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Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting July 13, 2012
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Page 1: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

Higher education from

a Canadian perspective

What If There Were No Federal Department of Education?

Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin

SHEEO Annual Meeting

July 13, 2012

Page 2: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Outline

• What is CMEC?– Canada’s decentralized education system

• Postsecondary education systems in Canada– Key features

• Education attainment in Canada and the US– Catch us if you can!

• Postsecondary policy challenges in Canada– Always room for improvement

Page 3: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC)

• CMEC is a Council composed of all provincial and territorial ministers responsible for education and postsecondary education (22 ministers in total).

• Founded in 1967, CMEC is the collective voice of Canada’s ministers of education, serving as: – a forum to discuss policy issues – a mechanism through which to undertake activities,

projects, and initiatives in areas of mutual interest – a means by which to consult and cooperate with national

education organizations and the federal government – an instrument to represent the education interests of the

provinces and territories internationally

Page 4: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

Why CMEC?

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Page 5: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

Education in Canada – A Provincial/Territorial Responsibility

• Canada’s constitution gives exclusive jurisdiction over education to the provinces and territories.

• There are 13 different education systems in Canada.– There is no federal department of education and

no integrated national system of education.

• While there are significant differences in structure,

curriculum, and assessment practices and other policies among the jurisdictions, there are a great many similarities in the provincial and territorial education systems across Canada.

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Page 6: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Canada’s Education Systems

Page 7: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Reflections (#1)

“The findings…are both unexpected and interesting.” Canada’s “educational attainments are strong. Without national direction, the Canadian provinces have fashioned similar education sectors support by comparable levels of investments that record commensurable achievements. The evidence suggests that the absence of national standards has not translated into ineffective or strikingly dissimilar education sectors across the sub-national jurisdictions.”

Jennifer Wallner, Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina (article in Publius: The Journal of Federalism)

Page 8: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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The Federal Role

• Intergovernmental transfers– For postsecondary

education– For “equalization” of

revenues

• Transfers to individuals and institutions– Student financial

assistance– Research– Income support

• Statistics Canada– Canada’s national

statistics agency

• Other– Labour market and skills

development– Business innovation /

R&D– International trade

(promotion of education)

Page 9: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Expenditure Per Elementary/Secondary Student

Top Fifth Second Fifth

Third Fifth Fourth Fifth

Bottom Fifth

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

107100 98 96

86

142

109

9587

75 Canada

US

% of national average, by groups of 10 states / 2 provinces (“fifths”)

Page 10: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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• Number of provincially/territorially recognized and authorized universities and colleges: 280 (approx.)

• Number of public postsecondary students in 2009-10:o Total: 1,905,516o Full-time university: 882,621o Full-time college: 510,435o Part-time university: 321,270o Part-time college: 191,187

• Numerous private career colleges (vocational training)

Postsecondary Education in Canada: Basic Facts

Page 11: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Tuition, 2011-12 (US$)

*Estimates; two provinces charge modestly higher fees to out-of-province students **Excludes Quebec, where tuition is zero***2006-07 tuition data in 2011 dollars Sources: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011; Statistics Canada Tuition and Living Accommodation Costs Survey, 2011; Manitoba Council on Post-Secondary Education, 2007; Survey of Canadian Career College Students, 2008

30%

32%

United States Canada

Private non-profit four-year $28,500 Public four-year $5,264

Public four-year in-state $8,244

Public four-yearin-province* $5,126

Public four-yearout-of-state $20,770

Public four-yearout-of-province* $5,848

Public two-year in-state $2,963

Public two-year college** $2,538

Private for-profit college $14,487

Private for-profit college*** $15,486

Page 12: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Employment Trends by Educational Attainment, 2008-2011

Less than high school

High school grad, some

PSE

PSE below bachelor’s

degree

Bachelor’s degree or beyond

Change in number of employed individuals

(%)

-14.5 -1.8 5.1 8.8

Change in the employment

rate (%)-9.1 -4.5 -2.3 -1.8

Source: Statistics Canada, Economic Downturn and Educational Attainment, Fact Sheet, June 2012.

