Meer Musabber ali

& Md. Rabiul Awal

Dept. of architecture. primeasia

university , Dhaka ,Bangladesh .

topicsStructure & core

Introduction

High-rise commercial buildings are the icons of modern society. These symbolize the power of commerce in the present world system.These also add the 3rd dimension to the city. In addition, at the micro level, having an office at an attractive high-rise building gives additional advantage to the business in terms of better customer confidence and corporate identity.

Definition

A high-rise building is defined as a building 35 meters or greater in heightGenerally constructed using a structural frame, provided with high-speed elevators,

Although originally high-rises were designed for commercial purposes,

many high-rises are now planned for multiple uses.

Thats means, the combination of office, residential, retail and hotel space etc.•It must be divided into multiple levels •of at least 2 meters height.

•If it has fewer than 12 such internal•levels, then the highest undivided portion must not exceed 50% of the total height•It must be divided into multiple levels •of at least 2 meters height.

•If it has fewer than 12 such internal•levels, then the highest undivided portion must not exceed 50% of the total height

CLASSIFICATIONNeo classic style

Art deco style

Modern style

High Modern style

Contemporary architecture

Price Tower

Home Insurance Building

Chrysler Building

Richard Daley Center

Burj Khalifa

Chrysler BuildingBurj Khalifa

Richard Daley Center Price Tower

FORM• PROPORTION ,

• SYMMETRIC/ ASYMMETRIC ,

• PURE FORM.

HUMAN SCALE,CITY SCALE.

Human scale

Scale.

.

.Structure.

.Climate.

.Cost & Benefit.

FAR RULES ANALYSIS

TYPE:SHOPING CUM OFFICE BUILDING

According to BNBC GADJET 2008 the building type is fFAR (Floor Area ratio):

Set BackFor according high rise building the required set back follows-1. From three sides of the site is min. 3m/10ft.2. There will be no built form within 4.5m(14.7ft) from the mid point of access road or 1.5m (5ft) from front side.3.Required green space is the 50% of the total site without any shading from the built form.

Ground Coverage:Built area (on the site) x100Total land area

Mandatory green space: mandatory setback-(minus)mandatory paved area

FAR RULES ANALYSIS

According to rules we can provide 50% paved area from uncovered spaces Shades on this paved area can be provided where the minimumheight should be 13(4m) from ground level or 10(3m) from plinth level. The uncovered ground of the site must used for guard room & parking.Guard room:From roadside boundary wall the height of the guard room will be 8(2.5m) from finished ground level & the maximum Floor area will be 53 sft (5sqm).

Boundary wall:Maximum height for boundary wall is (2.75m) . For rear & side walls solid height is (1.75m) & Perforated height is 3.28 (1m).

Balcony:The height of the railing of the balcony will be max. 3. or 1200mm. The balcony must not extend above the set back area.

PodiumThe height of the podium will be maximum 40 (12m). This height is determined with parapet. According to BNBC, MGC of the podium will be 75%. In this case the MGC of the high rise tower will be recessed to 37.5%.

FAR RULES ANALYSIS

Re Escape:Lift, escalators etc will not count as fire escape elements. Fire escape should be located on the exterior faade of the building. Fire escape must not route to basement.

Ramp:Slope of ramp should be 1:8 preparation length of the ramp should be minimum 14 (4.25m) clear height of the ramp must be minimum 8.

Stair:.Minimum width of stair is 5(1.5m).Railing height of stair is minimum 3(0.m).Clear height of stair is minimum 7(2.10m)

LIFT:. LIFT LOBBY MINIMUM 1.5MX1.5M. LIFT CABIN MINIMUM 1.5MX1.2M. LIFT DOOR WIDTH MINIMUN 800 MM/0.8M

Toilet:. 5% TOILET SPACE REQUIRE FOR DESIBLE PERSON EACH FLOOR.. TOILET MINIMUM 1.5MX1.5MRampStair

There are two basic sources for high-rise buildings' load actions-

# Geophysical load (result of gravitational, meteorological &

Seismological changes).# Man-made load (generated by cars, elevators, machines etc.

Load action on high-rise buildings

Linear elements

Surface elements

Column

Wall slab

Either solid with perforations or

trussed, capable of carrying axial and

rotational forces.

Solid or ribbed, supported on floor

framing, capable of supporting forces

in and perpendicular to the plane.

