Higher Education and the Future of Arkansas
Presented to the
Task Force on Higher Education Remediation, Retention and Graduation Rates
Little Rock, Arkansas
October 8, 2007
National Center for Higher Education Management SystemsNational Center for Higher Education Management Systems3035 Center Green Drive, Suite 150 Boulder, Colorado 80301-2251
22
Why Focus on Higher Education?
33
Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Personal Income by State, 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
Per C
apita Inco
me
Percent with Bachelor’s Degree or Higher14.8 33.2
15,853
28,766
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FLGA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MDMA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
ORPA
RI
SC
SD
TNTX
UT
VT
VA
WV
WI
WY
14.8
15,853
28,766
AL
AK
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
GAHI
IL
IN KS
KY
LA
MDMA
MS
MO
MT
NV
NH
NJ
NM
OH
OK
OR
RI
SCTN
UT
VT
VA
WV
WY
WA
44
Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Health, 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census; United Health Foundation
-30
-15
0
15
30
10% 20% 30% 40%-
-
-
-
-
-
NC
AL
AKAZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
GA
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
ND
OH
OK
ORPA
RI
SC
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
US
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
NM
TN
TX
WV
WI
WY
AL
AZ CA
CO
CT
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OR
RI
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
TX
WV
WI
WY
AL
AZ CA
CO
CT
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OR
RI
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
TX
WV
WI
WY
-30
-15
0
15
30
10% 20% 30% 40%-
-
-
-
-
-
NC
AL
AKAZ CA
CO
CT
DE
GA
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OK
ORPA
RI
SC
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
NM
TN
TX
WV
WI
WY
AL
AZ CA
CO
CT
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OR
RI
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
TX
WV
WI
WY
AL
AZ CA
CO
CT
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OR
RI
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
TX
WV
WI
WY
NC
AL
AKAZ CA
CO
CT
DE
GA
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OK
ORPA
RI
SC
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
NM
TN
TX
WV
WI
WY
AL
AZ CA
CO
CT
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OR
RI
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
TX
WV
WI
WY
AL
AZ CA
CO
CT
HI
ILIN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
OH
OR
RI
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
TX
WV
WI
WY
Percent of Adults 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher
State Health Index—United Health Foundation
55
Relationship Between Personal Income and Tax Revenues, 2003
AK
AZ
AR
DE
GA
HI
IL
INIA
KS
LA
ME
MD
MA
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PARI
SC
SD
VT
VA
WA
US
AL
CA
CO
CT
FL
IDKY
MI
MN
MS
MO
NH
NM
TNTX
UT
WV
WI
WY
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
$45,000
$2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Personal Income
Per Capita
Actual Tax Revenues Per Capita
Correlation = 0.84
66
Per Capita Personal Income as a Percent of U.S. Average—Arkansas, 1960-2005
65.3
69.2
75.6 74.476.3
74.2
78.3
73.5
77.2
61.7
50
60
70
80
90
100
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Regional Economic Information System, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce
77
Per Capita Personal Income, 2004
Arkansas = $25,814Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Carroll
Prairie
Monroe
Phillips
ArkansasJefferson
Grant
Pulaski
Saline
Conway
Faulkner WoodruffCrittenden
Jackson
Independence
CleburneVan Buren
Stone
Izard SharpLawrence
Craighead
Mississippi
RandolphBaxter
Marion
Madison
Johnson
Yell
Garland
Montgomery
Pike
Dallas ClevelandLincoln Desha
Chicot
Bradley
Union
Calhoun
Ouachita
Nevada
Columbia
Lafayette
Miller
Hempstead
Howard
Little River
Sevier
Sebastian
FranklinCrawford
Washington
Benton
Newton
Ashley
Boone
Clark
Clay
Cross
Drew
Fulton
Greene
Hot Spring
Lee
Logan
Lonoke
Perry
Poinsett
Polk
Pope
Scott
Searcy
St. Francis
White
24,990 to 35,26423,141 to 24,99022,221 to 23,14120,851 to 22,22117,618 to 20,851
88
The Workforce
99
Projected Change in Arkansas Population By Age and Race/Ethnicity, 2006-25
Source: Arkansas Department of Economic Security and Commerce
-24
,73
3
-17
,62
0
-32
,13
7
18
,07
8
-6,0
15
-2,4
35
-2,1
93
19
,64
5
33
,79
7
4,7
11
1,6
94
4,3
19
7,7
77
7,1
42
175 -41 487 4992,036
1,0
08
51
2
1,0
17
2,5
80
3,4
32
-40,000
-30,000
-20,000
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
0-17 18-24 25-44 45-64 65 and Older
White African AmericanHispanic Native AmericanAsian
281,563
1010
Educational Attainment and Rank Among States—Arkansas, 2005 (Percent)
50th
48th
49th
42nd
32nd
0102030405060
Age 25-64 withGraduate/Prof. Degree
Age 25-64 withBachelor's or Higher
Age 25-64 withAssociate Degree
Age 25-64 with HSDiploma
Age 18-24 with HSDiploma
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 American Community Survey (ACS)
80.3%
6.5%
84.9%
6.2%
20.3%
1111
Differences in College Attainment (Associate and Higher) Between Younger and Older Adults—U.S. and OECD Countries, 2004
