High-Voltage, High-Frequency

Semiconductor Devices,

Smart Grid Power Conditioning Systems,

Metrology for HV-HF Device and u-Grid PCS

Allen Hefner

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Power Electronics Technologies, and Smart Grid

• Today’s Grid:

• Electricity is generated by rotating machines with large inertia

• Not much storage: generation instantaneously matches load using

• load shedding at large facilities

• low efficiency fossil generators for frequency regulation

• Future Smart Grid:

• High penetration of renewables with power electronic grid interface:

• dispatchable voltage, frequency, and reactive power

• response to abnormal conditions without cascading events

• dispatchable “synthetic” inertia and spinning reserve (w/ storage)

• Storage for frequency regulation and renewable variability / intermittency

• High-speed and high-energy storage options

• Load-based “virtual storage” through scheduling and deferral

• Plug-in Vehicles increase efficiency, provide additional grid storage

• HVDC, DC circuits, SST, SSCB provide stability, functionality and low cost

• Microgrids & automation provide secure, resilient operation

Grid Transformation via PCS Functionality

HV-HF Switch Mode Power Conversion

• Switch-mode power conversion (Today):

• advantages: efficiency, control, functionality, size, weight, cost

• semiconductors from: 100 V, ~MHz to 6 kV, ~100 Hz

• New semiconductor devices extend application range:

• 1990’s: Silicon IGBTs

• higher power levels for motor control, traction, grid PCS

• Emerging: SiC Schottky diodes and MOSFETs, & GaN

• higher speed for power supplies and motor control

• Future: HV-HF SiC: MOSFET, PiN diode, Schottky, and IGBT

• enable 15-kV, 20-kHz switch-mode power conversion

Power Semiconductor Applications

• Switching speed decreases with voltage

• SiC enables higher speed and voltage

HVDC and FACTS

Power distribution,

transmission and

generation

A. Hefner, et.al.; "SiC power diodes provide breakthrough performance for a wide range of

applications" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, March 2001, Page(s):273 – 280.

DARPA/ONR/NAVSEA HPE Program

10 kV HV-HF MOSFET/JBS

High Speed at High Voltage

-5

0

5

10

15

20

5.0

E-

08

6.5

E-

08

8.0

E-

08

9.5

E-

08

1.1

E-

07

1.3

E-

07

1.4

E-

07

1.6

E-

07

1.7

E-

07

1.9

E-

07

2.0

E-

07

Time (s)

Drain

Cu

rren

t (

A)

-1500

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

Drain

-S

ou

rce V

olt

ag

e (

V)

Area = 0.125 cm 2

T = 25o C

Vd

Id

SiC MOSFET: 10 kV, 30 ns Silicon IGBT: 4.5 kV, 2us

1us /div

3000 V

15 ns /div

0 V

Area= 0.15 cm2

A. Hefner, et.al. “Recent Advances in High-Voltage, High-Frequency Silicon-Carbide Power

Devices,” IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, October 2006, pp. 330-337.

ARPA-e ADEPT NRL/ONR

12 kV SiC IGBT 4.5 kV SIC-JBS/Si-IGBT

Future option Low cost now

SiC JBS: improves Si IGBT turn-on SiC IGBT: HV, high Temp, 1 us

Sei-Hyung Ryu, Craig Capell, Allen Hefner, and Subhashish Bhattacharya, “High Performance, Ultra High Voltage 4H-SiC IGBTs” Proceedings of the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) Conference 2012, Raleigh, NC, September 15 – 20, 2012.

K.D. Hobart, E.A. Imhoff, T. H. Duong, A.R. Hefner “Optimization of 4.5 kV Si IGBT/SiC Diode Hybrid Module” PRiME 2012 Meeting, Honolulu, HI, October 7 - 12, 2012.

