High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 1
Superconducting Magnet Division
High Field HTS SMES Coil
R. Gupta, M. Anerella, P. Joshi, J. Higgins,
S. Lakshmi, W. Sampson, J. Schmalzle, P. Wanderer
Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, USA
December 1, 2014
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 2
Superconducting Magnet Division
Overview
… ARPA-E’s mission is to catalyze and accelerate
the creation of transformational energy
technologies by making high-risk, high-reward
investments in their early stages of development
From our sponsor:
We demonstrated a higher field and a higher operating
temperature energy storage coil than proposed before …
12.5 T SMES coil operating at 27 K
This presentation summarizes an aggressive R&D where
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 3
Superconducting Magnet Division
SMES SYSTEM Proposal
Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage System
with Direct Power Electronics Interface
Project Goal:
Competitive, fast response, grid-scale MWh
superconducting magnet energy storage (SMES) system
Team member major contributions:
ABB: Power electronics, Lead
BNL: SMES coil and Superconducting switch
SP: 2G HTS manufacture and improved production
UH: Wire manufacturing process research
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 4
Superconducting Magnet Division
Focus of the Presentation
Technology for High field HTS SMES coil
– Design, construction and test results
For economic viability of a large scale energy storage system, cost of coated conductor must come down significantly (smart designs can help)
The technology developed could already be applied to special purpose storage system and other applications
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 5
Superconducting Magnet Division
SMES Options with HTS
High Temperature Option (~65 K): Saves on cryogenics (Field ~2.5 T)
High Field (~25 T) Option: Saves on Conductor (Temperature ~4 K) High
Temperature
SMES Ring
High
Field
SMES
Ring
Previous attempts:
LTS: up to ~5 T HTS: few Tesla (high temp. to save on cryo)
Our analysis on HTS option:
Presently conductor cost dominates the cryogenic cost by an order of magnitude
High field HTS could be game changer:
Very high fields: 25-30 T (E α B2) Only with HTS (high risk, high reward)
Also: A medium field and medium temperature option
(a new record 12.5T@27K demonstrated, thanks to arpa-e)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 6
Superconducting Magnet Division
The Basic Demo Module
Field: 25 T@4 K (more than ever)
Bore: 100 mm (large)
Hoop Stresses: 400 MPa (>2X)
Conductor: ReBCO (evolving)
Aggressive parameters:
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 7
Superconducting Magnet Division
Conductor – ReBCO Tape
12 mm wide ReBCO tape with high strength hastelloy substrate
Measurements at NHMFL (earlier sample)
SMES specs (12 mm):
>700 A@4K
(at any angle)
HTS tape: angular dependence
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 8
Superconducting Magnet Division
Large Scale SMES Concept (1)
• A torus would consist of a large number of solenoid module
• Field becomes parallel => less amount of conductor required
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 9
Superconducting Magnet Division
Large Scale SMES Concept (2)
Radius: 5 meter, height ~5 meterConsists of double pancakes – same as in demo 10 rings, each consisting of ~1000 double pancakes
GJ scale GRID storage system that can fit in a room!
Moreover, a small B┴ (<0.5 T) for a large B// (30 T) means a
major reduction in conductor cost (~1/5 with an optimized HTS)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 10
Superconducting Magnet Division
Design Parameters of BNL Demonstration Coil
Stored Energy 1.7 MJ
Currrent 700 Amperes
Inductance 7 Henry
Maximum Field 25 Tesla
Operating Temperature 4.2 Kelvin
Overall Ramp Rate 1.2 Amp/sec
Number of Inner Pancakes 28
Number of Outer Pancakes 18
Total Number of Pancakes 46
Inner dia of Inner Pancake 102 mm
Outer dia of Inner Pancake 194 mm
Inner dia of Outer Pancake 223 mm
Outer dia of Outer Pancake 303 mm
Intermediate Support 13 mm
Outer Support 7 mm
Width of Double Pancake 26 mm
High field and big
radius create large
stresses (~400 MPa)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 11
Superconducting Magnet Division
Cross-section of Coil and Support Tube
Conductor used
(ReBCO from SP):
Well over 6 km
(12 mm wide tape)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 12
Superconducting Magnet Division
Grading to Optimize Magnetic and Mechanical Design
Initial 1.7 MJ Design Optimized 1.7 MJ Design
Adjusted for grading:
• Cu thickness in HTS
tape (65 and 100 mm)
• SS tape thickness
(65 and 100 mm)
(more copper in ends;
more SS in center)
End Result:
Improved
performance
Better mechanical
structure and
reduced Bperp
Br
Br
208 182
220
258
215
270
Number of turns per pancake
(for same coil i.d. and o.d.)