Source: Education at a Glance 2006, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
0
20
40
60
Canada
JapanK
oreaS
weden
Belgium
IrelandN
orway
United S
tates S
painF
rance F
inlandA
ustralia D
enmark
United K
ingdomN
etherlandsIcelandLuxem
bourg S
witzerland
New
Zealand
Greece
Poland
Germ
anyA
ustriaM
exicoH
ungary P
ortugal Italy S
lovak Republic
Czech R
epublic T
urkey
Age 25-34
Age 45-54
1212
Differences in College Attainment (Associate and Higher) Between Younger and Older Adults—U.S., 2005
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2005
20
30
40
50
60
Massachusetts
Minnesota
New
York
North D
akotaN
ew Jersey
New
Ham
pshireC
onnecticutN
ebraskaC
oloradoM
arylandV
irginiaS
outh Dakota
Iowa
Verm
ontR
hode IslandP
ennsylvaniaIllinoisW
isconsinW
ashingtonK
ansasU
tahU
nited States
Delaw
areM
ontanaH
awaii
Michigan
Georgia
North C
arolinaM
aineO
hioC
aliforniaF
loridaO
regonM
issouriIndianaM
ississippiS
outh Carolina
Wyom
ingA
labama
Arizona
Alaska
Tennessee
Kentucky
Oklahom
aT
exasIdahoW
est Virginia
LouisianaN
ew M
exicoA
rkansasN
evada
Age 25-34
Age 45-54
1313
Percent of Adults with an Associate Degree or Higher by Age Group—Arkansas, the U.S. and Leading OECD Countries
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2006; U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2005
53.3
51.6 49.1
42.3
40.7
40.4
39.2
39.0
27.0
47.0 45.1
33.5
35.7 32.3 28.9
34.1
39.4
28.1
41.4
32.7
16.4
32.9
25.2 21.5
29.4
40.7
25.8
34.5
19.2
9.7
27.3
20.0 15.7
23.2
36.2
23.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Canada Japan Korea Sweden Belgium Ireland Norway UnitedStates
Arkansas
Age 25-34 Age 35-44 Age 45-54 Age 55-64
1414
The Goal: Arkansas Reaching International Competitiveness by 2025
55% of Population
Age 25-64 with
College Degrees
1515
165,854
-7,798
-50,000
50,000
150,000
250,000
350,000
450,000
550,000
650,000
California
Te
xasF
lorida
Ohio
Geo
rgiaM
ichigan
Pennsylva
niaT
ennesse
eN
orth Caro
lina
Indiana
IllinoisA
rizonaLo
uisianaM
issouri
Kentu
ckyA
labama
New
York
South
Carolina
Oklah
oma
Nevad
aA
rkansas
Washing
tonM
ississippiW
isconsinO
regon
Virginia
West V
irginia
New
Me
xicoN
ew Jersey
Utah
Ma
rylandK
ansasC
oloradoIow
aIda
hoM
ain
eM
innesota
Conn
ecticutH
awaii
Mo
ntanaN
ebraskaD
elaware
Alaska
Wyom
ingR
hode Islan
dN
ew H
ampshire
South
Dakota
Verm
ontN
orth Dakota
Ma
ssachusetts
1,175,054
1,318,974
Additional Degrees (Associate and Above) Needed in Adult Population Age 25-44 to Meet Top Country Performance*
* In Canada, 50.13% of adults age 25-44 have college degrees (Associate and above).
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS; OECD
1616
Reaching Top Performance by 2025 (55%)– Arkansas
835,336
202,622
632,714
309,266
16,592
306,856
15,343
111.1%
Number of Individuals to Match Best-Performing Countries (55%)
Number of Individuals (Age 25-44) Who Already Have Degrees
Additional Production Needed (2005 to 2025)
Degrees Produced at Current Annual Rate of Production
Additional Residents with College Degrees from Net Migration
Additional Degrees Needed
Additional Degrees Needed per Year (Currently Produce 16,357 in All Sectors)
Increase in Annual Associate and Bachelor’s Degree Production Needed (in Public Sector Only)
1717
Collective Cost to Arkansas, Assuming Tuition Stays the Same
$ 682 Million =Annual Costs of Additional Students at Current $ per Student
$ 862 Million =Current State Contribution
79.1% =Percent Increase in Annual State Support Needed
1818
Average Cost to Students, Assuming No Additional State Investment
$ 3,985 =Additional Annual Costs to Students at Public Four-Year Institutions
117% Increase in Tuition and Fees(Currently $ 3,421)
$ 2,683 =Additional Annual Costs to Students at Public Two-Year Institutions
217% Increase in Tuition and Fees(Currently $ 1,237)
1919
Educational Attainment in Arkansas (Percent)
33.7 34.8
55.0
26.5
0
20
40
60
Current Percentage ofAdults Age 25-64 with
College Degrees, 2005
Projected Percentage in2025 with Current Annual
Degree Production
Projected Percentage in2025 with Current AnnualDegree Production and
Net Migration
Percentage Needed toReach Best-Performing
Countries by 2025
Current, In 2025 with Current Degree Production, and Best-Performing Countries in 2025
2020
How Can Arkansas Reach International Competitiveness?
Current Degree Production Combined with Population Growth and Migration, and Best Performance* on the Student Transition and Completion Measures
*Best performance = average of top three states
632,714
446,074
88,165
25,530
7,905
16,592
309,266
-1,384
-150,000 0 150,000 300,000 450,000 600,000 750,000
Pipeline Performance Is Cumulative
Degrees Produced 2005-25 with Current Rate of Production
Additional Degrees from Population Growth
Additional Degrees from Net Migration of College-Educated Residents
Reaching Best Performance in High School Graduation Rates by 2025
Reaching Best Performance in College-Going Rates by 2025
Reaching Best Performance in Rates of Degree Production per FTE Student
Total Degrees Produced 2005-25 If All of the Above
Degrees Needed to Meet Best Performance (55%)
2121
Percent Educational Attainment in Arkansas of Younger Workforce (Age 25-34)—Indexed to Most Educated Country, 2005
Source: U.S. Census Bureau’s 2005 American Community Survey; OECD