Beam

column

beam

slab

Wall

The Basic Structural Element

General planning consideration1. Structural2. Economic3. Soil condition4. Height and width ratio5. Fabrication and erection. Mechanical system7. Fire rating8. Availability and cost of materials

Basic Load action factors:

Dead loadLive loadConstruction loadSnow rain and ice loadWind load Seismic load

Sources of

Building Load

Geophysical

Man Made

Dead load

Wind load

Construction

Load

Earthquake

Load

Live load

Basundhara city

Lloyd building

Hotel trump int’l

blocks for an

effective mesh

Hot area

Windward columns in tension

Wind force

Side walls in shear

Load action on high-rise buildings

GUST VELOCITYTurbulence

When any moving air mass meets an obstruction, such as building, it responds like any fluids by moving to each side then rejoining the major air flow-

Wind Pressure-lateral load

When any moving air mass meets an obstruction, such as building, it responds like any fluids by moving to each side then rejoining the major air flow-

Steps should be taken for earthquake

All portion of structure shall be designed and constructed to act as a unit in resisting horizontal forcesMasonry or concrete elements shall be reinforcedOnly roof live load may be neglected when considering the effect of seismic forces in combination with vertical loadConcrete or masonry walls shall be anchored to all floors and roofs providing lateral support of the wall

Building behavior during the earthquake

The magnitude of the horizontal inertia force F depends on the building mass M, ground acceleration A.

If a building and its foundation were regid, it would have same acceleration as the ground, that is by Newtons Law - F=MA

CORE

HIGHRISE BUILDING PROVIDES:

COURT / ATRIUM

LIFT LOBBY

STAIRS

ESCALATOR

CAPSULE LIFT

DuctsFIRE ESCAPE

Elevator shafts (elevator cars & equipments inside them)

Elevator lobby

Staircases

Fire protected lobbies

A H U

ToiletsAncillary rooms (pantry, space for cleaning materials etc)

Mechanical vertical services riser ducts (electrical power & lighting distribution, water distribution, sewerage pipes)

Electrical vertical service riser

CORE

Core positions can be classified into three types

Central core

Double core

Single core

X-SHAPED

OPEN FORMS

Single core

Double core

Central core

Typology of Core

central core

Advantage:i.it allows all window space to be utilized as rental office space.ii.Permits offices to varying depth to receive natural light.iii.It is suitable in terms of access and in some cases may be equidistant from all sides.iv.Simplifies area division.

Disadvantage:1. The central interior location limits the depth of the offices.

ii. It requires an access corridor around its perimeter.

Some examples of the central core:Equitable BuildingPlace Victoria office TowerAlcoa Building etcAll the above building cores are shown later. central core

Typology of Core

Off center core

Advantage: It permits all windows and the building perimeter space to be used for offices.It has more flexibility depth and arrangements of spaces.This can be particularly desirable where large open spaces are required

Disadvantages:Some problems of accessibilityThis is less suitable for the distant spaces and the corners of the building.A long corridor for accessibility is required.Less flexibility of tenant (rentel) distribution.

Off center core

Typology of CoreExterior core

Advantages:

It leaves the entire floor area of the building available for tenant use.The core does not complicate the floor plan either functionally of structurally.Maximum flexibility is achieved with respect to tenant distribution of office depth and plan layout.

Disadvantages:

In case of multi-tenant occupancy, the core requires a long access corridor thus the flexibility of tenant distribution is reduced.

The core occupied desirable window spaces, so that, the offices immediately adjacent to the core may not receive any natural light.

Exterior core

Typology of CoreDouble core

Advantage:

The double cores are placed on the hot sides (east, west) thus, provide buffer zones, and minimum air-conditioning is required.

The window openings run through north and south.Lift lobbies, stairways and toilets are naturally

ventilated and a view out is possible.The double core has more flexibility in floor area division.

Disadvantages:

If the building is not that big, then it becomes costly.

Some examples of the central core:One first national plazaOverseas Chinese Bank etc.

