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Higgs boson discovery marks new start in probing the unknown

The Yomiuri Shimbun

A new subatomic particle believed to be the "Higgs boson," hunted for more

than 40 years by particle physicists around world, has been discovered at longlast.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN, on the Swiss-French border near Geneva, announced thediscovery on Wednesday. This candefinitely be called a glorious accomplishment that will go down in history.

In the smallest fractions of a second after the birth of the universe,the Higgs boson was responsible for the existence ofmass, commonlythought of as weight, in all matter, according to the "Standard

Model" of physics. Since it is the originofmass in the universe,the Higgs boson is also known as the "God particle."

How did the universe come into being? How was substance brought intoexistence? How did galaxies form and the stars ignite? How did life first beginto stir?

The new discovery marks a milestone in the grand quest to understand theultimate origins of humanity.

According to the Standard Model, every substance consists of 17kinds of ultramicroscopic particles that cannot be divided into any smallerunits.

===

Final building block

Of such particles, electrons were first discovered in 1897, while theexistence of a total of 16 particles--every subatomic particle except

the Higgs boson--had been confirmed by 2000.

The discovery of theHiggsboson means the final building block necessary toexplain the development of the universe from its birth 13.7 billion years agoright up to the present moment has been identified.
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This achievement has been made using CERN's circular 27-kilometerunderground proton accelerator. The accelerator is a gigantic facility built at acost of 550 billion yen. It can make protons, a kind of microparticle, collidewith each other in a vacuum at nearly the speed of light for a high-energycollision.

CERN researchers repeated such collisions 1.1 quadrillion times, analyzing indetail the fragments produced by the impacts. These include thenew Higgs particle, which they have identified with 99.99998 percentcertainty, the announcement said.

From Japan, 110 researchers from universities and other researchorganizations, including the University of Tokyo, have taken part in the CERNprogram, playing significant roles in such activities as data analysis.

It was a theory formulated by Yoichiro Nambu, a Japanese-born professoremeritus at the University of Chicago and a recipient of the Nobel Prize inPhysics, that provided the foundation for the prediction of theexistence of theHiggsboson.

We feel proud of Japan's contribution.

===

Trust in science

The pursuit of mysteries of the universe is certain to go on. Experiments withthe newly found subatomic particle will lead to the detailed elucidation of itsproperties. It may even be possible to crack open a new realm of cosmictheory. Physicists have great expectations.

This is because current theory can account for about only 4 percent of theenergy that lets matter, and the universe itself, exist. We hope to see Japaneseresearchers aggressively striving to make further discoveries to help shape ourunderstandingof the universe.

After the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent nuclear power plantaccident last year, an increasing number ofpeople in this country are becomingdistrustful of or anxious about science and technology.

A survey by the Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministryhas shown that as many as four out of every 10 people think humans "cannot
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this discovery can leadto an possibility of other dimensions, an understanding ofgravity, and so much more.

The Higgs Field and the Higgs BosonThe next question you may be asking isthat model describes an invisible field,so whats the god particle all about.

Well, Peter Higgs proposed in 1964 that by exciting that invisible field with theright level of energy, that invisible field would produce an actual particletherebyproving the existence of the field itself.

The particle is one of the simplest particles, and therefore the most difficult todetect. It has no spin, no electrical charge, and no color. It decays and disappears

in a trillionth of a second after it becomes detectable. Higgs could not predict theparticles mass, therefore it was extremely difficult to detect even thoughgenerations of particle physicists tried, and numerous particle accelerators failed toproduce it.

Scientists at the Tevatron at Fermi National Accelerator Lab and Fermilab inBatavia, Illinois shut down in 2011 after spending years attempting to produce anddetect the Higgs Boson.

Two years ago, CERNa multinational research center headquartered in Genevabuilt the massive Large Hadron Collider. It was a $10.5 billion project that

resulted in a particle accelerator that is 17-miles (27-kilometers) in circumference.The accelerator collides billions of subatomic particles that are all traveling at nearthe speed of light. The collisions produce effects, and from the data gathered,scientists determine whether there were any new particles produced, such as theHiggs boson.