(Ma
x 7
.6 T
)
Intermediate
end structure
(Ma
x 7
.1T
)
ax
ial
radial
Current
density
J (A/mm2) Current
density
J (A/mm2)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 13
Superconducting Magnet Division
HTS Single Pancake
Outer: ~210 meter 12 mm tape (258 turns)
• High strength HTS tape,
co-wound with SS tape (for
insulation and added strength)
• Thickness of SS tape and
copper on HTS adjusted to
optimize the performance
V-taps for QA
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 14
Superconducting Magnet Division
Two Pancakes Connected with Spiral Splice Joint
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 15
Superconducting Magnet Division
Inner and Outer Coils Assembled
Inner Coil (102 mm id, 194 mm od)
28 pancakes
Outer Coil (223 mm id, 303 mm od)
18 pancakes
Total: 46 pancakes
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 16
Superconducting Magnet Division
Coils, Test Fixtures and Support Structure
Pancake coils: inner and outer
11 T, 760 A coil and fixture
77 K Test Fixture for outer
Outer Support Tube for
Inner
Outer Assembly Tube for
Outer
Outer Support Tube for
Outer Inner Assembly Tube for
Inner Copper Discs
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 17
Superconducting Magnet Division
Inner and Outer Coils
Inner (in support tube) Outer (prior to support tube)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 18
Superconducting Magnet Division
Final Assembly
Outer inserted over inner coil SMES coil in iron laminations
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 19
Superconducting Magnet Division
Test Results
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 20
Superconducting Magnet Division
77 K Test of a Series of Double Pancakes (inner)
Critical current (1 µV/cm)
Two single
pancakes
powered in
series.
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 21
Superconducting Magnet Division
77 K Test of a Series of Double Pancakes (outer)
O1-
1O
1-2
O2-
1O
2-2
O9-
1O
9-2
O3-
1O
3-2
O4-
1O
4-2
O7-
1O
7-2
O8-
1O
8-2
O5-
1O
5-2
O6-
1O
6-20
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250Outer double pancake coils
I c (A)
bas
ed o
n 0.
1mV/
cm c
riter
ion
Single pancake coil ID
n-valueType A -CC(160 mm) + SS (25 mm)
Measured value, Beyond rangeType B -CC(160 mm) + SS (50 mm)
Measured value, Beyond rangeType C -CC(120 mm) + SS (25 mm)
Measured value, Beyond rangeType D -CC(120 mm) + SS (50 mm)
Measured value, Beyond range
MT23, Lakshmi, et al O
1-1
O1-
2
O2-
1
O2-
2
O9-
1
O9-
2
O3-
1
O3-
2
O4-
1
O4-
2
O8-
1
O8-
2
O5-
1
O5-
2
O6-
1
O6-
20
50
100
150
200
I c (A)
, n-v
alue
Outer single pancake coil ID
, Type A
, Type B
, Type C
, Type D
n- value
1 mV/cm 0.1 mV/cm
Single pancakes
powered alone
Two pancakes powered in series
Higher Ic in coil at
77K , however,
doesn’t necessarily
translate in to a
higher Ic at 4K
(present conductor)
Four types to achieve
grading (see slide 12)
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 22
Superconducting Magnet Division
Double Pancake 77 K Test
2 pancakes with similar
critical currents
2 pancakes with very
different critical current
one pancake good and other
pancake defective
Note: Thorough 77 K test of each pancake
was an important part of a series for QA
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 23
Superconducting Magnet Division
2 pancakes 1140 A, 4K
HTS SMES Coil High Field Tests
46 pancakes 350 A, 27K, 12.5 T
Peak
fie
lds h
igh
er
12 pancakes 760 A, 4K, 11.4 T
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 24
Superconducting Magnet Division
Double Pancake Coil Test
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
I c (A
) @
0.1m
V/c
m
Temperature (K)
Top Coil
Bottom Coil
Nom
inal
des
ign
cu
rren
t: ~
70
0 A
The option of operating over a large range (the benefit of HTS)
Ramp rate
up to 10 A/s
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 25
Superconducting Magnet Division
12 Pancake Coil Test
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 1 2 3 4 5
Cu
rre
nt (
A)
Time (sec)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
4:09:07 PM 4:14:53 PM 4:20:38 PM 4:26:24 PM 4:32:10 PM 4:37:55 PM 4:43:41 PM 4:49:26 PM
Cu
rre
nt (
A)
Time
Charge Quench
• Energy (~125 kJ) extracted and dumped in the external resistor.