Double core

DUCT & CORE

lift stair

G. Toilet.LIFT LIFT LIFTLIFT

UP

L. Toilet.LIFT LIFT

Toilets

Toilets

Fire protected lobbies

Staircase

Elevator lobby

Duct

s

Fire

escape

Main

stair

Vertical circulationStaircasesEscalatorElevatorsFire escape

Controller elevator car Selector car Counter weight Traveling cables Rope traction cables GovernorBuffer

Two car groupings

Three car groupings

Four car groupings

Six car groupings

Eight car groupings

The basic components of elevator

Two car groupings

Four car groupingsThree car groupings

Six car groupingsEight car groupings

High-rise building structureelements

THE BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF aBUILDING ARE THE FOLLOWING:

COURT / ATRIUM

LIFT LOBBY

STAIRS

ESCALATOR

CAPSULE LIFT

CORE

CORE

STAIRS

atrium

LIFT LOBBY

Common High-rise building structure

1. Parallel bearing walls

2. Core and Facade Bearing walls

3. Self supporting boxes

4. Cantilevered slab

5. Flat slab

6. Interspatial

7. Suspension

1 2 73 4 5 6

STRU

CTUR

E

Common High-rise building structure

1. Staggered truss 2. Rigid frame 3. Rigid frame and core 4. Trussed frame 5. Belt trussed frame and core . Tube in tube 7. Bundled tube

1 2 73 4 5 6

Braced Frame Structures:

Central Plaza, MalaysiaArchitect: Ken Yeang

Swiss Re Tower, LondonArchitect: Norman Foster

Century Tower, JapanArchitect: Norman Foster

K Bracing Storey Height Knee Bracing Double Diagonal Bracing

Rigid Frame Structures: Parallel or orthogonally arrangement of columns and girders

Simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.

Rigid Frame Structures

Infilled Frame Structures: Consists of a steel or reinforced columnand girder frame with infills of brickworkor concrete block work.

Empire State BuildingArchitect: Richmond, Lamb &

Harmon

Limestone infillsand facing

Wall Frame Structures Shear walls are combined with rigid frames

Transco TowerArchitect: Johnson/Burgee Architects

Tubular Structures:

Millennium TowerArchitect: Norman Foster

Tube in tube

Tube in tube

Bundle tube

Braced tube

Types of tubular structure:

Bundle Tube Structures: The sears tower consists of fourparallel rigid steel frames in eachorthogonal direction, interconnected toform nine bundled tubes.

Section A-A

Sears TowerArchitect: Skidmore, Owings & Merril

Section B-B

Section C-C

Two

additional

tube omitted

Section D-D

Braced Tube Structures:

John Hancock BuildingArchitect: Skidmore, Owings & Merril

Outrigger Braced Structures:Hongkong & Shanghai BankArchitect: Norman Foster

Braced-steel frame connected to the exterior columns.

Space Structures: Space structure consists essentially of a three

dimensional triangulated frame.

Bank of ChinaArchitect: I. M. Pei

Flat Plate And Flat Slab Structures:

Connected rigidly to supporting columns.

Creating a minimum possible floor depth.

Bel TowerArchitect: Nahas Ahmed Khalil

Flat Plate And Flat Slab Structures Floor plan

Shear- Wall Structures:

National Commercial BanKArchitect: Skidmore, Owings &

Merril

Core Structures:

A single core serves to carry the entire gravity and horizontal loading.

Slabs are supported at each level bycantilevers from the core

Price TowerArchitect: Frank Lloyd Wright

Suspended Structures: Central core with horizontal cantilevers at roof level, to whichvertical hangers

Overseas Chinese bankArchitect: I. M. Pei

Floor slabs are suspended from the hangers.

CASE STUDY

RWE TOWER

Location: Essen, GermanyClient: Hochtief AGOccupier: RWE AGDate of Construction: 14-1

Architect: Ingenhoven, Overdieck, Kahlen & Partner

Building type: Office building administrativeheadquarters for the electric company

Building Envelope: Josef Gartner and Co.

No. of stories: 31Gross Area: 35,000m2

Site map

Location of the building

RWE tower

Aalto theater

Site Context

As is widely known, in Europe any new building is required to blend in with the other buildings in a street.The RWE Tower has the main building set back from the street, along with the pergola the height of which is aligned with the eaves of neighbouring houses. There was still need to obtain the special sanction of the municipal authorities to construct the skyscraper. As Achim Nagel, one of the IOK architects, explained, churches dating back to ancient times were the only tall buildings. The 12m height of the tower, including an aerial on the top, is the highest point in North-Rhine Westphalia, but does not look isolated, when it is seen from anywhere in the city. Its abstract and clear external appearance is essentially in harmony with the row of stores and houses in the street.Birds eye view of building with site

RWE TOWEREntrance Hall with Sense of SpaceThe elevator shafts are housed in a tower, detached from the main tower, so the ground floor has ample open space to share a continuity with the theater and the city park. On ts level, the columns are a significant factor in the design, to indicate that the building is supported by them, whereas a sense of space is available at the same time. As with the columns, the walls are rough concrete, and the surface is coated with water paint for protection.