10,000 scientists around the world work on data produced by the accelerator, butno oneeven Higgs himselfever expected that the Higgs boson would bediscovered two years later. Higgs never believed his theoretical partical would bediscovered in his lifetime.

At age 83, he spoke at the press conference in Edinburgh, and told reporters:

At the beginning I had no idea a discovery would be

made in my lifetime. Its very nice to be right

sometimes.


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What the Discovery May Mean

If you ask different particle physicists what the discovery may

mean for our understanding of the Universe, youll get manydifferent answers. The truth is, what the discovery produces is

verification of the Higgs Boson theory, and that verification opensup many new doors of exploration in particle physics, and in

furthering our understanding of what makes up the realityaround us.

Some concepts mentioned throughout the media include theexploration for other dimensions, research behind the concept of

spooky action at a distance where particles can affect

eachother across space, or it could even lead to a greaterunderstanding of matter and antimatter.

The one thing that most scientists agree on at this point is that

the discovery is solid a Five Sigma finding, the gold standardin particle physics and that this one single discovery could nowspawn multiple amazing, Earth-shattering discoveries about

reality in the very near future.

It is an exciting time for the human race and with the discoveryof the Higgs boson, it is only just the beginning.

Higgs Boson: Discovery of particle could

redefine physical worldASPEN, Colo: Signaling a likely end to one of the longest, most expensive searches inthe history of science,physicistssaid Wednesday that they had discovered a newsubatomicparticlethat looks for all the world like the Higgs boson, a key tounderstanding why there is diversity and life in the universe.Like Omar Sharifmaterializing out of the shimmering desert as a man on a camel in "Lawrence of Arabia,"
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the elusive boson has been coming slowly into view since last winter, as the first signalsof its existence grew until they practically jumped off the chart.

"I think we have it," said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, the director general of CERN, themultinational research center headquartered in Geneva. The agency is home to theLarge

Hadron Collider, the immense particle accelerator that produced the new data bycolliding protons. The findings were announced by two separate teams. Heuer called thediscovery "a historic milestone."

He and others said that it was too soon to know for sure, however, whether the newparticle is the one predicted by the Standard Model, thetheorythat has ruled physics forthe last half-century. The particle is predicted to imbue elementary particles with mass. Itmay be an impostor as yet unknown to physics, perhaps the first of many particles yet tobe discovered.

That possibility is particularly exciting to physicists, as it could point the way to new,

deeper ideas, beyond the Standard Model, about the nature of reality.

For now, some physicists are simply calling it a "Higgslike" particle.

"It's something that may, in the end, be one of the biggest observations of any newphenomena in our field in the last 30 or 40 years," said Joe Incandela, a physicist of theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, and a spokesman for one of the two groupsreporting new data on Wednesday.

Here at theAspen Center for Physics, a retreat for scientists, bleary-eyed physicists drankchampagnein the wee hours as word arrived via Webcast from CERN. It was a scene

duplicated in Melbourne, Australia, where physicists had gathered for a majorconference, as well as in Los Angeles, Chicago, Princeton, New York, London andbeyond - everywhere that members of a curious species have dedicated their lives andfortunes to the search for their origins in a dark universe.

In Geneva, 1,000 people stood in line all night to get into an auditorium at CERN, wheresome attendees noted a rock-concert ambience. Peter Higgs, the University of Edinburghtheorist for whom the boson is named, entered the meeting to a sustained ovation.

Confirmation of theHiggs bosonor something very much like it would constitute arendezvous with destiny for a generation of physicists who have believed in the boson for

half a century without ever seeing it. The finding affirms a grand view of auniversedescribed by simple and elegant and symmetrical laws - but one in which everythinginteresting, like ourselves, results from flaws or breaks in that symmetry.

According to the Standard Model, the Higgs boson is the only manifestation of aninvisible force field, a cosmic molasses that permeates space and imbues elementaryparticles with mass. Particles wading through the field gain heft the way a bill goingthrough Congress attracts riders and amendments, becoming ever more ponderous.
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Without the Higgs field, as it is known, or something like it, all elementary forms ofmatter would zoom around at the speed of light, flowing through our hands likemoonlight. There would be neither atoms nor life.