Males Males Males Males MalesFemales Females Females Females Females
Native American/ Asian/White African-American Hispanic/Latino Alaska Native Pacific Islander
56
75
32
45
1620
7176
149
109
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Bachelor's Degree or Higher
47
30
48
1522
62
53
120
95
65
Norway
U.S. Index = 86%
Canada
U.S. Index = 77%
All College Degrees (Associate or Higher)
2222
Percent of Civilian Population Age 25-64 Participating in the Workforce, 2000
73
.5 67
.0
75
.9
83
.8
0
30
60
90
Minneso
taN
ebra
skaN
ew
Ham
pshireS
outh D
akota
Iowa
No
rth Dakota
Verm
ontW
isconsin
Kan
sasC
onnecticut
Co
loradoM
assachusettsM
arylandM
aineW
yoming
Indiana
De
laware
Utah
Monta
naR
hode isla
ndA
laskaIdahoO
regon
Missouri
Washingto
nV
irginia
Ohio
IllinoisN
ew
Jersey
Pen
nsylvaniaN
orth C
arolinaH
aw
aiiM
ichiganU
nited S
tatesG
eorgiaN
evada
Sou
th Carolina
Tenn
esseeO
klahoma
Ne
w Y
orkT
exasA
rkansasF
loridaA
rizona
Ca
liforniaN
ew
Mexico
Alabam
aK
entucky
Mississippi
Louisiana
West V
irginia
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
2323
Percent of Civilians Age 25-64 Participating in the Workforce by Level of Education, 2000
56.8
73.076.7
80.6
88.6
43.2
27.023.3
19.4
11.4
84.5
15.5
0
30
60
90
Less thanHigh School
High School Some College Associate Degree Bachelor'sDegree
Graduate orProfessional
In Civilian Workforce Not in Civilian Workforce
Source: IPUMS 5% Sample, Minnesota Population Center
2424
Percent of Population Age 25-64 with Less than a High School Diploma, 2005
15.1
13.1
5.9
19.1
0
5
10
15
20
Texas
Ca
liforniaM
ississippiK
entucky
Ne
vadaA
labama
Louisiana
Ne
w M
exicoA
rkansasA
rizona
Tenn
esseeS
outh C
arolinaG
eorgiaN
orth C
arolinaW
est Virginia
Un
ited States
Oklahom
aN
ew
York
Florida
Rh
ode IslandIndian
aD
elaw
areIllinoisIdahoM
issouriV
irginia
Oreg
onN
ew
Jersey
Ohio
Maryland
Co
loradoM
ichiganW
ashington
Massachusetts
Pen
nsylvaniaK
ansas
Utah
Co
nnecticutW
isconsin
Ne
braska
Ha
waii
Ne
w H
ampshire
Iowa
Sou
thM
aineV
ermont
Alaska
Monta
naW
yoming
Minneso
taN
orth D
akota
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
2525
Carroll
Prairie
Monroe
Phillips
ArkansasJefferson
Grant
Pulaski
Saline
Conway
Faulkner WoodruffCrittenden
Jackson
Independence
CleburneVan Buren
Stone
Izard SharpLawrence
Craighead
Mississippi
RandolphBaxter
Marion
Madison
Johnson
Yell
Garland
Montgomery
Pike
Dallas ClevelandLincoln Desha
Chicot
Bradley
Union
Calhoun
Ouachita
Nevada
Columbia
Lafayette
Miller
Hempstead
Howard
Little River
Sevier
Sebastian
FranklinCrawford
Washington
Benton
Newton
Ashley
Boone
Clark
Clay
Cross
Drew
Fulton
Greene
Hot Spring
Lee
Logan
Lonoke
Perry
Poinsett
Polk
Pope
Scott
Searcy
St. Francis
White
26.8 to 36.722.9 to 26.820.6 to 22.918.2 to 20.612.1 to 18.2
Percent of Population Age 25-64 with Less than a High School Diploma, 2000
Arkansas = 19.1%Source: U.S. Census Bureau
2626
Percent of Population Age 18-24 with Less than a High School Diploma, 2005
19
.71
9.6
8.3
25
.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nevad
aM
ississippi
Geo
rgia
Dela
ware
Texa
sN
ew
Mexico
Ala
skaA
laba
ma
Arizo
na
Louisia
na
North
Carolin
aS
outh
Indian
aK
entu
ckyO
klahom
aFlo
rida
Wash
ington
Californ
iaA
rkansas
United
States
Idah
oC
olorad
oTen
nessee
Oreg
on
Missou
riN
ew
York
South
Dako
taO
hio
West V
irginia
Wyo
min
gI llin
oisN
ew
Ham
psh
ireR
hode Islan
dV
irgin
iaM
ichig
an
Marylan
dM
aine
Pennsylva
nia
Iow
aN
ebra
skaM
inneso
taM
assach
use
ttsN
ew
Jersey
Kansas
Wiscon
sinC
onnecticu
tM
ontan
aU
tah
Verm
ont
North
Dako
taH
aw
aii
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
2727
Adult Education and Literacy—Target Populations as a Percentage of All Adults Age 18-64 by State, 2005
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS; PUMS Note: Incarcerated population not separated out.
32.4 30.530.329.929.729.329.028.928.2
27.527.227.1
26.325.925.925.8 24.6
24.223.523.1
17.917.517.417.316.916.816.216.115.9 15.0 13.6
13.6
22.922.922.7
21.921.521.221.220.920.820.220.120.019.619.418.818.718.618.418.417.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 ESL: High School Diploma Only or Less, No or Poor Ability to Speak English
High School Diploma, Earning Less than a Living Wage (Not ESL)
Less than a High School Diploma or Equivalent (Not ESL)
2828
GEDs Awarded to Adults Age 16-24 per 1,000 Adults Age 16-24* with Less than a High School Diploma or Equivalent, 2005
*Age 16-24 with no high school diploma or equivalent, not enrolled
Source: GED Testing Service, U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
31
.5
12
9.1
0
75
150
225
No
rth Dakota
Verm
ontH
aw
aiiM
ontana
Alaska
Maine
Wyom
ingV
irginia
Sou
th Dako
taU
tahA
rkansasW
est Virginia
Oreg
onM
assachusettsM
innesota
Kan
sasN
ew
York
Tenn
esseeN
ebra
skaW
isconsin
Co
loradoIdahoN
ew
Mexico
Ken
tuckyW
ashington
Oklahom
aF
loridaM
ississippiG
eorgiaR
hode Island
Indiana
Pen
nsylvaniaIow
aN
ew
Ham
pshireU
nited S
tatesO
hioM
issouriC
onnecticut
IllinoisA
labama
No
rth Carolina
Louisiana
Michigan
Arizo
naN
ew
Jersey
Maryland
Sou
th Carolina
Ne
vadaT
exasC
alifornia
De
laware
340
2929
Change in Percentage of All GEDs Awarded to High School Students Age 16-18—By State, 1990 and 2005
Note: 1990 data not available for California, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, West Virginia.