Building FormWhen compared to other prismatic forms, the cylindrical shape is ideal in terms of the relationship between exterior surface and interior volume. It also optimizes aerodynamics, energy needs, surface distribution, and choice of prefabricated elements.

structureComposite structure grow in this tower building. Frame structure shows on the interior. Shear wall also support with column beam frame.

Transparent ElevatorsFour ordinary elevator shafts are installed in an independent tower built along side of the main building. Owing to their outside location, people can easily find where they are.

Function of the core1. Stair2. Lobby & elevator3. Switch room4. store

Structure grid

Elevator blow upExterior elevator

RWE TOWERSunny Boardroom on the Top FloorOn the top floor, the 2th floor of the RWE Tower, there is a boardroom for gatherings of the RWE Group executives from around the world. The ceiling of the boardroom is fitted with a large toplight, and the sunlight from it is regulated by an electric curtain. Not only its facade, but also its partition panels are mostly made of glass, so as to enhance to view of the surrounding area.

•Natural VentilationThe double skin allows natural ventilation in the tower.

Even the upper workspaces can enjoy natural air

control without having to fight wind gusts. Users can

control their own environment.

The natural ventilation in a high-rise could give rise to

the following fears: Actually, natural ventilation may

be restricted or influenced by such constructional

parameters as:

•facade layout,

•ventilation slits or louvres,

•air-tightness of windows and doors,

•design of doors (revolving doors,

opening and closing mechanisms).

Sun shading & thermal storageWhen the solar radiation is strong, the temperature inside the double-skin rises as in a greenhouse. model proved that the hotter the facade became relative to the surrounding air, the more remarkable the convection effect that was achieved, so as to carry out the sunshading function. Of course, the thermal storage effect becomes vital, when there is a need to warm the room as in the winter season.

Double SkinThe main concern of the design of this 31-storey cylindrical tower is natural ventilation. This is achieved by its double-leaf facade, which is intended to provide good natural ventilation for perimeter office areas. The space inside the facade is supplied with outside air through a meandering arrangement of intake and exhaust louvres.The double skin allows the RWE Tower to "breathe". It consists of an exterior sheet made of fixed glass panels - 2 x 3.m modules that permit air circulation through corresponding slots, and an interior sheet with operable panels. A solar protection system is installed between both layers, which are 50cm apart. Strips, placed on the setting lines for the exterior facade modules, are perforated on the right side and solid on the left side, at the lower level. The disposition is reversed on the upper level, next to the roof, which guarantees a minimum diagonal of ventilation and prevents the return of recently evacuated air back into the spaces. The interior layer of the double skin is a conventional facade, insulated by collapsible panels that can be controlled manually.

facade

Facade detail

Double skin

RWE TOWERNatural VentilationThe double skin allows natural ventilation in the tower. Even the upper workspaces can enjoy natural air control without having to fight wind gusts. Users can control their own environment.The natural ventilation in a high-rise could give rise to the following fears: Actually, natural ventilation may be restricted or influenced by such constructional parameters as:facade layout,ventilation slits or louvres,air-tightness of windows and doors,design of doors (revolving doors, opening and closing mechanisms).

RWE TOWER

ProgrammeFoyerRestaurentElevator boxConference roomOfficesServices TerraceSkylightboardroom

box windowsVertical dividers in the facade seal the individual axes from one another and dampen the sound carried within the facade cavity, in effect creating a box window. (see facade structure.jpg)

Typical floor plan

Terrace level plan

Conference floor plan

restaurent

Ground floor plan

RWE TOWER

Exterior view

Interior stair

Terrace level plan

Conference floor plan

Detail model

skylightSection through different level

Melbourne central towerLocation:Located on Elizabeth Street, between Lt Lonsdale and Latrobe Streets in Melbourne, The Tower is essentially a square plan building, turned 45 degrees to Elizabeth Street.

