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The future of driving. Final Event Highly Automated Driving: Fiction or Future? Prof. Dr. Jürgen Leohold Volkswagen Group Research
The future of driving.
Final Event
Highly Automated Driving:Fiction or Future?
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Leohold
Volkswagen Group Research
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG 22
Motivation
The driver as the unpredictable factor: Human error is the cause of 95% of all fatal accidents
46%
mentalcauses
11%
25%
10%
3%
sleep
inattention
medicalcauses
precedingcar
10%vehicledynamics
lane keeping8%
3%staticvehicle
10% weather
15%
10%
8%
10%38%
misjudgement
unex-pected
behaviour
Source: Volkswagen accident research
Motivation
Passenger traffic: + 20 % disproportional on motorways (+ 30%)
Goods traffic: + 34 % disproportional on motorways (+ 45 %)
(mileage, i.e. traveled kilometers)
ACATECH - Scenario: Progression in road traffic 2002 – 2020
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG 3
Zunahme
Abnahme
44
Motivation
Application field of automated driving functions
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
driver underload
vigilance / drowsiness
e.g. boring situations like traffic
jams or long distance driving
driver overload
multiple task
e.g. intensive situations like
turning maneuvers at intersections
optimum
driving fun
low high
ˉ
+
ˉ
+
55
Status of Automated Driving at Volkswagen
GTI 53+1Stanley
Desert race of
autonomous vehicles
Automated driving at the
dynamical limits
Urban race of
autonomous vehicles
Junior
Pikes Peak
Automated driving at the
dynamical limits at Pikes Peak
20062005 2007
Paul
Automated parking
with driver outside
2007 2010
TAP
Automated driving
on motorways
2011
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
Actuators: Longitudinal and lateral control can already be triggered electrically in many vehicles
Passat CCPassat Golf
Sensors: Existing products offer a good basis for the implementation of automated driving functions
Side Assist Lane Assist
Longitud. Control
ACC
Lateral Control Parking
Rear AssistFront Assist
Park Pilot
Park Assist
Status of Driver Assistance Systems at Volkswagen
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG 6
77
Roadmap: Evolution instead of Revolution
time
Lateral
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
and Lateral
ACCFollow to Stop
Side Assist
ACCStop & Go
Lane Assist
Automated Queue
Assistant (AQUA)
(Vmax = 30 km/h)
VOLVO trucks
Temporary Auto Pilot (TAP)
(Vmax = 130 km/h)
VOLKSWAGEN AG
Integrated longitudinal and lateral control
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
Challenge Environment SensorsIs there a sufficiently powerful but affordable sensor platform?
laser scanners
vehicles, pedestrians
E-horizon
traffic signs, curvature
ultrasonic sensors
vehicles, pedestrians
77GHz radar
vehiclesmono camera
Lane markings
For initial highly automated driving functions a powerful, redundant and comparably
conventional sensor platform can be found. Example: Temporary Auto Pilot
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
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Challenge Environment PerceptionBased on sensor data: Is there a consistent image of the vehicle environment?
Object fusion
(Obstacles)
Grid fusion
(Free areas)
Lane fusion
(Path)
77 GHz radar Ultrasonic sensors Map
Cut-in
prediction
Mono Camera
Environment
sensors
Environment
model
Situation
interpretation
Laser Scanner
Approach of a modular sensor data fusion is essential. Example: Temporary Auto Pilot
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
1010
Challenge Legal AspectsAre automated driving functions in accordance with the Vienna Convention (VC)?
Highly automated driving functions (driver in the loop) are expected to be in accordance with
regulatory law (VC), fully automated driving functions (driver out of the loop) probably not.
Working Group of the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BAST)
Title: Legal consequences of an increase in vehicle automation
Start / End: Feb. 2010 / June 2011
Participants:
Approach: Define hypothetical automated driving systems
Legal assessment with respect to regulatory law and liability law
Result: See above
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
Driver only Driver only
ACC ready ACC active ACC active
Pilot ready Pilot active
Challenge ControllabilityIs the driver always aware if he or the system steers, accelerates or brakes?
The sophisticated HMI concept developed in the HAVEit project is an enabler for the
integration of highly automated driving functions with current driver assistance systems.
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
Challenge MisuseHow to detect distracted and sleepy drivers in the automated driving mode?
driver
model
distraction fatigue
driver
monitoring
camera
blinkhead
position
controlsenvironment
model
road
behaviouroperation
Source: Deuter Verkehrssicherheitsrat, 2002 Source: Sicherheitsinformationszentrum, Österreich
sensors
The HAVEit approach of combining different information sources for the detection of
distraction and fatigue is very promising.
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
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Thank you
for your kind
attention !
Prof. Leohold / 2011 Volkswagen AG