Source: GED Testing Service
25
.9
25
.7
25
.6 22
.3
21
.8
20
.7
20
.4
20
.1
20
.1
19
.6
19
.3 15
.8
15
.6
14
.8
13
.7
13
.6
13
.5
13
.4
12
.4
12
.4
12
.3
11
.8
11
.8
11
.6
10
.6
10
.3
10
.2
9.8
9.5
9.2
9.1
8.9 7
.0
6.6 5
.2 4.1 1
.9
-3.0
-21
.9
-0.5
14
.6
33
.7
18
.0
9.3
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Massa
chu
setts
Indian
aK
entu
ckyN
orth Da
kota
Geo
rgia
Florid
aA
rkansa
sA
laba
ma
Michig
an
Oklah
oma
Mon
tana
Rho
de Isla
ndM
arylan
dN
ebra
skaW
ash
ingto
nU
tah
Verm
on
tM
issouri
North C
aro
lina
Virg
inia
Ore
gon
Mississipp
iS
outh
Dakota
Wisco
nsinU
nited S
tates
Maine
Delaw
areN
ew H
amp
shire
Iow
aN
ew Y
orkT
enne
sseeA
laska
New
Jersey
New
Me
xicoC
olorad
oK
ansa
sS
outh
Caro
linaT
exasO
hioM
inne
sota
Con
necticu
tA
rizonaP
ennsylvaniaW
yoming
3030
Percent of Population Age 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher, 2000
37
.1
16
.5
18
.2
26
.50
10
20
30
40
Massachusetts
Colorado
Connecticut
Maryland
New
JerseyV
irginiaV
ermont
New
Ham
pshireM
innesotaN
ew Y
orkW
ashingtonIllinoisR
hode IslandH
awaii
Kansas
California
Utah
Nebraska
Oregon
Delaw
areM
ontanaU
nited States
Georgia
North D
akotaA
laskaP
ennsylvaniaW
isconsinM
aineA
rizonaT
exasN
ew M
exicoS
outh Dakota
Missouri
North C
arolinaIow
aF
loridaM
ichiganW
yoming
IdahoO
hioO
klahoma
South C
arolinaIndianaT
ennesseeA
labama
LouisianaN
evadaK
entuckyA
rkansasM
ississippiW
est Virginia
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000
3131
Carroll
Prairie
Monroe
Phillips
ArkansasJefferson
Grant
Pulaski
Saline
Conway
Faulkner WoodruffCrittenden
Jackson
Independence
CleburneVan Buren
Stone
Izard SharpLawrence
Craighead
Mississippi
RandolphBaxter
Marion
Madison
Johnson
Yell
Garland
Montgomery
Pike
Dallas ClevelandLincoln Desha
Chicot
Bradley
Union
Calhoun
Ouachita
Nevada
Columbia
Lafayette
Miller
Hempstead
Howard
Little River
Sevier
Sebastian
FranklinCrawford
Washington
Benton
Newton
Ashley
Boone
Clark
Clay
Cross
Drew
Fulton
Greene
Hot Spring
Lee
Logan
Lonoke
Perry
Poinsett
Polk
Pope
Scott
Searcy
St. Francis
White
16.5 to 30.413.2 to 16.511.9 to 13.210.3 to 11.96.7 to 10.3
Percent of Population Age 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher, 2000
Arkansas = 18.2%Source: U.S. Census Bureau
3232
The Student Pipeline
3333
Student Pipeline, 2004
Source: NCES Common Core Data, NCES IPEDS 2002 Residency and Migration Survey, ACT Institutional Survey, NCES IPEDS Graduation Rate Survey
Of 100 9th Graders, How Many…91
57
42
28
70
39
27
18
75
42
27
15
0
20
40
60
80
100
Graduate from High SchoolWithin Four Years
Directly Enter College Still EnrolledSophomore Year
Graduate Within 150% ofProgram Time
Best Performing StateUnited StatesArkansas
3434
Race/Ethnic Representation at Each Stage of the Education Pipeline, 2002
Source: U.S. Census Bureau; NCES Common Core Data; IPEDS Enrollment and Completions Surveys
76.475.474.671.4
78.2
18.119.321.421.6
14.7
1.51.72.34.01.3
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
18-Year-Olds High SchoolGraduates
First-Time Freshmen All OtherUndergraduates
UndergraduateCredential and
Degrees
White Black Hispanic
3535
High School Graduation Rates—Public High School Graduates as a Percent of 9th Graders Four Years Earlier, 2002
72
.7
50
.4
67
.2
86
.3
0
30
60
90
Ne
braska
Minneso
taN
orth D
akotaU
tahIow
aV
ermont
Ne
w Jerse
yM
ontana
Wiscon
sinIdahoW
yoming
West V
irginiaM
aineIllinoisM
assachusettsP
ennsylvania
Kan
sasW
ashington
Virg
iniaO
klahoma
Ne
w H
ampshire
Arkansas
Michigan
Missouri
Sou
th Dako
taC
onnecticut
Maryland
Ne
vadaIndian
aC
olorado
Ohio
Rh
ode IslandC
alifornia
Un
ited States
Oreg
onA
laskaK
entucky
De
laware
Texas
Arizo
naN
orth C
arolinaH
aw
aiiN
ew
Mexico
Ne
w Y
orkM
ississippiF
loridaA
labama
Louisiana
Tenn
esseeS
outh C
arolinaG
eorgia
Source: Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Opportunity
363636
3737
Arkansas Projected High School Graduates By Race/Ethnicity from 2000-01 to 2017-18
Source: Western Interstate Higher Education Commission (WICHE)
19,83318,868
20,454
5282,016
9,670
5,997 5,6605,697
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
White Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic
3838
College-Going Rates—First-Time Freshmen Directly Out of High School as a Percent of Recent High School Graduates, 2002
57.256.6
40.4
73.7
0
25
50
75
No
rth Dakota
Ne
w Y
orkM
assachusettsM
ississippiIow
aN
orth C
arolinaM
innesota
Ne
w Jerse
yIndian
aK
entucky
Co
nnecticutT
ennessee
Sou
th Dako
taP
ennsylvania
Sou
th Carolina
Georgia
Ne
braska
Ne
w M
exicoW
isconsin
Louisiana
Ohio
IllinoisC
olorado
Arkansas
Un