Chief Consultant & Architect:Kisho Kurokawa Architects & Associates,Bates, Smart and McCutcheon Pty Ltd

Year of completion:11

Area distribution:Site area (Office): 2,000 sqm

Net lettable area:

- Office 5,500 sqm

Typical floor plate (Office): 1,500 sqm

Car parking spaces: 1,00

Fig: View of Melbourne central tower

Melbourne central tower

Building height:211 m, 2 ft

Structural:Floor to floor distance, 3,875mm.Floor loading 4.0kPa, 5.0 kpa average & 10 kPa in designated compactuslocations.

CoreStraight core perimeter walls with access/service doors.

Through core passages for direct access on lifts.Lifts face each other in dedicated lobby. Consistent floor plate on all rises permits standardisation of office layout.Tea room incorporated into core - can be converted to a communication/server room or storage.Dedicated goods lift servicing all floors and basement areas.Two dedicated risers are located in the north side of the core.

Fig: 3 Escalator in Melbourne tower

Melbourne central tower

Floor layout:

Straight perimeter walls.Column free.Core to wall North 11.5m / South 11.5 / East 10.2M / West 10.2M

Ceilings and Lighting:

Ceiling height 2,00mm.Tenant zone 250mm.Two way exposed grid, with ceiling tiles of 00mm x 00mm.Light intensity 450lux. Lights 2 x 3W PL. fluorescent units.Low brightness diffusers.

Air conditioning

System type: central plant, variable air volume system with a CV skin system in the perimeter.

23 variable air volume zones per floor minimum.Capacities: lighting 1W/m2, population density of one person/10m2.Tenant equipment 35W/m2, population density of one person/10m2.Condenser water 25W/m2.

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8

H H

G

G

F F

E E

D D

C C

B B

A A

Fig: 5 Floor layout plan

Fig: 6 Entry of Melbourne tower

Fig: 7 Birds eye view

Melbourne central towerEmergency Power:

Standby diesel generators for 100% tenant load or 50% total building load.Standby DG Power is provided to Fire & Lift Safety systems, Firemans lifts, 50% of lifts(In Blackout Mode and 100% in Brownout Mode) 50% chiller capacity, public stairlighting, 50% public lighting, Security System in addition standby power generator circuitsare provided to each floor of 80 kw (Average). Power to tenanted area is provided on thebasis of 5w/m2 of net lettable area. Load Shed contactors are provided on eachProprietor & Tenant Switchboards to control non-essential circuits. When required thesecontactors may open automatically to shed load.

CCTV, Access Control and Building Automation:CCTV and Access Control Systems was upgraded to the latest state-of-the-art technology, with the access control system using proximity cards. In addition the BAS is being upgraded.

Fenestration:

The unique "crystal cut" image of the Office Tower arises from the use of the basic squareplan, from which two corners have been cut. It means that from every point in the city peoplewill be able to enjoy a changing shape and image of the building.

Fig: 10 Use truss in main entry

Fig: 11 Glass in exterior

Melbourne central towerEmergency Power:

Standby diesel generators for 100% tenant load or 50% total building load.Standby DG Power is provided to Fire & Lift Safety systems, Firemans lifts, 50% of lifts(In Blackout Mode and 100% in Brownout Mode) 50% chiller capacity, public stairlighting, 50% public lighting, Security System in addition standby power generator circuitsare provided to each floor of 80 kw (Average). Power to tenanted area is provided on thebasis of 5w/m2 of net lettable area. Load Shed contactors are provided on eachProprietor & Tenant Switchboards to control non-essential circuits. When required thesecontactors may open automatically to shed load.

CCTV, Access Control and Building Automation:CCTV and Access Control Systems was upgraded to the latest state-of-the-art technology, with the access control system using proximity cards. In addition the BAS is being upgraded.

Fenestration:

The unique "crystal cut" image of the Office Tower arises from the use of the basic squareplan, from which two corners have been cut. It means that from every point in the city peoplewill be able to enjoy a changing shape and image of the building.

Fig: 10 Use truss in main entry

Fig: 11 Glass in exterior

B el towerLocation:Road# 1,Dhanmondi # R/A, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.

Clint:Beximco Group.

Chief Consultant & Architect:Arch. Nahas Ahmed Khalil.

Structure designEng.Taraq Mahamud.

Electrical engineer Eng.(Sorif, Sallauddin, Moinul Haque).

Year of completion:September, 200

Property Line:7000 sft

Built Area:5411 sft (Each floor) approx.

