Country Report:Country Report:

Higher Education in JapanHigher Education in Japan

IFE2020, EWC, Hawai’i12th Sept., 2007

Helga TABUCHIRie MORI

Higher Edu. Establishment in JaHigher Edu. Establishment in Japanpan

Idea of HEI since 1860sCurrent System after WWIIThree Types of Establishment of HEIs

– National Public– Local Public– Private, including For-Profits

Private-Sector Dominant System Private-Sector Dominant System II

4-Year+ Institutions– 76.9% of institutions are private– 73.2% of students enroll in private

institutionsJunior Colleges

– 84.9% of institutions are private– 94.1% of students enroll in private

institutions

Private-Sector Dominant System Private-Sector Dominant System IIII

4-Year+ Institutions (FY2007)

(627,401)

(87)

(129,592)

(89)

(2,071,642)

(585)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Students

Institutions

National PunlicLocal PublicPrivate

11.4 11.7 76.9

22.2 4.6 73.2

Private-Sector Dominant SystemPrivate-Sector Dominant SystemIIIIII

Junior Colleges (FY2007)

(184)

(2)

(10,815)

(34)

(175,665)

(398)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Students

Institutions

National Punlic

Local Public

Private

84.9

94.1

Raising Enrollment Rate/Raising Enrollment Rate/Declining College-Age PopulationDeclining College-Age Population

Reform of the Management System: Reform of the Management System: NationwideNationwide

○ Incorporatizaon of National Public Universities in FY2004 　・ Introduction of more corporate governance top-down style management　 ・ Introduction of a flexible, non-civil servant type personnel system 　・ Thorough disclosure of information and evaluations 　・ Wide autonomous examination of possibility of reorganization and merger from viewpoint of further development of education and research *The number of universities is {scheduled} to be reduced from 101 in April 2002 to 86 by October 2007 ○ Establishment of the Local Public University Incorporatization System　　 (FY2004) 　・ Incorporation is now possible at the discretion of each institution’s founder (local government) 　　 ・ Number of corporations (as of FY2006): 22 (27 universities) ○ Revision of the Private School Law (passed by Parliament in FY2004, implemented from FY2005) 　・ Establish rules for executive committees 　・ Mandatory disclosure of information such as financial statements

Deregulation of Licensing Rules & Deregulation of Licensing Rules & Institutionalization of Accreditation PolicyInstitutionalization of Accreditation Policy

Deregulation of Licensing Rules of HEIs– 1991~– Changes in Rules of Curriculum Composition

Institutionalization of Accreditation– 2004~– Mandated Accreditation Process by Recogniz

ed Accreditation Organizations

* Introduction of Evaluation of Incorporatized National Public Institutions

Accreditation of HEIsAccreditation of HEIs

Institutional Accreditation– JUAA– NIAD-UE– JIHEE

In order of appearance

Professional accreditation

Regulation for Privatization?Regulation for Privatization?

Emergence of For-Profits in 2004– 7 Institutions as of 2007

Re-regulation of Licensing Rules in Coming Year

Dual Support

Pro

mo

tion

and

Develo

pm

ent o

f Hig

her E

du

cation

Local subsidies tax Subsidies to private universities (Y328.1 billion)

Basic Expenditures

Basic financial measures, whereby each can manifestautonomy and independence

Student Aid Expenditures Direct financial measures for students

National universities Public universities Private universities

Substantiation of scholarship programs 　　　　　　　　　　　　 (total project expenses: Y850.8 billion) Promotion of foreign student exchanges (Y40.6 billion)

○Guaranteeing basic expenditures○Strengthening support for each university’s individual undertakings

○Increasing the number of personnel lent Japan Student Services Organization scholarships ○Substantiation of support for accepting foreign exchange students and support 　 for Japanese students to study abroad

Administrative expense subsidies

(Y1204.4 billion)

Budget for Higher Education in FY2007 (Higher Education Bureau)Budget for Higher Education in FY2007 (Higher Education Bureau)

Substantiation of support for education in national, public, and private universities (Y61.5 billion)

Support for education in national, public and private universities (Y57.5 billion)・ Global COE Program (new) 　・ Program to Support Reform of Graduate School Education (new)・ Support Program for Distinctive University Education 　・ Support Program for Contemporary Education 　 Needs 　 etc.