10 kV SiC MOSFET/JBS Half-Bridge Module

Model and Circuit Simulation

• Half-bridge module model: • 10 kV SiC power MOSFETs

• 10 kV SiC JBS for anti-parallel diodes

• low-voltage Si Schottky diodes

• voltage isolation and cooling stack

• Validated models scaled to

100 A, 10 kV half bridge module

• Model used to perform

simulations necessary to: • optimize module parameters

• determine gate drive requirements

• SSPS system integration

• high-megawatt converter cost analysis

Tj

Th

Tc

Ta Ta

Tc

Th

Tj

TjTj

Th

Tc

Ta Ta

Tc

Th

SiC_MOS1

SiC_MOS2

SiC

_J

BS

1S

iC_

JB

S2

Si_

JB

S2

Si_

JB

S1

G1

G2

S1

S2_D1

D2

Half-Bridge

Si_

Sc

h1

Si_

Sc

h2

Semiconductors

Packaging and Interconnects

HF transformers

Filter Inductors and Capacitors

Cooling System

60 Hz Transformer up to 18 kV

Breakers and Switchgear

Ripple < 2%

Stack Voltage Range

~700 to 1000 V

$40-$100 / kW

SECA: 300 MW PCS

18 kV

AC

345 kV

AC

Approx.

500

Fuel

Cells

~700 V

DC

~700 V

DC

IEEE – 519

IEEE – 1547

Harmonic Distortion

Future: HVDC transmission ?

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

$160

$180

$200Transformer &

Switchgear

Other PE

Semiconductor

Cooling

Magnetics

Inverter Voltage Medium Medium High High High

HV-SiC Diode Schottky Schottky Schottky PiN

HV-SiC Switch MOSFET MOSFET IGBT

HF Transformer Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano

60 Hz Transformer yes yes

Estimated $/kW: MV & HV Inverter

Risk Level: High Considerable Moderate Low

loss

loss

DOE Sunshot - SEGIS-AC, ARPA-E “$1/W Systems: A Grand Challenge for Electricity from Solar” Workshop, August 10-11, 2010

Goal : 1$/W by 2017

for 5 MW PV Plant

$0.5/W – PV module

$0.4/W – BOS

$0.1/W – Power electronics

Smart Grid Functionality

High Penetration

Enhanced Grid Value

$1/W achieves cost parity in most states!

High Penetration of Distributed Energy Resources

• Power Conditioning Systems (PCS) convert to/from 60 Hz AC for

interconnection of renewable energy, electric storage, and PEVs

• “Smart Grid Interconnection Standards” required for devices to be

utility-controlled operational asset and enable high penetration: • Dispatchable real and reactive power

• Acceptable ramp-rates to mitigate renewable intermittency

• Accommodate faults faster, without cascading area-wide events

• Voltage/frequency regulation and utility-controlled islanding

Energy Storage Plug-in Vehicle to Grid Renewable/Clean Energy

PCS PCS Communication

Power Smart Grid PCS

http://www.nist.gov/pml/high_megawatt/2008_workshop.cfm

PCS Architectures for PEV Fleet as Grid Storage

PCS PCS

Energy Storage Renewable/Clean Energy

Communication

Power Smart Grid

Plugin

Vehicle

Fleet

PCS PCS PCS

http://www.nist.gov/pml/high_megawatt/jun2011_workshop.cfm

Large Inverter with DC Circuits to Fleet PEVs

Energy Storage Renewable/Clean Energy

DC Circuits or DC Bus

Plugin

Vehicle

Fleet

Storage Asset Management

Charging Station

(Multiple Vehicles)

DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC

PCS PCS Communication

Power Smart Grid DC-AC

Islandable Microgrid

DC-AC

DC Microgrid: DC-AC with DC Circuits

Energy Storage Renewable/Clean Energy

Plugin

Vehicle

Fleet

Device Asset Management

DC Circuits / DC Bus

DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC

24 V DC Loads

380 V DC Loads

Smart Grid

Flow Control Microgrid: AC-AC with AC Circuits

Plugin

Vehicle

Fleet

PCS PCS PCS

Energy Storage Renewable/Clean Energy

PCS PCS

AC-AC DC Options Smart Grid

Microrid

Controller

Managed

AC Loads

AC Circuits

Device Asset Management

Islandable Microgrid

Microgrid using Disconnect and Local EMS

Smart Grid

Plugin

Vehicle

Fleet

PCS PCS PCS

Energy Storage Renewable/Clean Energy

PCS PCS

Disconnect

Switch

Microgrid

Controller

Managed

AC Loads

Device Asset Management

AC Circuits

Islandable Microgrid

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF INCREASING ELECTRIC GRID RESILIENCE TO WEATHER OUTAGES

Executive Office of the President August 2013 ”Priority 3: Increase System Flexibility and Robustness”