ited States
Maryland
Ne
w H
ampshire
Florida
Alabam
aW
yoming
Monta
naK
ansas
Virg
iniaW
est Virginia
Rh
ode IslandT
exasM
issouriM
aineO
klahoma
Ca
liforniaM
ichiganH
aw
aiiO
regon
Alaska
Arizo
naU
tahV
ermont
IdahoW
ashington
De
laware
Ne
vada
Source: Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Opportunity
3939
Percentage of First-Time College Students Enrolled In-State Who Are Not Directly Out of High School—All Sectors, 2004
28
.9
49
.7
16
.7
35
.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Tenn
esseeM
ississippiO
regon
Arizo
naC
olorado
Georgia
Utah
Ne
vadaD
elaw
areLouisian
aM
innesota
Maryland
Texas
Oklahom
aK
entucky
Iowa
Maine
Ca
liforniaIllinoisR
hode Island
Ohio
Florida
Un
ited States
Indiana
Ne
w Jerse
yA
labama
IdahoM
assachusettsN
ew
York
Wiscon
sinM
issouriP
ennsylvania
Washingto
nN
orth C
arolinaS
outh C
arolinaN
ebra
skaW
est Virginia
Sou
th Dako
taA
rkansasN
ew
Mexico
Michigan
Virg
iniaM
ontana
Ne
w H
ampshire
Wyom
ingK
ansas
Ha
waii
No
rth Dakota
Co
nnecticutV
ermont
Alaska
Source: NCES, IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey 2004
4040
Percentage of First-Time College Students Enrolled In-State Who Are Not Directly Out of High School—
Public Two-Year Sectors, 200477
.8
27
.0
48
.74
7.3
0
20
40
60
80
Louisiana
Utah
Co
loradoO
regon
Georgia
Alaska
Indiana
Wiscon
sinO
hioP
ennsylvania
Texas
De
laware
Minneso
taT
ennessee
Ne
braska
Iowa
Oklahom
aN
orth C
arolinaW
ashington
IllinoisS
outh C
arolinaA
rizona
Mississippi
Un
ited States
Arkansas
Ne
w Jerse
yC
alifornia
Massachusetts
IdahoM
aineA
labama
West V
irginiaR
hode Island
Maryland
Virg
iniaN
ew
Mexico
Monta
naK
entucky
Kan
sasN
evada
Michigan
Florida
Sou
th Dako
taC
onnecticut
Missouri
Ne
w Y
orkN
orth D
akotaW
yoming
Ha
waii
Ne
w H
ampshire
Source: NCES, IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey 2004
4141
Credentials Awarded (Two-Year or Less) Per 100 High School Graduates Three Years Earlier, 2003
31
.6
34
.5
16
.3
71
.9
0
25
50
75
Arizo
na
Florid
aW
yom
ing
Wash
ington
Geo
rgia
North
Carolin
aIo
wa
Californ
iaK
ansas
I llinois
Min
neso
taC
olorad
oR
hode Islan
dW
isconsin
Kentu
ckyS
outh
Carolin
aLou
isiana
Uta
hU
nited
States
New
York
Mississip
pi
Ala
bam
aH
aw
aii
Arka
nsas
New
Mexico
Missou
riO
regon
New
Ham
psh
ireId
aho
Virg
inia
Nebra
skaS
outh
Dako
taN
orth
Dako
taM
ichig
an
Indian
aTexa
sTen
nessee
Pennsylva
nia
Nevad
aO
klahom
aD
elaw
are
Ohio
Massa
chuse
ttsV
ermon
tW
est Virgin
iaM
aryland
Main
eA
laska
Montan
aN
ew
Jersey
Connecticu
t
Source: NCES Common Core Data, IPEDS Completion Survey
4242
Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded per 100 High School Graduates Six Years Earlier, 2004
38
.2
51
.8
97
.4
21
.2
0
25
50
75
100
Rhode Island
Massachusetts
Delaw
areC
oloradoN
ew Y
orkA
rizonaN
ew H
ampshire
North C
arolinaU
tahV
ermont
Florida
Pennsylvania
Missouri
North D
akotaIndianaO
regonIow
aK
ansasG
eorgiaN
ebraskaM
ichiganV
irginiaT
ennesseeU
nited States
Connecticut
Wisconsin
Maryland
Montana
Alabam
aO
klahoma
South D
akotaW
ashingtonM
innesotaO
hioLouisianaS
outh Carolina
IllinoisC
aliforniaH
awaii
Maine
West V
irginiaK
entuckyM
ississippiT
exasN
evadaN
ew M
exicoN
ew Jersey
Arkansas
IdahoW
yoming
Alaska
Source: NCES Common Core Data, IPEDS Completion Survey
4343
Six-Year Graduation Rates at Four Year Colleges, 2005 (Percent)
42.6
55.8
20.3
67.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Source: NCES, IPEDS Graduation Rate Survey
4444
Median Earnings by Degree Level, 2005
18,345
24,664
30,576
30,576
48,921
29,35321,199
29,557
35,162
38,729
61,151
36,691
40,768
49,635
$0
$25,000
$50,000
$75,000
Less thanHigh School
High School Some College Associate Bachelor's Graduate/Professional
All Levels
Arkansas United States
Note:Data represent persons age 25-64 with positive earnings working 35+ hours per week.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 PUMS
4545
Difference in Median Earnings Between a High School Diploma and an Associate Degree, 2005
6,115
10,192
3,058
14,269
$0
$3,000
$6,000
$9,000
$12,000
$15,000
Alaska
Ca
liforniaN
ew
Jersey
Maryland
Texas
Arizo
naM
ichiganV
irginia
IdahoD
elaw
areG
eorgiaM
issouriU
nited S
tatesN
ew
Mexico
Sou
th Carolina
Co
nnecticutA
labama
Co
loradoF
loridaK
entucky
Oreg
onT
ennessee
Washingto
nIllinoisH
aw
aiiM
assachusettsN
evada
Wyom
ingLouisian
aU
tahM
aineIndian
aM
innesota
No
rth Carolina
Ohio
Oklahom
aP
ennsylvania
Verm
ontW
isconsin
Ne
w H
ampshire
Rh
ode IslandN
ew
York
Arkansas
Kan
sasM
ississippiN
orth D
akotaS
outh D
akota
West V
irginiaN
ebra
skaIow
aM
ontana
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS PUMS File