Physicists said that they would probably be studying the new particle for years. Any

deviations from the simplest version predicted by current theory - and there are hints ofsome already - could begin to answer questions left hanging by the Standard Model. Forexample, what is the dark matter that provides the gravitational scaffolding of galaxies?

And why is the universe made of matter instead of antimatter?

"If the boson really is not acting standard, then that will imply that there is more to thestory - more particles, maybe more forces around the corner," Neal Weiner, a theorist atNew York University, wrote in an email. "What that would be is anyone'sguessat the

moment."

Wednesday's announcement was also an impressive opening act for the Large HadronCollider, the world's biggest physics machine, which cost $10 billion to build and onlybegan operating two years ago. It is still running at only half-power.

Physicists had been icing the Champagne since last December. Two teams of

about 3,000 physicists each - one named Atlas, led by Fabiola Gianotti, and the otherCMS, led by Incandela - operate giant detectors in the collider, sorting the debris fromthe primordial fireballs left afterprotoncollisions.

God Particle" Found? "Historic

Milestone" From Higgs Boson Hunters

"I think we have it. You agree?"

Speaking to a packed audience Wednesday morning inGeneva, CERN director

general Rolf Heuer confirmed that two separate teams working at theLarge

Hadron Collider (LHC)are more than 99 percent certain they've discovered the

Higgs boson, aka the God particleor at the least a brand-new particle exactlywhere they expected the Higgs to be.

The long-sought particle may complete the standard model of physics by explaining

why objects in our universe have massand in so doing, why galaxies, planets, and

even humans have any right to exist.

(SeeLarge Hadron Collider pictures.)
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"We have a discovery," Heuer said at the seminar. "We have observed a new particleconsistent with a Higgs boson."

At the meeting were four theorists who helped develop the Higgs theory in the 1960s,includingPeter Higgshimself, who could be seen wiping away tears as the

announcement was made.

Although preliminary, the results show a so-called five-sigma of significance, whichmeans that there is only a one in a million chance that the Higgs-like signal the teamsobserved is a statistical fluke.

"It's a tremendous and exciting time," said physicist Michael Tuts, who works with theATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) Experiment, one of the two Higgs-seeking LHCprojects.

The Columbia University physicist had organized a wee-hours gathering of physicists

and students in the U.S. to watch the announcement, which took place at 9 a.m., Genevatime.

"This is the payoff. This is what you do it for."

The two LHC teams searching for the Higgsthe other being theCMS (Compact MuonSolenoid)projectdid so independently. Neither one knew what the other would presentthis morning.

"It was interesting that the competing experiment essentially had the same result," saidphysicistRyszard Stroynowski, an ATLAS team member based at Southern Methodist

University in Dallas. "It provides additional confirmation."

CERN head Heuer called today's announcement a "historic milestone" but cautioned thatmuch work lies ahead as physicists attempt to confirm the newfound particle's identityand further probe its properties.

For example, though the teams are certain the new particle has the proper mass for thepredicted Higgs boson, they still need to determine whether it behaves as the God particleis thought to behaveand therefore what its role in the creation and maintenance of theuniverse is.

"I think we can all be proud ... but it's a beginning," Heuer said.

Higgs Boson Results Exceeded Expectations

The five-sigma results from both the ATLAS and CMS experiments exceeded theexpectations of many physicists, includingDavid Evans, leader of the U.K. team thatworks on the LHC-basedALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) Collaboration.
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Evans had predicted Tuesday the teams would announce a four-sigma resultjust shortof the rigorous standard traditionally required for a new-particle observation to officiallycount as a true discovery and not a fluke.

"It's even better than I expected," said Evans, of the University of Birmingham in the

U.K. "I think we can say the Higgs is here. It exists."

