High-speed rail, the environmentally friendly solution for mobility

Dr. Michael Schemmer

Chairman, UNIFE Transport & Environment WG

Senior Director Health, Safety & Environment, Bombardier Transportation

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Is rail really environmental friendly?

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Without rail, reduction of CO2 emissions is impossible!

Currently: rail = 13.5% of all tonkm within the EU

Expected: rail = 14.5% until 2015

20002015

rail 40%rail 30%

rail 14,5%(Prognos)

business asusual (rail:

13,5%)

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

year

Different scenarios of CO2- emissions caused by freight transportation

2000 till 2015 (European Union)

rail 40% rail 30% rail 14,5% (Prognos) business as usual (rail: 13,5%)

+42% +41%

+16%

-1%

Source: Prognos, Basel; UIC, Paris; BMU, Berlin; calculations by Bombardier Transportationr

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Energy consumption / related CO2 Emission

Example : Business trip Berlin – Frankfurt

ICE, Aircraft (LH-Mix*), Car

Energy consumption

5.1

31.2

46.1

1.6

4.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Train Aircraft Car

Incl. Taxi (red)

* A310, A320, B737

Source: IFEU, 2002 / Deutsche Bahn AG

l / person l / person Kg / person

Primary energy / resource consumption

16

35.627

1.8

5.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Train Aircraft Car

Co2 emission

28.3

83.5

129

4.5

12.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Train Aircraft Car

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Specific energy consumption (Wh/seat km)

Electrical trains

3531

41

26.629.9

33.5

05

1015202530354045

ICE (medialspeed)

ICE (speed <200km/h)

ICE (speed >200km/h)

EC / IC IR / D RE / RB / SE/ S

Efficiency of energy generation approx. 32%

Source: IFEU Heidelberg, 2002

47.9%

40.4%35.6%

20.1%

27.7%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

ICE IC / EC IR / D RE / RB /SE

S - Bahn

Train utilization

Source : Deutsche Bahn AG, 2001

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Manufacturers: Influencing and documenting Environmental Performance

Increased load factor (passenger-km / offered seat-km)

• High speed lines are more attractive and thus have a higher load factor

• Improved space utilisation maximised in terms of seats per length of train

Low energy consumption - thus low emissions of CO2, NOx, SO2

• Reduced running resistance, dominated by aerodynamic drag

• Reduced weight• Reduced energy losses in e.g. propulsion and auxiliary

systems and also in the catenary and feeding system• Reduced energy consumption of comfort equipment,

e.g. auxiliary equipment• Use of energy regeneration• Energy efficient driving and “eco-driving”

Environmentally sound materials• All materials in the vehicles are known and listed• Bombardier has developed a list of Prohibited &

Restricted Substances to ensure that no harmful materials are used in the vehicles

High recyclability > 90% (by weight)• The vehicles are produced with a high fraction of

recycled and recyclable materials• Polymers over 100 grams are marked, according to

ISO standards, to facilitate recycling

Efficient mode of transport – in terms of land use

Low noise emissions – TSI for high-speed

Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) • Product environmental performance is documented in

a reliable way according to ISO standards 14021 / 14025

• Based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) according to ISO standard 14040

• Other environmental documentation: Recycling manual, Environmental assessment report etc.

Low particle emissions – minimised wear and tear

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Improved energy consumptionMeasured for trip Stockholm – Västerås (Sweden)

Early 1990’s

Intercity train (5 cars)

Speed: 110 – 130 km/h

Travel time: 1:18 min

Energy: 0,12 kWh / pkm*

Load factor: 35 %

Today

Regina

Speed: 110 – 200 km/h

Travel time: 0:53 min

Energy: 0,10 kWh / pkm*

Load factor: 35 %

~20% reduced energy consumption even though top speed has increased and thus also travel time decreased dramatically!

*pkm = passenger kilometer

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Energy Consumption, Influence of Driving Style (Oslo Airport Train, measured data)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Energy optimized Time optimzed Difference

Co

ns

um

pti

on

(k

Wh

)

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Noise exposure

Source: IFEU Heidelberg, 2002

Exterior noise

Interior noise

vibrations Rate of persons affected by noise in Germany (1994)

affected heavily affected

Road traffic 69% 22%

Airtraffic 42% 9%

Rail traffic 21% 3%

Industry 21% 3%

Neighbours 22% 6%

Sport facilities 7% 1%

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Bombardier High Speed Trains useSynergies from Bombardier Aerospace

Aeroacoustic SourcesAeroacoustic Sources

Aerodynamic DragAerodynamic Drag

Global Express High Speed Train

Side Wind LoadsSide Wind Loads

Bogie Wing TipsLocalTurbulences

Bombardier Transportation and Aerospace have together put a lot of efforts in developing sophisticated tools to optimize optimize acoustic and aerodynamic acoustic and aerodynamic behaviorbehavior of the trains/planes. BT has proven that those tools correctly predict the reality of the trains in service. This means that, we can now really optimize the trains in the design phase when we are introducing new or modified design.

P

P

X

TUNNEL

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REPID (EC funded): A common language for the rail sector

A framework for dealing with standardization of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI’s) and data formats within the railway industry

A tool for improving usability of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI’s) and data formats.

www.railway-procurement.org

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PROSPER I & II Projects

Objectives:

To increase the overall ”eco-efficiency”/ sustainable performance of new rolling stock

To assist railways in setting up environmental requirements and assessing tenders

To initiate a dialogue with users (railways) and stakeholders (UNIFE, manufacturers)

Results of the Project:

a guideline to assist in setting up environmental requirements and evaluating tenders

a set of recommended qualitative environmental specifications (defining performance values, PROSPER II)

a reference document for experience, examples and state of the art of environmental relations and their economic cost/benefit aspects

Output: Environmental Guideline for the Procurement of Rolling Stock (UIC Leaflet)

Continuation of“Nordic Manual” (1999)

PROSPER Partners:

www.railway-procurement.org

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Conclusion

From an environmental point of view, rail (including high-speed) is superior to other modes of transport.

Nevertheless, manufacturers strive for further reduction of negative environmental impacts.

Areas for improvement are primarily: energy efficiency, noise.

Rail is the only solution to reduce or at least stabilize CO2 emissions from transport.

The true environmental cost (or external cost in general) must be taken into consideration.