“Additional transmission lines increase power flow capacity and provide greater control over energy flows. This can increase system flexibility by providing greater ability to bypass damaged lines and reduce the risk of cascading failures. Power electronic-based controllers can provide the flexibility and speed in controlling the flow of power over transmission and distribution lines. Energy storage can also help level loads and improve system stability. Electricity storage devices can reduce the amount of generating capacity required to supply customers at times of high energy demand – known as peak load periods. Another application of energy storage is the ability to balance microgrids to achieve a good match between generation and load. Storage devices can provide frequency regulation to maintain the balance between the network's load and power generated. Power electronics and energy storage technologies also support the utilization of renewable energy, whose power output cannot be controlled by grid operators. A key feature of a microgrid is its ability during a utility grid disturbance to separate and isolate itself from the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the microgrid. Then, when the utility grid returns to normal, the microgrid automatically resynchronizes and reconnects itself to the grid in an equally seamless fashion. Technologies include advanced communication and controls, building controls, and distributed generation, including combined heat and power which demonstrated its potential by keeping on light and heat at several institutions following Superstorm Sandy.”

Smart Grid – U.S. National Priority

“We’ll fund a better, smarter electricity

grid and train workers to build it…”

President Barack Obama

“To meet the energy challenge and create a 21st

century energy economy, we need a 21st century

electric grid…” Secretary of Energy Steven Chu

“A smart electricity grid will revolutionize the way we use energy, but

we need standards …” Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke

Congressional Priority: EISA 2007, ARRA, oversight, new bills …

Administration Priority – www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/

• A Policy Framework for the 21st Century Grid (June 2011)

• Green Button Initiative – available to 35 Million by 2013

– www.nist.gov/smartgrid/greenbutton.cfm

Today’s Electric Grid

Markets and Operations

Generation

Transmission Distribution Customer Use

One-way flow of electricity

Centralized, bulk generation

Heavy reliance on coal, natural gas

Limited automation

Limited situational awareness

Consumers lack data to manage energy usage

Smart Grid = Electrical Grid + Intelligence

2-way flow of electricity and information

NIST Role in Smart Grid

Energy Independence and Security Act (2007)

In cooperation with the DoE, NEMA, IEEE, GWAC, and other stakeholders, NIST has “primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems…”

http://sgip.org

http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/

White House Kickoff Meeting

• May 18, 2009: Meeting chaired by Secretaries of Energy and Commerce

• 66 CEOs and senior executives, federal and state regulators

• Commitment of industry CEOs for their people (staff) to participate in NIST process to accelerate development of a smart grid roadmap

Federal Advisory Committee Input

NEXT CHAPTER Private-Public

“New” Smart Grid Interoperability

Panel (2.0)

Domain Expert

Working Groups

(w/ GWAC)

2008 2010 &

PHASE 2

Public-Private Smart Grid

Interoperability Panel (SGIP)

2012 2009

2011

2013 and on

Stakeholder Outreach

NIST / Grass Roots

Support

NIST Staff and Research

& Stds

PHASE 1 Initial

Framework and

Standards based on Summer

2009 workshops,

finalized Jan2010

PHASE 3 Testing &

Certification

NIST Smart Grid Research &

Standards Program

NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Plan

NIST SG Framework and Roadmap 3.0 Draft

Applications and Requirements - Nine Priority Areas:

– Demand response and consumer energy efficiency

– Wide-area situational awareness

– Distributed Energy Resources (DER)

– Energy storage

– Electric transportation

– Network communications

– Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)

– Distribution grid management

– Cybersecurity

Service Providers

Third-Party

Provider

Utility

Provider

Operations

RTO/ISO

OpsTransmission

Ops

Distribution Ops

Distribution

Transmission

Customer

Generation

Markets

Demand

Response

CIS

Energy

Services

Interface

Meter

Customer

Equipment

Appliances

Customer

EMS

Aggregator

Billing

ISO/RTO

Participant

Energy

Market

Clearinghouse

Others

Thermostat

Plant Control

System

Substation

DeviceElectric

Storage

Substation

Controller

Retailer /

Wholesaler

Home / Building

Manager

Premises

Networks

Data

Collector

DMS

Generators

EMS

Internet /

e-Business

Enterprise

Bus

Wide Area

NetworksField Area

Networks

Substation

LANsField

Device

Market

Services

Interface

Roles and Actors

Domain

Gateway Role

Network

Comms Path

Comms Path Changes Owner / Domain

Aggregator

Distribution

SCADA

Metering

System

WAMS

Asset

Mgmt

MDMS

EMS

Internet /

e-Business

Transmission

SCADA

Retail

Energy

Provider

CIS

Billing

Enterprise

Bus

Enterprise

Bus

RTO

SCADA

Distributed Energy Resources

Electric

Storage

Distributed

Generation

Electric

Storage

Electric

Vehicle

Distributed

Generation

NIST SG Architecture Reference Model

SGIP 2.0 Inc, Organization (Draft)

