YY LABs
UCLA
High performance organic and hybrid solar cells
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
University of California, Los Angeles
Gang Li, Yang Yang
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YY LABs
UCLA
Research - Pursuing “Game-change” PV technology
• Low-cost: materials, processing, and …
• High Performance: to lower the energy cost.
• Easy installation.
• UCLA PV research - Solution process thin solar cell technology: organic, inorganic and hybrid approaches.
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YY LABs
UCLA
Si Solar Cell
The King (~90% market) now
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Can we do better – Printing? –
Solution Process?
YY LABs
UCLA
Thin Film PV Research at UCLA
2013
Perovskite
2014, 17-19%**
PVSK (planar
structure)
Hybrid
2007 CIGS
2011 CZTS
2013 8.5% CZTS
2011 11% CISS
Inorganic
* Certified ** Un-certified
2001 OPV
2013 10.6% Tandem*
2013 10.2% SM
Tandem OPV* 2012 8.6% Tandem*
2010 First Tandem Device
2006 First Inverted Device
2005 4% Morphology
Control*
Organic
2014 11.5% Triple Junction
YY LABs
UCLA
Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells
S SS S
n/4
O
OCH2
P3HT PCBM
e-
Invented in California/UC
Developed in California/UC
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YY LABs
UCLA
Why Organics: Unlimited Possibilities Out of C, H, O … - Tunability
S
S
O
S
S
S
S
n
S
Si
S
S
NO O
C8H17
n
S
SF
OO
S
S
O
O n
PDTSTPD, 1.7eV,
7.3%, - NRCC (Tao)
S
Ge
S
S
NO O
C8H17
n
PDTGTPD, 1.7eV,
8.5 %, - UF (Reynolds & So)
PTB7, 1.6eV,
9.2 %,
-U Chicago (Yu)
-SCUT (Cao)
PBDTTT-CT,
1.6eV, 7.6 %,
- ICCAS (Hou)
S
S
S
S
N
NSe
SeO
O
nS S
O
NS
N
F F
* *
n
PDTP-DFBT, 1.4eV,
8.0 %, - UCLA
(Yang) & SCC
PBDTT-SeDPP,
1.4eV, 7.2 %,
- UCLA (Yang) 6
YY LABs
UCLA
PTB-7 PTB-7Th polymers &
Inverted structure
H. Wu, Y. Cao et al. Nature Photonics (2012) & (2015)
State-of-the-art OPV UCLA - Morphology, Materials, Interfaces & Architecture
9.94% PCE Certified by CPTV
Jsc: 17.42 mA/cm2 Voc: 0.794V
FF: 71.9% PCE: 9.94%
YY LABs
UCLA8
hn>Eg
Focus Now: Polymer Tandem Solar Cells
Enhanced Absorption Reduced Thermal Loss
G. Dennler et al., Adv. Mater. 20, 579 (2008).
J. B. You et al., Prog. Polym. Sci. 38, 1909-1928(2013).
YY LABs
UCLA9
ITO/Glass Wide band gap
Tunneling Junction
Low Band Gap
Electrode
Polymer Tandem Solar Cells
YY LABs
UCLA
10 J. You, G. Li, Y. Yang et al., Nat. Communications, 4, 1446
(2013).
10.6% Polymer Tandem Solar Cells
YY LABs
UCLA
Eg=1.58 eV
Mid-BG
Eg=1.38eV
Low-BG
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Eg=1.90 eV
Wide-BG
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4N
orm
aliz
ed a
bso
rpti
on
(a.
u.)
Wavelength (nm)
P3HT PTB7-Th PPDT-DFBT
0.0
2.0x1021
4.0x1021
Ph
oto
Flu
x (N
um
ber
/m2 /s
/nm
)
Triple-junction Polymer Solar Cells
C. C. Chen et al., Adv. Mater. 26, 5670 (2014).
YY LABs
UCLA
C. C. Chen et al., Adv. Mater. 26, 5670 (2014).
Triple-junction Polymer Solar Cells
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Voc=2.28 V Jsc=7.63 mA/cm2
FF=66.4% PCE=11.6%
YY LABs
UCLA
Schematic of the TOPV device architecture.
Photograph of a TOPV device achieved at UCLA.
R. Zhu.; et al., ACS Nano, 2012 C. Chen et al. EES 2014
4% PCE at 70%T, and 7.2% PCE at 45%T (Tandem)
UCLA Transparent OPV (TOPV)
YY LABs
UCLA14
Solar Energy from every Window
Solar Energy for every Gadget
“Invisible” Power
UCLA TOPV – Potential Applications
YY LABs
UCLA
a-Si:H/OPV Hybrid Tandem Cells
Kim J, Yang Y et al., Nat. Communication (2015) 15
Glass/AZO
a-Si
Tunneling junction
OPV
Electrode
10.5%
6.1% 7.8%
YY LABs
UCLA
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
PC
E %
05/13 07/13 09/13 01/14
Next: Perovskite Solar Cell Research at UCLA
16
17-19%
1. Perovskite film growth - Vapor-assisted solution process - Film reconstruction with Moisture
2. Materials properties - Defect analysis and passivation - Effects of Chlorine
3. Interface Engineering - Efficient carrier path - Transport materials design
Timeline
YY LABs
UCLA
Film Formation & Interface Engineering
Y. Yang et. al., Science, 2014, 345, 542.
TiO2 Y:TiO2
ITO ITO/PEIE
4.6 eV 4.0 eV
Charge generation
Charge transport
Charge collection
Carrier dynamics High efficiency
• Grown in 30% humidity • Reference
Y-TiO2
TiO2
• With PEIE • Without PEIE
Substrate CH3NH3PbX3
moisture
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YY LABs
UCLA
Materials growth: Vapor Assisted Solution Process
VASP takes advantage of: Good film compatibility of PbI2
Low sublimation point of CH3NH3I Fast reaction between PbI2 and
CH3NH3I
Gas
Solid
CH3NH3PbI3: PbI2(inorganic) + CH3NH3I(organic)
Y. Yang et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2014, 136, 622. 18
YY LABs
UCLA
Monolithic Integration Tandem Cell
Polymer cell
IR-absorption
Perovskite cell
Visible-absorption
Perovskite/OPV Double-Junction Tandem Cell
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YY LABs
UCLA
Fast and low temperature processed perovskite film
Shorten the reaction time from 1 h to 5 min, at 100 °C C. C. Chen, Y. Yang* et al., Mater. Horiz., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/C4MH00237G. 20
YY LABs
UCLA
Summary • Pursuing Game-Changing PV technologies – solution
process
• OPV is still an attractive PV technology, particularly in some special applications, but it needs breakthroughs to break the 15%PCE barrier.
• Perovskite is a promising technology, but needs to improve the basic understanding of many issues: mechanism(s), hysteresis, Pb-containing, stability….
• New Technology - early stage. We need supports from both government and industry to keep the momentum going.
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