4646
Difference in Median Earnings Between a High School Diploma and a Bachelor’s Degree, 2005
18
,34
5
20
,38
4
10
,19
2
25
,48
0
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
Ca
liforniaA
laskaV
irginia
Co
nnecticutN
ew
Jersey
Georgia
Maryland
Michigan
Texas
Washingto
nN
ew
York
Arizo
naU
nited S
tatesIllinoisA
labama
Arkansas
Co
loradoM
assachusettsM
innesota
Oreg
onN
ew
Mexico
Ne
w H
ampshire
IdahoIndian
aM
issouriN
evada
Ohio
Pen
nsylvaniaR
hode Island
De
laware
Florida
Ha
waii
No
rth Carolina
Sou
th Carolina
Tenn
esseeU
tahK
ansas
Ken
tuckyN
ebra
skaO
klahoma
Wiscon
sinM
aineM
ississippiLouisian
aW
est Virginia
Verm
ontW
yoming
Iowa
Monta
naN
orth D
akotaS
outh D
akota
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS PUMS File
4747
Percent of Residents Age 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher Born In-State, 2005
48
.9
41
.7
64
.4
8.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Source: 2005 ACS
4848
Percent of Residents Age 25-64 with an Associate Degree Born In-State, 2005
52
.45
2.1
76
.8
8.8
0
20
40
60
80
Source: 2005 ACS
4949
Migration Rate* of College-Educated Residents Age 22-64—Associate and Higher, 1995-2000
* Per 1,000 residents age 22-64 with college degrees.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, PUMS (based on 2000 Census)
203.0127.0 103.0
100.097.0 81.0
75.070.0 61.0
58.055.053.052.048.044.040.038.036.033.031.0
23.020.018.0
10.09.08.08.0 3.0
-2.0-3.0-3.0-5.0
-6.0-6.0-8.0-11.0-12.0-16.0-16.0-18.0
-24.0-24.0-25.0 -44.0
-45.0-46.0-51.0-53.0
-103.0
-6.0
-120
-60
0
60
120
180
240
Neva
da
Arizon
aF
lorid
aG
eo
rgia
Colora
do
North C
aro
lina
Oreg
on
Wa
shin
gto
nT
exa
sV
irgin
iaC
alifornia
So
uth
Ca
rolina
Ma
rylan
dT
en
nesse
eId
ah
oN
ew Je
rsey
New
Ha
mp
shire
Delaw
are
Min
ne
sota
Ma
ssach
use
ttsM
ain
eA
rkansas
Con
ne
cticut
Ke
ntu
ckyM
issou
riIllin
oisM
ichig
anN
ew M
exicoA
lab
am
aH
aw
aii
Ve
rmo
nt
Rh
od
e Isla
nd
Ka
nsa
sN
ew
Yo
rkO
hio
Wisco
nsin
Mississip
pi
Uta
hIn
dia
na
Okla
ho
ma
Pe
nn
sylvan
iaA
laska
Ne
bra
skaM
on
tan
aW
yom
ing
Lo
uisia
na
We
st Virg
inia
So
uth
Da
kota
Iow
aN
orth
Da
kota
5050
Net Migration by Degree Level and Age Group—Arkansas
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples (based on 2000 Decennial Census)
22- to 29-Year-Olds 30- to 64-Year-Olds
2,713
-481
-3,373
184
202
1,536
4,645
-4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000
44,995
4,005
4,095
2,279
12,314
10,258
12,044
0 15,000 30,000 45,000
Less than High School
High School
Some College
Associate
Bachelor’s
Graduate/Professional
Total
5151
Arkansas Occupations with High Net Imports and Exports, 1995-2000—Residents Age 22-29 with College Degrees
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census; 5% Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files
-774
-358
-274
-231
-207
-184
-179
-177
-171
64
64
69
74
87
87
90
116
119
332
-281
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Primary, Secondary, & Special Education TeachersFinancial SpecialistsReligious WorkersOther Office & Administrative SupportFood & Beverage ServingAdvertising, Marketing, Promotions, Public Relations, & Sales ManagersSales Representatives, ServicesComputer SpecialistsFinancial ClerksDrafters, Engineering, & Mapping Technicians
Material MovingPersonal Appearance Workers
Sales Representatives, Wholesale & ManufacturingOther Sales & Related Workers
Food ProcessingLawyers, Judges, & Related Workers
Postsecondary TeachersTop Executives
Health Technologists & TechniciansOther Management Occupations
5252
Arkansas Occupations with High Net Imports and Exports, 1995-2000—Residents Age 30-64 with College Degrees
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census; 5% Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files
-245
-179
-106
-94
-90
-81
-70
-60
-54
237
250
260
284
398
494
588
611
680
1,318
-150
-1,500 -1,000 -500 0 500 1,000 1,500
Lawyers, Judges, & Related WorkersSupervisors, Production WorkersSecretaries & Administrative AssistantsSupervisors of Installation, Maintenance, & Repair WorkersBusiness Operations SpecialistsOther Healthcare Support OccupationsArt & DesignOther Military OccupationsFood ProcessingBuilding Cleaning & Pest Control
EngineersMotor Vehicle Operators
Religious WorkersComputer Specialists
Life ScientistsPrimary, Secondary, & Special Education Teachers
Other Management OccupationsPostsecondary Teachers
Supervisors, Sales WorkersHealth Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners
5353
The Economy
5454
Percent of Total Gross State Product by Industry and Comparison to U.S.