Page 13: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

Canada: A Top Performer inReading, Math and Science (PISA 2009)

Countries performing significantly better than Canada

Countries performing as well as Canada

Reading

Shanghai-ChinaKorea

FinlandHong Kong-China

SingaporeNew Zealand

Japan

Mathematics

Shanghai-China Singapore

Hong Kong-ChinaKorea

Chinese TaipeiFinland

Liechtenstein

SwitzerlandJapan

NetherlandsMacao-China

Science

Shanghai-ChinaFinland

Hong Kong-ChinaSingapore

JapanKorea

New ZealandEstoniaAustralia

Netherlands

PISA = Programme for International Student Assessment

Page 14: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

HS Drop-Out Rate: Halved over thePast Two Decades

15

Per

cent

Source: Labour Force Survey; see CMEC press release, November 3, 2010: High-School Dropout Rates Fall Dramatically.The dropout rate is defined as the share of 20 to 24 year-olds who are not attending school and who have not graduated from high school.

Page 15: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

Reflections (#2)

• OECD: “Canada demonstrates, rather surprisingly, that success can be achieved without a national strategy. This observation runs counter to the instincts of many of those who sit in policy seats and seek to effect changes, but the fact is that Canada has achieved success on PISA across its provinces despite a limited to non-existent federal role.”

• Maclean’s.ca: “Diversity in governance is another area of strength for Canada…We are in fact the only developed country without a national department of education. But this is not an obstacle, as our performance proves. Provincial control of education encourages experimentation and variety.”

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Page 16: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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The U.S.’s Goal

“…I ask every American to commit to at least one year or more of higher education or career training.  This can be community college or a four-year school; vocational training or an apprenticeship.  But whatever the training may be, every American will need to get more than a high school diploma.  And dropping out of high school is no longer an option.  It’s not just quitting on yourself, it’s quitting on your country – and this country needs and values the talents of every American.  That is why we will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal:  by 2020, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.”

President Barack ObamaAddress to Joint Session of CongressFebruary 24, 2009

Page 17: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Top 12 OECD countries in percentage of the population aged 25-34 that has attained postsecondary education

Who’s The Target?

Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2011

United States

Sweden

France

Israel

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

Australia

Norway

New Zealand

Japan

Canada

Korea

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

41%

56%

Age 25-34

Age 25-64

OECD average

Page 18: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Canada Cheats!

The Secret to Our Success…(#1)

Page 19: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Top 20 OECD countries in percentage of the population aged 25-34 that has attained college education

SwedenUnited States

United KingdomSwitzerland

DenmarkGreece

AustraliaChile

SloveniaSpainIsrael

EstoniaNew Zealand

FranceBelgiumIreland

LuxembourghJapanKorea

Canada

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

College

University

College (Non-University) Attainment

Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2011

26%

9%

Page 20: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Top 20 OECD countries in percentage of the population aged 25-34 that has attained university education

Spain

Ireland

Israel

Switzerland

United States

Sweden

Australia

Finland

Netherlands

Norway

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

University

College

University Attainment

Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2011

30%

32%

Page 21: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Canada Cheats!

(Again)

The Secret to Our Success…(#2)

Page 22: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Immigration and Educational Attainment

Sources: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2010; Statistics Canada 2006 Census.