Number of floor:15 (Fifteen)

Fig: Roof garden. Fig: Front view of Bel Tower from road.

Bel Tower

B el tower

Architectural system:Each floor is divided into 4-different levels at 2-4difference

The lift lobby and the services are at one level rest of the usable floor areas are connected by the central stairThe emergency fire exit is located at the back of the service area, which is accessible from any other levels. And the fire exit is in a distance which is not more than 80from any distance corner of the building.At 1: 5 ratios, ramp starts 1.5 meters or 4- ft distance from road.Floor to floor height: 10-0 ft.There is no finished ceiling in the interior space (floor area) without lift core area.There is one prayer room in 8th floor.Centre Air conditioning system.

Vertical zoning:Flower garden at roof level.

Foyer, lobby, lounge, display area, information booth, maintenance office and general store, electric board and pump house provided at ground level.Central core located on the north east segment of the structure which houses 2 elevators, the main staircase, fire exit, toilets and store room.Auditoriums at top level with split-level stages are provided at the south-east entrance block.The typical floors are used in office spaces.

Usable floor areas

Services and lift core area

Fire Exit

Duct channel for split system

Duct channel for fire-hose- system

Circulation passage to fire exit

B el tower

Building type :High-rise Commercial office building for Beximco Group.

Structural system:The structural system is post slab (Flat plate).

The Building is in simple rectangular grid expected the shift of columns to meet the inclination of the site line at the north-east side. The lift cores are a built of centric, shifted to the west side of the building. To meet this shift of span the shapes and directions of columns are changed according to the structural requirements.

The total envelop of the building is built with non-loadbearing R.C.C walls with start cladding and certain glass atthe round shaped corners.

Column span:Maximum span-20- C/CMinimum span- 15-0 C/CColumn size- 2-0X3-4

Plinth:2-4

Fig: 6 Long section (Sec-X-X)-parking.

Fig: 4 Long sections (Sec-X-X)

Fig: 5 Typical floor plan (Structural plan).

B el tower

Number of Basement:02 (two) basement (3 level).

Number of entry:02 (Office, Basement)

Number of Lift:02 (Office)

Stair:

01 stair from ground to fifteen &the stair only use for offices.

Floor height:Floor to floor 10-0

Fig: 7 No natural light in Lift core Fig: 8 Basement car parking

Fig: 9 Main stairs (Split level floor)

Fig: 10 Main entries from road.

Main entry

B el tower

Fire escape:1 GF to Roof & 1 Basement to GF.

Glass type:Single layer glass.

Prayer room:Only one in 8th floor.

Fig: 11 8th Floor-Prayer rooms. Fig: 12 Reception with lobby, lounge.

Fig: 14 Fire fighting stair Fig: 15 15th Floors-Conference

Hall.

Fig: 13 Single layer glasses.

B el tower

Chiller room: On 15th floor, proportion of the room is well & natural lighted.

Lift machine:On 15th floor

Generator room: 2nd Basement floor

Water Pump room:Basement 2

Fig: 16 Chiller room on 2nd basement

Fig: 19 Lift machine Fig: 18 water pump Fig: 17 Lift machine

B el tower

Cooling tower:02 (two), on the top of roof.Centre Air conditioning system

Electrical room:GF (where 11000 volt electricity substation) Fig: 20 Cooling tower

Fig: 21 Cooling tower

Fig: 22 Mechanical room

Fig: 23 Cooling tower with pipe

B el tower

Fire safety:Fire safety equipments on every floor.

Car-parking :Basement 1 & 2

Fig: 24 Fire box Fig: 25 Fire box

Fig: 27 Basement car parking Fig: 28 Parking entry

B el tower

Merits:24 hours secured.

24 hours standby generator & air condition systemModern fire fighting system.Superior quality lifts.

Flower garden at roof level.Each floor is divided into 4-different levels at 2-4 difference.

Fig: 30 Wrong approach of entry

Fig: 31 Roof gardening

B el tower

Demerits:Lift is not shown from entry.

Lift core is too small than its office area.Car parking lot is wrong.Basement parking is too wrong. Pedestrian & Vehicular entry approach is wrong.Fire fighting stair is not proportioned.

At 1: 5 ratios, ramp starts 1.5 metersor 4- ft distance from road.No serf ace parking and they have used

surface parking on road.

Sanitary line

Narrow Fire Stair