 1934 the Federal Government has paid out $58 bil- lion in aid programs to individuals and the States.

The Post Office Department led the list of civilian agencies in new

employes in January, with 1,181. The postal force has increased in all except one month since this fiscal year began, last July, and now totals 512,790.

Some Agencies Reduce. In the military establishment,

however, the January increase was

11,925. This brought the civilian force in the military establishment up to 1,290,034. The total in civilian agencies at the end of January was 1,227,744.

Agencies showing reductions in force in January were Agriculture, Commerce, Treasury and the Mu- tual Security Agency.

Reporting on the various aid programs, the committee said there had been nearly 150 of these programs in the last 18 years.

There were practically no such Federal aid expenditures before the great depression of the early 1930s, the report said. It added that some programs initiated in 1934 have continued since. Some have expired, and many new ones have been started.

WPA Tops Relief List. The committee’s compilation

showed that the biggest part of the money—(16,362,000,000—went for the Work Progress Adminis- tration and other relief and re- covery programs begun in the early New Deal days. This sum included allotments for the Fed- eral Emergency Relief Adminis- tration, Civilian Conservation Corps, andvarious public works programs.

The second largest sum—$11,- 759,000,000 — went for veterans' benefits in the years after World War II.

These were among the other large outlays: Payments to states under various Social Security As- sistance programs such as old age assistance. (8,392,000,000: agri- cultural adjustment programs. (7,416,000,000; highway construc- tion, $1,815,000,000.

In a statement accompanying the report. Senator Byrd said that 65 of the aid programs were in effect in fiscal 1951, which ended last June 30.

(5 Billion in 1951. The average annual Federal ex-

penditure for the grants-in-aid was (3.25 billion for the 18-year period, but in fiscal 1951 the out- lays totaled -more than (5 billion. Senator Byrd said.

The Senator said payments to State and local governments have been more than (2.25 billion a

year in the last two years, or more than 10 per cent of all State and local expenditures.

He added that the grants-in- aid payments totaled (24.75 bil- lion in the eight prewar years, 1934-41; dropped to (10.5 billion in the five war years, 1942-46, but jumped to $23 billion in the five postwar years, 1947-51.

Traffic Is Normal Despite Night of Snow, Sleet, Rain

The condition of March re- mained unchanged today.

More snow, which turned to sleet which turned to rain, marked the third day of traditionally blustery March. The prospects for anything better for the next 24 hours are at a minimum.

The snow, coming out of skies which remained leaden most of yesterday, started in earnest about midnight, continued until 2 a.m., then turned to sleet, then rain. The snow measured about .8 \>f an inch in the city and up to 1 '/a inches in the suburbs, but total precipitation, including melted snow, was only about .35 of an inch, the Weather Bureau re- ported.

The forecast calls for a high of 40 degrees today, a low of 36 to- night and below freezing tomor- row night.

Because the rain started wash- ing off the melting snow before dawn, rush-hour traffic moved normally.

Featured Reading Inside Today's Star

FISHING WIDOW?—The problems confronting the wife of o sportsmon ore not too numerous to mention, os the North American Newspaper Alli- ance's Janet Coppins Peters points out on Poge 8-4. There are two types of sportsmen's wives, and two only, she says—patient and impatient.

VETERAN OF DIPLOMACY—A man once criticized for his "anti-Soviet" ex-

pressions and later credited with sav-

ing Italy from communism goes to the Embassy in politically troubled France. The past and present of James Cle- ment Dunn is told by StafL Writer Garnett D. Horner on Pago Am today.