• 77 K re-test (after quench) showed that the coil remained healthy.
11.4 T in 100 mm bore
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 26
Superconducting Magnet Division
Preparation for the Final Test
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 27
Superconducting Magnet Division
SMES Coil Run on 5/21/14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00 19:12 20:24 21:36
Coil Current
Cu
rren
t (A
)
Time (hh:mm)
12.5 Tesla at 27 K
Record field/energy density in a superconducting
magnet at a temperature of 10 Kelvin or higher
27 K possible
with
liquid Neon
350 Amp
425 kJ
id:102 mm
od:303 mm
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 28
Superconducting Magnet Division
Status of ARPA-E SMES Coil
• The design goal was: 1.7 MJ at ~700 A with 25 T at 4 K.
• We tested the unit at several temperatures between 20-80 K,
including the 350 Amp (12.5 T) test at 27 K.
• During one such test, the system tripped due to a data entry error
at ~165 A – well below the earlier magnet test current.
• This trip resulted in damage to a few current leads in the inner
coil. It appears that there was arcing, perhaps during shut-off.
• Since the test was not limited by the field performance, the SMES
coil still has the potential to reach higher field after repair.
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 29
Superconducting Magnet Division
Quench Protection
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 30
Superconducting Magnet Division
BNL HTS Quench Protection Strategy
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
745 750 755 760
Vo
ltag
e (
mV
)
Current (A)
Difference Voltage between Coil#2 and Coil#11(1mV = 0.1 mV/cm for 100 m), with offset
Pre-quench phase
Twelve coil test at 4K (~12 T, ~120 KJ)
A multi-pronged strategy developed and used at BNL in various HTS programs:
Detect early and react fast with an advance quench protection system
1. Developed an advanced low-noise electronics and noise cancellation scheme to
detect pre-quench voltage (phase) where HTS coils can operate safely
2. Fast energy extraction with electronics to handle high isolation voltage (>1kV)
3. Use inductively coupled copper discs for fast energy extraction
Drawback: additional energy loss during charging and discharging
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 31
Superconducting Magnet Division
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 1 2 3 4 5
Cu
rre
nt (
A)
Time (sec)
0.E+00
1.E+05
2.E+05
3.E+05
4.E+05
5.E+05
6.E+05
0 1 2 3 4 5
I2(A
mp
2)
Time (sec)
0.E+00
1.E+05
2.E+05
3.E+05
4.E+05
5.E+05
6.E+05
2.5 2.502 2.504 2.506 2.508 2.51
I2(A
mp
2)
Time (sec)
Copper Discs for Energy Extraction
Most action
in milliseconds
This fast extraction
provides initial margin
at the critical time
Inductively coupled cooper discs
between two double pancakes
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.
High Field HTS SMES Coil R. Gupta, ..., BNL CCA2014 S. Korea Dec. 1, 2014 32
Superconducting Magnet Division
SUMMARY • Even though we didn’t reach the aggressive design goal of 25 T,
in a big aperture (~100 mm) superconducting magnet with large
hoop stresses (~400 MPa) in the first attempt, we did learn
several things in the process beside creating new records.
• This provided a significant experience in using a large amount of
coated conductor (over 6 km of 12 mm wide tape) in a demanding
4K, high field and a high stress application.
• Demonstration of a 12.5 T SMES coil at 27 K is a promising
application of the coated conductor. The earlier most ambitious
proposal was for 11 T at 20 K by Chubu Electric and Furukawa.
• The experience and technologies developed should also be useful
in other applications, such as in NMR, ADMX, accelerators, etc.
IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), April 2015. Invited Presentation given at CCA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, Nov. 30 - Dec. 03, 2014.