SGIP 2.0 Inc, Organization (Draft)

PAPs

Task 4: Develop and Harmonize Object Models

IEC 61850-7-420: Expanded to include • Multifunctional ES-DER operational interface • Harmonized with CIM & MultiSpeak • Map to MMS, DNP3, web services, & SEP 2

a)

b)

c)

d

e)

Task 0: Scoping Document

Prioritized timeline for ES-DER standards

Task 1: Use Cases, *EPRI PV-ES Inverter

Define requirements for different scenarios

Task 5: Test, Safe and Reliable Implementation

Implementation UL 1741, NEC-NFPA70, SAE, CSA and IEC

Task 3: Unified interconnection method with multifunctional operational interface for range of storage and generation/storage.

IEEE 1547.8 (a) Operational interface (b) Storage without gen (c) PV with storage (d) Wind with storage (e) PEV as storage

Task 2: IEEE 1547.4 for island applications and IEEE 1547.6 for secondary networks

PAPs

MIC Info exchanges

PAP 7: Smart Grid ES-DER Standards

Identify Needed

Functions

Represent in Standard

Information Model

IEC 61850-7-420

DNP3

Smart Energy Profile

MMS, Web

Services, Other

Map to Protocols

Select a Specific Way to

Implement each Function

Interest Group, Demonstrations, PAP7, IEEE 1547

Smart Inverter Focus Group

Published IEC 61850-90-7

Informative document

Standards Groups, Funded Efforts

EPRI/Sandia NL Smart Inverter Initiative

courtesy: Brian Seal (EPRI)

Modbus- Sunspec

EPRI/SNL Volt-Var Control Function

VA

Rs G

enera

ted

Capacitive

Inductive

System

Voltage

V1 V2 V3

V4

Q1

Q4

Q3 Q2

Volt/Var

Mode 1 –

Normal

Regulation V

AR

s G

enera

ted

Capacitive

Inductive

System

Voltage

V1

V2

Q2

Q1

Volt/Var

Mode 2 –

Transmission

VAR Support

Utility-Defined Curve Shapes

Simple

Broadcast

courtesy: Brian Seal (EPRI)

SGIP 2.0 Inc, Organization (Draft)

DEWGs

Distributed Renewables, Generators and Storage

• DRGS Domain Expert Working Group initiated September 2011

• Identify Smart Grid standards and interoperability issues/gaps for

– Integration of renewable/clean and distributed generators and storage

– Operation in high penetration scenarios, weak grids, microgrids, DC grids

– Including interaction of high-bandwidth and high-inertia type devices

• Focus on Smart Grid functions that

– mitigate impact of variability and intermittency of renewable generators

– enable generators and storage to provide valuable grid supportive services

– prevent unintentional islanding and cascading events for clustered devices

• Activities of DRGS DEWG

– Consistent approaches for generators/storage types and domains

– Use cases and information exchange requirements

– Define new PAPs to address standards gaps and issues

• Subgroups: A, B, C, D, E, and F

DRGS DEWG Activities

• DRGS Subgroups: A. Standards Roadmap – Al Hefner

B. UCs, Information Exchange, and Object Models – Frances Cleveland

C. Microgrids and Hierarchical Distributed Control – Jim Reilly

D. Conformity and Interoperability Test and Certification

– Robert Broderick

– Ward Bower

E. Regulatory and Market Issues – Amanda Stallings

F. DER Interconnection Standards – Tom Basso

Weather Information PAP – Al Hefner

• Special Topics – Hierarchical Classification of DER Use Cases

– Information Support for Integration of Microgrids into Grid Operation

– California Rule 21 Updates for Smart Inverters

– Regulatory Issues for Microgrid Development

Cyber-Physical Architecture Reference for Resilient/Transactive Power Systems

Bulk

Generation

and Storage

Distributed

Generation and

Storage “DER”

Premises, Loads

“Prosumer”

Markets Providers

Transmission

T-Operations

Distribution

D-Operations

Microgrids

uG-Operator

Electricity delivery system

Electrical connections (Physical) ______

Secure Communications (Cyber) ______

Mobile:

EV, rail, ship, air,

microgrids

Al Hefner 091713

SGIP Smart Grid

Interoperability

NIST

Measurement

Science

DOE/DOD Labs,

Test & Certification

ESI, EMS, Microgrid

& Storage functions

Sensors,

IT Networks

& meter stds.