1.0
4.5 3.7
25.3
12.0
5.8
9.7
10.9
14.0
13.1
4.7
0.9
4.2
19.6
6.9 6.5
7.2
13.3
23.9
12.9
1.2
1.5
4.7
12.2
4.9
6.0
6.8
20.7
30.0
12.0
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Agriculture,Forestry and
Fishing
Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportationand Public
Utilities
WholesaleTrade
Retail Trade Finance,Insurance and
Real Estate
Services Government
Arkansas 1990
Arkansas 2004
U.S. 2004
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, www.bea.doc.gov
5555
Employment in High-Technology Establishments as Share of Total Employment by State, 2004
3.6
2.4
9.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED)
5656
Projected Percent Change in Occupations Requiring Some Postsecondary Training, 2002-2012
21
.7
11
.0
21
.4
46
.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
Nevad
aU
tahC
oloradoIda
hoV
irginiaA
rizonaF
lorida
Geo
rgiaN
ew H
ampshire
New
Me
xicoN
orth Caro
lina
Te
xasC
aliforniaM
aryland
Kentu
ckyM
ontana
Mississippi
Arkan
sasU
nited S
tatesT
ennesse
eH
awaii
Minn
esotaW
ashington
Wisconsin
South
Dakota
Verm
ontO
klahom
aR
hode Islan
dD
elaware
Alabam
aN
ew Jersey
Missou
riW
yoming
Iowa
South
Carolina
Ma
ine
Indiana
Ohio
Ore
gonN
ebraskaLo
uisianaM
ichigan
IllinoisA
laskaN
ew Y
orkC
onnecticut
North D
akotaP
ennsylvania
Kansas
West V
irginia
Note: Some college, Associate, Bachelor’s and higher.
Source: ACINet, Career InfoNet
5757
How Arkansas Ranks Among Other States on Selected Measures for Education and Economic Development
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
48
48
31
44
16
36
44
36
28
22
01020304050
State New Economy Index
Personal Income per Capita
Difference in Earnings Between Bachelor's & HS Diploma
Difference in Earnings Between Associate & HS Diploma
Migration Rate of College Graduates (Age 22-64)
Overall Results on Student Pipeline(Transition & Completion Rates, 9th Grade to College Completion)
Six-Year Graduation Rates of Bachelor's Students
Three-Year Graduation Rates of Associate Students
College-Going Rates of Students Directly Out of High School
Public High School Graduation Rates
Economic Development MeasuresEducation Measures
5858
Development Report Card for the States, 2006—Arkansas
Source: Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED)
40 Per Capita Energy Consumption41 Change in Income from Dividends, Interest
and Rent41 Voting Rate41 Highway Performance41 Infant Mortality42 Venture Capital Investments43 Heart Disease43 Private Research and Development44 High School Attainment45 SBIR Grants45 Income from Dividends, Interest and Rent45 Average Annual Pay45 Disparity between Rural and Urban Areas45 Employer-Provided Health Insurance46 Teen Pregnancy46 Income Distribution46 Urban Mass Transit47 Change in Business Closings47 Academic Research and Development47 Working Poor47 PhD Scientists and Engineers48 Income Distribution Change49 College Attainment49 Grad. Students in Science and Engineering49 Patents Issued49 Households with Computers50 Change in Poverty Rate50 Poverty Rate50 Federal Research and Development
Weaknesses (Bottom 10 Rank)
Rank Measure
1 Change in Uninsured Low Income Children1 Five Year Change in New Companies4 Mass Layoffs6 Sewage Treatment Needs7 Change in Health Professional Shortage Areas7 Employment Growth: Short Term8 Recycling Rate8 Loans to Small Businesses9 Business Closings9 Change in Energy Costs10 Energy Costs
Strengths (Top 10 Rank)
Rank Measure
Employment BEarnings and Job Quality DEquity FQuality of Life DResource Efficiency C
Competitiveness of Existing Bus. BEntrepreneurial Energy B
Human Resources DFinancial Resources DInfrastructure Resources CAmenity Resources & Nat. Capital AInnovation Assets F
Performance
Business Vitality
DevelopmentCapacity
D
A
D
5959
Overall State Scores on Measures of Innovation Assets4
36
44
0
39
0
100
200
300
400
500
Massa
chu
setts
Califo
rniaR
hode
Island
Maryla
nd
Uta
hC
onne
cticut
Colora
do
New
Ham
psh
ireW
ash
ingto
nM
inne
sota
New
Me
xicoN
ew Y
orkD
elaware
Virg
inia
Pen
nsylvania
New
Jersey
Michig
an
Arizon
aV
ermo
nt
Ohio
North C
aro
lina
Ore
gon
Wisco
nsinIo
wa
Illinois
Texas
Mon
tana
Geo
rgia
North D
ako
taId
aho
Haw
aii
Kan
sas
Ala
bam
aM
aineA
laska
Wyo
min
gF
lorida
Indian
aM
issouri
Neb
raska
Ten
nessee
Oklah
oma
Sou
th C
arolina
We
st Virginia
Ken
tucky
Lou
isiana
Nevad
aS
outh
Dakota
Arkan
sas
Mississipp
i
Note: Score is calculated as sum of rankings on ten separate subindex scores.
Source: Development Report Card for the States, CFED
6060
Science and Engineering Degrees as a Share of Higher Education Degrees Conferred by State, 2004-05
27.1
26.3
37.8
20.4
0
10
20
30
40
South D
akotaN
orth Dakota
Maine
Maryland
Nebraska
Texas
West V
irginiaLouisianaA
laskaK
entuckyW
isconsinV
irginiaM
ontanaC
oloradoIndianaP
ennsylvaniaN
ew M
exicoN
orth Carolina
Tennessee
Ohio
Mississippi
Wyom
ingIdahoO
klahoma
Michigan
Arkansas
Alabam
aU
nited States
South C
arolinaM
innesotaIllinoisK
ansasG
eorgiaIow
aD
elaware
Massachusetts
Utah
New
JerseyO
regonM
issouriC
aliforniaN
ew H
ampshire
Arizona
Connecticut
Washington
Haw
aiiF
loridaN
evadaN
ew Y
orkV
ermont
Rhode Island
Note:Science & Engineering = agriculture sciences, biological/biomedical sciences, physical sciences, science tech, health sciences, computer science, math & statistics, engineering, engineering tech. Degrees include associate, bachelor’s, masters and doctorate.
