Department of EMISSMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Highway Risk Mitigation through Systems Engineering
2Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
• Critical Infrastructure (CI)
• System
• Transportation CI
• System of Systems (SoS)
• Major Cities
• City Boundary
• Network
Terms and Definitions
3Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
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• Movement of Goods
• Trucks
• Peak Traffic
• Normal Traffic
• Other Traffic
• Days of Operation
Terms and Definitions
4Department of EMIS
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• Node
• Arc Link
• Disconnect
• Shortest Path
• Steady State
• Snapshot of System
Terms and Definitions
• Highway
• Defined Links
• Worst Link
• Best Link
5Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
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Objective
• The objective of this dissertation is to develop a methodology, using a SE approach, and apply the methodology to a mathematical model, using performance metrics such as travel time and flow, to simulate the impacts K Links disconnects have on highway networks of major metropolitan cities for risk mitigation and resource allocation
6Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Brief Literature Review
• SE– Osmundson et al, The Journal of The International Council on Systems
Engineering (INCOSE), 2004
– Tahan et al, The Journal of The INCOSE, 2005
– Bahill et al, The Journal of The INCOSE, 2005
– Blanchard et al, “Stems Engineering and Analysis”, 1990
– INCOSE, “Systems Engineering Handbook”, 2004
– Hazelrigg, “Sys. Eng.: An Approach to Information-Based Design” 1996
– Miller et al, “Systems Engineering Management”, 2002
– Stock et al, “Strategic Logistics Management”, 1993
– Ibarra et al, Conference for Systems Engineering, 2005
– Blanchard, “Logistics Engineering and Management”, 2004
– US Department of Homeland Security, “Budget in Brief, Fiscal Year 2005”
7Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Brief Literature Review
• Modeling– Osmundson et al, The Journal of The International Council on Systems
Engineering (INCOSE), 2004
– Bahill et al, The Journal of The INCOSE, 2005
– Sathe et al, Transportation Research Board, 2005
– Jain et al, Transportation Science, 1997
– Arroyo et al, Transportation Research Board, 2005
– Rardin, “Optimizations in Operations Research”, 1998
– Rinaldi et al, IEEE Control System Magazine, 2001
– Murray-Tuite, Dissertation, 2003
– Yan et al, IEEE/ACM, 2000
– Orda et al, IEEE/AMC, 2003
8Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
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Research Significance
• Contribution: This dissertation provides officials a decision-making methodology and tool for resource allocation and risk mitigation– Metrics that measure the performance of the
network given disconnects occurring– Ranking of K Links affecting the network the most
9Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
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OutputPerformance:•Travel Time/Throughput
I35W I35E I45
I35W I35E Hwy 75
I20
I30
I20
InputSingle Disconnect; 1/0
Variables•Temporal Time of Day: I =1, 2, 3 (peak, norm, other)•Links: l =(i,j), [(i+1), (j+1)],…, (i+n, j+n)
L1 L2 L3
L8 L7 L6
L5
L4
L9
Information Flow
I=1
I=1
Network
Research Significance
10Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
System
System 412.2 268.0 479.6 383.8 402.5
Link a Link b Link c Link d Link e
DefinedLinks Link a Link b Link c Link d Link eLink 1 17.2 25.1 35.0 72.0 19.1Link 2 74.0 36.3 93.4 19.8 15.6Link 3 22.2 17.4 28.8 0.5 97.4Link 4 37.1 74.2 32.0 29.7 28.0Link 5 90.7 9.3 95.5 98.1 60.7Link 6 28.9 32.9 82.7 61.7 54.8Link 7 75.1 23.1 1.2 14.9 13.2Link 8 43.1 33.8 64.5 18.4 60.3Link 9 23.9 16.0 46.4 68.9 53.4System 412.2 268.0 479.6 383.8 402.5
Links in Network
Example of Model: Performance for a General Metric
OUTPUTS
Sum of Performance
, …,
Research Significance
11Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
(2, 11) (1, 11) (2, 12) (3, 14) (1, 12) (4, 7) (5, 6) (3, 8) (4, 8) (2, 5) (3, 8) (1, 2) (3, 5) (2, 4) (4, 5) (5, 8)
Example of Model
Links
Perf
orm
ance
Worst
Best
OUTPUTS
0 is threshold
K Links = {2,11}, …, {1,12}affecting the TransportationCI the most
Research Significance
12Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Research Significance
• Decision Making Methodology and Tool
13Department of EMIS
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The Systems Engineering Process
SystemRequirements
SystemSolution
Validate &Verify
Actual Model
System Objective
City Boundary
Section of City
Small Network Enumeration
SimulationProcessing Time
Functional Analysis
SimulationProcessing Time
14Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
The Systems Engineering Process
• Defining the System – System of SystemsAgriculture
Water
Public Health
EmergencyServices
DefenseIndustrial
Base
Telecom.