NIST Power

Electronics

Technologies

Grid-Interactive

DER functions &

Energy appliances

Smart u-Grid PCS Testing

Electronic Grid Emulator

36 kW Power Source

(phase, harmonics,

transient faults, …)

…

Oscilloscope and

Network Analyzer Virtual Instrument Computer with

Network and IEEE 488 Bus Cards

and Instrumentation Cards

Microgrid PCS Under Test

HAN

Probes

Virtual Instrument

Microgrid PCS

Testbed

Electronic Load

Emulator (nonlinear,

motor,

reactive, rectifier, …)

Electronic Load

Emulator (nonlinear,

motor,

reactive, rectifier, …)

Energy Operating

System: ESI, EMS

Power Electronics, Relays,

Data Acquisition, Control

Utility

Network

Emulator

Optional

Smart Meter:

Power and

Communication

HAN

IEEE 488

(((

Smart Microgrid PCS Lab

A0

27

A

02

5

DC Supply A

C/D

C

Load

s

208 V, 400 A

Panel DC/AC Load

ReGen Cabinet

12kW Grid

12kW Grid

12kW Grid

20” long, 19” wide, <4’ tall each

28” wide 3’ long 6’ high each

DC/AC Load

ReGen Cabinet

Scope

Safety

Interlock

controls

Energy Operating

System: ESI, EMS

Instrument Console

Safety

Window

μ-Grid PCS

Under Test

25 kV Curve Tracer Schematic

1000 X

Probe

Clamped

Probe

Rlimit

Rsense

Arbitrary

Waveform

Generator

High Voltage

Amplifier

Source Meter

± 200 V, ± 1 A

Oscilloscope

DUT

IEEE 488 Bus

HV safety interlocks

Model Validation for

100 A, 10 kV SiC Power MOSFET

active area = 3 cm2

* Dashed curves based on area scaling of 10 A die to 100 A multi-chip module.

Dra

in C

urr

en

t [A

]

Drain Voltage [V]

Vgs=20 V

Vgs=4 V

Vgs=6 V

Vgs=8 V

0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102 11 12 13 14

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Simulated

Measured

T = 125 oC

VT

Vgs=10 V

250 W/cm2

Vgs=20 V

Vgs=6 V

Vgs=8 V

Vgs=10 V

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Simulated

Measured

Drain Voltage [V]

Dra

in C

urr

en

t [A

]

T = 25 oC IPEAK

= 0.5KP (V

GS-V

T)2

25 oC 125 oC

0 – 450V

Inductor Supply

0 – 15kV

Clamp Supply

2.5 µF

Load

Inductor

Gate Driver

1Ω,15ns

(-5 to 20V)

Pulse In Rg

Gate Current

Probe

Drain Current

Probe

Load

Resistor

HV-HF Switching Test Circuit

SW

DUT

High Voltage

Probe

Gate Voltage

Probe

Model Validation for

100 A, 10 kV SiC Power MOSFET

active area = 3 cm2

50 50.05 50.1 50.15 50.2

Time [µs]

-80

-40

0

40

80

120

160

200

240D

rain

Cu

rre

nt

[A]

Measured

Simulated

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Dra

in V

olt

ag

e [

kV

]

* Dashed curves based on area scaling of 10 A die to 100 A multi-chip module.

High Speed

Transient Thermal Impedance

D2

D1

IGBT1

IGBT2 1.2mF

470

470

7.5k

62V

Anode

Scope

Scope

Ch.1

Ch.2

PulsedCurrentSource

GateVoltage

IGBTModule

Cathode-Gate Voltage

+

-

+

+

-

Multi-Chip Module Heat Conduction Model

Direct Bonded Cooper

Voltage Isolation Stack

(15 kV)

Chip and DBC Layout

Dynamic Thermal

Component Model