Source: NCES, IPEDS 2005 Completions File; c2005_a Final Release Data File
6161
Number of Doctorates per 1,000 Workers—Science and Engineering, 2004
2.2
1.2
9.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
New
Mexico
Massachusetts
Maryland
North D
akotaD
elaware
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Verm
ontV
irginiaC
aliforniaC
oloradoW
ashingtonH
awaii
New
York
New
JerseyP
ennsylvaniaO
regonN
orth Carolina
Minnesota
Montana
New
Ham
pshireU
tahIllinoisIdahoO
hioA
laskaM
ichiganT
ennesseeM
aineT
exasIndianaM
issouriIow
aA
rizonaK
ansasG
eorgiaO
klahoma
Wisconsin
Alabam
aLouisianaS
outh Carolina
West V
irginiaK
entuckyS
outh Dakota
Mississippi
Wyom
ingA
rkansasF
loridaN
evadaN
ebraska
Source: Development Report Card for the States, CFED
6262
Arkansas Rank—Federal Research and Expenditures, 2005
Source: National Science Foundation; U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates
43rd
40th
44th
37th
32nd
41st
01020304050
Engineering
Physical Science
Computer/Math Science
Life Science
Medical Science
Total 103,142
37,048
77,130
1,275
9,881
10,878
(Values in Thousands of $)
6363
Number of Patents Issued Per $1,000 Gross State Product
Source: 2004/2005 Economic Vision 2010 Report Card, Indiana Chamber
2.6
9.1
1.3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
IdahoV
ermont
Minneso
taC
alifornia
Oreg
onN
ew
Ham
pshireM
assachusettsC
olorado
Michigan
Wiscon
sinC
onnecticut
Washingto
nN
ew
Jersey
Ohio
Utah
Arizo
naU
nited S
tatesD
elaw
areIndian
aP
ennsylvania
Rh
ode IslandT
exasIllinoisN
ew
York
Maryland
No
rth Carolina
Iowa
Ne
w M
exicoO
klahoma
Florida
Kan
sasS
outh C
arolinaG
eorgiaT
ennessee
Ne
vadaM
issouriM
ontana
Virg
iniaM
aineN
ebra
skaK
entucky
No
rth Dakota
Wyom
ingA
labama
Sou
th Dako
taW
est Virginia
Louisiana
Arkansas
Mississippi
Ha
waii
Alaska
23.1
45.8
6464
Venture Capital—Financing Per $1,000 Gross State Product, 2003
Source: 2004/2005 Economic Vision 2010 Report Card, Indiana Chamber
0.0
2
1.6
7
0.0
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Massachusetts
Ca
liforniaC
olorado
Ne
w H
ampshire
Ne
w Jerse
yIdahoW
ashington
Un
ited States
Maryland
Texas
Co
nnecticutU
tahP
ennsylvania
No
rth Carolina
Virg
iniaR
hode Island
Georgia
Minneso
taO
regon
Ne
w Y
orkN
orth D
akotaIllinoisM
issouriO
klahoma
Florida
West V
irginiaN
evada
Arizo
naS
outh C
arolinaT
ennessee
Maine
Ha
waii
Michigan
Verm
ontO
hioW
isconsin
Alabam
aLouisian
aS
outh D
akota
Indiana
Ne
w M
exicoK
entucky
Iowa
Kan
sasA
rkansasM
ississippiN
ebra
skaM
ontana
De
laware
Alaska
Wyom
ing
5.37
8.34
6565
State Tax Capacity and Effort—Arkansas Indexed to U.S. Average
Source: State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO)
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
GA HI
IL
IN IAKS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
UT
VT
VA
WA
US
FL
ID
MI
MN
MO
NH
NM
TNTX
WV
WI
WY
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Sta
te T
ax C
apacity
(Tota
l Taxable
Reso
urce
s Per C
apita
)
State Tax Effort (Effective Tax Rate)
6666
State Tax Capacity and Effort—Arkansas Indexed to U.S. Average
Source: State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2Tax Effort (Effective Tax Rate)
Tax Capacity (Total Taxable Resources Per Capita)
U.S. Average
6767
Projected State and Local Budget Surplus (Gap) as a Percent of Revenues, 2013
Source: NCHEMS; Don Boyd (Rockefeller Institute of Government), 2005
-0.5 -1
.0
-1.0 -1
.6 -2.1
-2.3 -2
.8
-2.9
-3.0 -3
.3 -3.8
-3.9 -4
.2
-4.2
-4.3
-4.3
-4.4
-4.4 -4
.8
-4.8
-4.8 -5
.1
-5.2
-5.2
-5.3 -5
.6
-5.6
-5.7
-5.7
-5.7
-5.8
-5.8
-5.9 -6
.2
-6.3
-6.5
-6.7
-6.8
-6.9
-7.0
-7.0 -7
.4 -8.0
-8.2
-8.9 -9
.3
-9.3 -9
.8
-10
.5
-10
.7
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
UtahM
ontana
New Hampshire
DelawareNew Jersey
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
WisconsinVerm
ontO
hioNorth DakotaConnecticut
KansasA
rkansasVirginia
NebraskaO
klahoma
MinnesotaColorado
West Virginia
KentuckyM
ichiganArizona
New YorkG
eorgiaHawaiiIllinois
PennsylvaniaAlaska
Rhode IslandU
nited States
New Mexico
CaliforniaIowa
IndianaNorth Carolina
FloridaIdaho
South CarolinaSouth Dakota
Missouri
Washington
OregonTexas
NevadaTennesseeM
ississippiLouisianaAlabam
a
6868
Some Observations
► Arkansas Is Faced with a “Chicken-and-Egg” Problem—Increasing:
– Educational Attainment
– Number of High-Value/High-Wage Jobs
► A Focus Is Needed on Job Creation/Enhancement
– Technology Transfer
– Applied Research/Problem-Solving
– Rapid-Response Workforce Training
6969
For more information, contact Dennis Jones
and visit the
National Information Center forHigher Education Policymaking and Analysis
www.higheredinfo.org