30%

32%

United States• Percentage of population that is

foreign born = 13%• Regions of origin:

o Latin America = 53% o Asia = 28%o Europe = 12%

• 32% of immigrants age 25+ do not have a high school diploma

• 27% of immigrants age 25+ have a university degree

• 11% of immigrants age 25+ from Latin America have a degree

• Second generation immigrants do worse on PISA tests

Canada• Percentage of population that is

foreign born = 20%• Regions of origin

o Latin America = 11%o Asia = 41%*o Europe = 37%

• 12% of immigrants age 25-54 do not have a high school diploma

• 34% of immigrants age 25-54 have a university degree**

• 40% of immigrants age 25-54 from Asia have a degree

• Second generation immigrants do better on PISA tests

* 58% of recent immigrants** 53% of recent immigrants

Page 23: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Post-Secondary Participation among Second Generation Immigrants to Canada by Age 21, by Region of Origin, Versus Non-Immigrants

Sources: Measuring the Effectiveness of Student Aid, Access to Post‐Secondary Education in Canada Among the Children of Canadian Immigrants, 2009Sample restricted to youth with both parents from the same region

Africa Other Asia China Western or Northern Europe

Other East & South-East

Asia

Anglosphere Americas (except USA)

Southern or Eastern Europe

Non-Immig-rant

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

16%

28%

13%

36%31%

40% 45%33% 34%

82%68%

82%

57%57% 42% 36%

43% 38%

2% 4% 5% 7%12%

18% 20% 24% 28%

No PSE University Trade or College

Page 24: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Percentage of High School Students WhoAttend University by Income Group

46

15

63

38

24

24

45

32

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Bottomincomequartile

2nd incomequartile

3rd incomequartile

Top incomequartile

Canada

United States

Source: Marc Frenette, “Is Post-Secondary Access More Equitable In Canada or the United States?” (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2005). See: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/050315/dq050315c-eng.htm

Page 25: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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• Access for underrepresented groups

• Flexible delivery

• International student recruitment

• Advanced degrees and learning outcomes

• Data collection

• (Backdrop: Finances)

Policy Challenges in Canada

Page 26: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Despite high participation overall, access gaps still exist:

• Higher-income students are 50% to 90% more likely to attend university than lower-income students; even larger gaps exist between students with and without parents with a postsecondary credential

• Aboriginal students are nearly three times less likely to obtain a university degree than non-Aboriginal students

• Rural students are 30% less likely to attend university than urban students

• However, colleges have equitable or greater participation among all of these underrepresented groups

Access for Underrepresented Groups

Page 27: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Changes in the labour market are leading to an increasing number of non-traditional learners in postsecondary education. Governments and postsecondary systems are responding by:

• increasing opportunities for mature students to get support in retraining;

• working within and between jurisdictions to reduce unnecessary barriers to students transferring credit between institutions;

• scaling up online, distance and open learning opportunities.

Flexible Delivery

Page 28: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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In recognition of the benefits that international students bring to Canada and the importance of globally conscious citizens, provinces and territories have been working together to identify areas for investment to achieve:

• a greater number of international students studying in Canada;

• an increased share for Canada of the international student market;

• more opportunities for Canadian students to study abroad;

• a greater number of international students choosing to remain in Canada as permanent residents after graduation;

• more global research linkages.

International Student Recruitment

Page 29: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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As aging demography affects labour markets, the push to increase Canada’s productivity and innovation has put the outcomes of university and college education in the spotlight:

• Canada graduates fewer master’s degrees and business degrees per capita than the U.S.

• Skills shortages persist in some information and communications technology occupations; a recent OECD report recommended expanding program offerings that integrate ICT with business and communications elements

• An increasing emphasis is being placed on measuring student learning outcomes and student-assessment tools that evaluate higher-order thinking skills, not just knowledge of content

Advanced Degrees and Learning Outcomes

Page 30: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Canada trails many jurisdictions in the collection of data on postsecondary education and student outcomes.

• Work is ongoing through the Canadian Education Statistics Council, a partnership between the Statistics Canada and CMEC.

• Priorities for improvement include better data on:

– student demographics;

– system funding;

– Aboriginal populations;

– student financial assistance;

– skills and labour market outcomes.

Data Collection

Page 31: Higher education from a Canadian perspective What If There Were No Federal Department of Education? Andrew Parkin and Noel Baldwin SHEEO Annual Meeting.

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Some concluding thoughts

• Collaboration

• Modernization

• Globalization


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