Regional Medical Care. (Y2.7 billion)

・ Plan for Fostering Cancer Care Professionals (new)

Industry-Academia Collaborations (Y1.3 billion)

・ Project to Promote the Fostering of Manufacturing Technicians (new) ・ Program to Promote the Fostering of Service Innovation Personnel (new) 　

Competitive Funding

Support for education and research projects at national, public and private universities

Student Aid Expenditures

Geographical distribution of Geographical distribution of National universitiesNational universities

（（ As of October 1, 2007As of October 1, 2007 ））

Geographical distribution of Geographical distribution of National universitiesNational universities

（（ As of October 1, 2007As of October 1, 2007 ））

Other

Comprehensi ve uni versi ty

Teacher- trai ni ng col l ege

Si ngl e-department engi neeri ng col l ege

Graduate school

Uni versi ty wi th more than two facul t i es

Composition of Income of NationComposition of Income of National Universities (FY2005) al Universities (FY2005)

Composition of Expenses of NatiComposition of Expenses of National Universities (FY2005)onal Universities (FY2005)

Gov. Financial Aids to Private HEIsGov. Financial Aids to Private HEIs

National Government may support private HEIs’ by subsiding 50% or less of operational expenses of private institutions (1975~)

App. 12% in average in last 10 years

Change in Subsidies for Operational Change in Subsidies for Operational Expenses for Private Universities Expenses for Private Universities

etc.etc.

33.4

1.7

11.9

7.2

29.5

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1970 1971 9172 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005（FY）

（100 million yen）

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

（％）

Ordinary expenses

Subsidies

Ratio of subsidies

Ratio of special subsidies （the ratio of special subsidies in the total）

0. 0%

0. 5%

1. 0%

1. 5%

2. 0%

Finl

and

Denm

ark

Swi t

zer l

and

Swed

en

Norw

ay

Cana

da

Uni t

ed S

tate

s

Gree

ce

Bel g

i um

Fran

ce

I cel

and

Aust

r ia

Turk

ey

Neth

erl a

nds

Hung

ary

Port

ugal

Pol a

nd

I rel

and

Germ

any

Spai

n

New

Zeal

and

Mexi

co

Czec

h Re

publ

i c

Uni t

ed K

i ngd

om

Slov

ak R

epub

l ic

Aust

ral i

aI t

aly

Kore

aJ a

pan

OECD Average

※ 　 as of 2003 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　※ＯＥＣＤ「 Education at a Glance 」 (2006Edition)

Public expenditure on higher education as a percentage of GDP

Research Potential of Universities in Japan

1:US　 32.7%

２ :Japan10.3%3:Germany

9.2%4:UK9.1%

5:France6.8%

Others31.9%

１ US２ Japan３ Germany４ UK５ France 4:Japan

　 8.5%

Others12.0%

1:US49.6%

2:UK12.1%

3:Germany10.9%

5:France6.9%

１ US２ UK３ Germany４ Japan５ France

○Share in the number of papers （ quantitative aspect ）

○Share in the number of citations （ qualitative aspect ）

○Rankings in the number of citation by research areas （ 1996 to 2006）

（ Source)「 National Science Indicators,1981-1999」

【 Physics】（ out of 608）

２（２） Univ. of Tokyo９（ 13） Tohoku Univ.23（ 24） Osaka Univ.27（ 27） Kyoto Univ.

（ Thomson Scientific, “Citation trends of Japanese Scholarly Papers, 1996-2006, Japanese Research Citation Ranking”)

Univ. of Tokyo is ranked No.2 in physics

Tohoku Univ. is ranked No3 in material science

【 Chemistry】（ out of 796）

４（３） Kyoto Univ.５（４） Univ. of Tokyo11（ 13） Osaka Univ.20（ 17） Tokyo Inst. Tech.21（ 22） Tohoku Univ.

【 Material 　　　　　 Science】

（ out of 553）３（２） Tohoku Univ.９（ 11） Osaka Univ. 11（９） Kyoto Univ.16（ 15） Univ. of Tokyo17（ 17） Tokyo Inst. Tech.28（ 29） Kyushu Univ.

※　（　） :Ranking in the last year

【 Biology/Biochemistry】

（ out of 602） ５ Univ. of Tokyo 25 Kyoto Univ. 27 Osaka Univ.

Trends in the Number of Foreign Students by TTrends in the Number of Foreign Students by Type of Educational Institutionype of Educational Institution

28,542 29,51426,160

30,612

39,502

50,321

57,911

62,311

7,197

12,324

17,173

21,23323,833

1,822 1,644

25,643

31,251

41,347

55,755

64,011

78,812

30,278

26,229

8,035 9,354

13,81615,00410,568

12,383

6,8385,3844,5903,905

16,592 17,740 18,645

25,14623,58522,679

20,48319,85619,779

64,774

25,15925,05225,50425,47725,00923,67721,364

18,71016,390

13,48611,246

9,8038,291

7,2016,2165,693

25,197

4,316 5,043

12,540 12,19312,574

3,5022,4241,604830

8,8156,9165,6566,1397,638

9,72511,03812,136

1,563

1,8271,840999

95,550

117,302

109,508

121,812

51,29851,047

52,92153,84753,78752,40548,561

45,066

22,15418,631

12,41015,009

10,428

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

65,000

70,000

75,000

80,000

85,000

90,000

95,000

100,000

105,000

110,000

115,000

120,000

125,000

130,000

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Year（ ）

（persons）

Total number offoreign students

Universities(undergraduate), Junior colleges, Colleges oftechnology

Postgraduateinstitutions

Specialised training colleges(post secondary course)

University Preparatory courses