EnergyTransportation
Government
Chemical andHazMat
Postal andShipping
Banking andFinance
FoodAgriculture
Water
Public Health
EmergencyServices
DefenseIndustrial
Base
Telecom.
EnergyTransportation
Government
Chemical andHazMat
Postal andShipping
Banking andFinance
Food
15Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
AgricultureWater
Public Health
EmergencyServices
DefenseIndustrial
Base
Telecom
EnergyTransportation
Government
Chemical andHazMat
Postal andShipping
Banking andFinance
Food
16Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
The Systems Engineering Process
• Need Analysis
• Stakeholders• City• State and Federal• Business• Society
17Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
The Systems Engineering Process
• Requirements– Mission Definition– Performance and Physical Parameters– Use Requirements
18Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
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The Systems Engineering ProcessC
ompo
nent
s
• Transportation CI SoS
INPUT•Disconnects•Hrs of Op.
PROCESS•Mathematical model
Att
ribu
tes
•Flow•Distance
•Links •Nodes•Efficiency of model
RelationshipsMovement of Goods
Efficiently Finding K Links
Perf. of Defined
Links
OUTPUT•Performance
•Disconnects•Hours of operation
19Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
The Systems Engineering Process
• Ground Rules and Assumptions – Highway– Major Cities– Steady State– Disconnect– Shortest Path– Snapshot of System
20Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
The Systems Engineering Process
• Metrics– Performance of Network
• Travel Time
• Throughput
21Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
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The Systems Engineering Process
• Model– Most naive process
• Disconnect Link (Ai,j) subject to Time (tn)
• Simulate Network Performance
• Connect Link (Ai,j)
• Repeat until all links tested
22Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
The Systems Engineering Process
• Model (Continued)– Objective
• Performance of Network based on Defined Links
– Constraints• Mathematical model of how the system responds to
changes in variables
– Variables• Time of Day
• Disconnected Links
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SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Example of Model: Effects of Disconnect on Link (a,b)
Time, Flow
a i b c 3 41 3002 400a 700 0i 700b 700c 400 300
Flow = Veh / Hr 1,3 = {1,a a,i i,b b,c c,3} = 271,3 = {1,a a,b b,c c,3} = 201,4 = {1,a a,i i,b b,c c,4} = 261,4 = {1,a a,b b,c c,4} = 192,4 = {1,a a,i i,b b,c c,3} = 262,3 = {1,a a,b b,c c,3} = 192,4 = {1,a a,i i,b b,c c,4} = 252,4 = {1,a a,b b,c c,4} = 18
O D Matrix3 4
1 200 1002 200 200
1
2
a
i
b c
3
4
6, 300
5, 4004, 250
8, 450
6, 700
4, 400
3, 300
3, 450
Avg. T = 2.5Min/Veh
1
2
a
i
b c
3
4
6, 300
5, 400
8, 700
6, 700
4, 400
3, 300
3, 700
a i b c 3 41 3002 400a 450 250i 450b 700c 400 300
Flow = Veh / Hr
24Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Example of Model1
2
a
i
b c
3
4
6, 300
5, 4006, 700
4, 400
3, 300
1
2
a
i
b c
3
4
6, 300
5, 400
8, 4503, 450
4, 700
1
2
a
i
b c
3
4
6, 300
5, 4006, 700
4, 400
3, 3004, 700
4, 250
The Systems Engineering Process
25Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Validation and Verification
• SE Approach– Integrations Process– Verify and Validate Requirements
• Model– Small Network– Enumeration– Efficiency of Model
The Systems Engineering Process
26Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Conclusion
• Transportation CI is important– To individuals’ way of life – To companies’ way of doing business
• Proposed a Methodology using a Mathematical Model to Determine Impact of K Links Disconnects have on the Defined Links of a Network for risk mitigation and resource allocation
27Department of EMIS
SMU School of Engineering
Leadership in Engineering
Conclusion
• Research Significance– Society: A Methodology and Tool for Officials to
use in the Decision Making Process– Engineering: Systems Engineering Approach for
Solving Complex Systems