Evans attributed the stronger-than-expected results to "a mixture of the LHC doing afantastic job" and "ATLAS and CMS doing a fantastic job of improving their analysissince December," when the two teamsannounced a two-sigma observation of signs of aHiggs-like particle.

"So even with the same data, they can get more significance."

ATLAS spokespersonFabiola Gianottialso had high praise for the LHC, a multibillion-dollar machine that had suffered numerous mishaps and setbacks in its early days.

(Related:"Electrical Glitch Delays Large Hadron Collider.")

"The LHC and experiments have been doing miracles. I think we are working beyonddesign," the Italian particle physicist added.

ALICE's Evans said he was extremely pleased by the Higgs results but admitted feelingjust a bit disappointed that the results weren't more surprising.

"Secretly I would have loved it to be something slightly different than the standard modelpredictions, because that would indicate that there's something more out there."

On God-Particle Hunt, It's "Easy to Fool Yourself"

Wednesday's announcement builds on results from last December, when the ATLAS andCMS teams said their data suggested that the Higgs boson has a mass of about 125gigaelectron volts (GeV)about 125 times the mass of a proton, a positively chargedparticle in an atom's nucleus.

(See"Hints of Higgs Boson Seen at LHCProof by Next Summer?")

"For the first time there was a case where we expected to [rule out] the Higgs, and weweren't able to do so," saidTim Barklow, an experimental physicist with the ATLAS

Experiment who's based at Stanford University'sSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

A two-sigma finding translates to about a 95 percent chance that results are not due to astatistical fluke.

While that might seem impressive, it falls short of the stringent five-sigma level thathigh-energy physicists traditionally require for an official discovery. Five sigma meansthere's a less than one in a million probability that a finding is due to chance.
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"We make these rules and impose them on ourselves because, when you are exploring onthe frontier, it is easy to fool yourself," saidMichael Peskin, a theoretical physicist also atSLAC.

(Related:"'God Particle' May Be Five Distinct Particles, New Evidence Shows.")

Higgs Holds It All Together?

The Higgs boson is one of the final puzzle pieces required for a complete understandingof the standard model of physicsthe so-far successful theory that explains howfundamental particles interact with the elementary forces of nature.

The so-called God particle was proposed in the 1960s by Peter Higgs to explain whysome particles, such as quarksbuilding blocks of protons, among other thingsandelectrons have mass, while others, such as the light-carrying photon particle, do not.

Higgs's idea was that the universe is bathed in an invisible field similar to a magneticfield. Every particle feels this fieldnow known as the Higgs fieldbut to varyingdegrees.

If a particle can move through this field with little or no interaction, there will be no drag,and that particle will have little or no mass. Alternatively, if a particle interactssignificantly with the Higgs field, it will have a higher mass.

The idea of the Higgs field requires the acceptance of a related particle: the Higgs boson.

According to the standard model, if the Higgs field didn't exist, the universe would be a

very different place, said SLAC's Peskin, who isn't involved in the LHC experiments.

"It would be very difficult to form atoms," Peskin said. "So our orderly world, wherematter is made of atoms, and electrons form chemical bondswe wouldn't have that ifwe did not have the Higgs field."

In other words: no galaxies, no stars, no planets, no life on Earth.

"Nature Is Really Nasty" to Higgs Boson Seekers

Buried beneath the French-Swiss border, the Large Hadron Collider is essentially a 17-

mile-long (27-kilometer-long) oval tunnel. Inside, counter-rotating beams of protons areboosted to nearly the speed of light using an electric field before being magneticallysteered into collisions.

Exotic fundamental particlessome of which likely haven't existed since the earlymoments after the big bangare created in the high-energy crashes. But the odd particleshang around for only fractions of a second before decaying into other particles.
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(Also see"Strange Particle Created; May Rewrite How Matter's Made.")

Theory predicts that the Higgs boson's existence is too fleeting to be recorded by LHCinstruments, but physicists think they can confirm its creation if they can spot theparticles it decays into. (Explore a Higgs boson interactive.)

Now that the Higgs bosonor something like ithas been confirmed to indeed have amass of around 125 to 126 GeV, scientists have a better idea why the God particle hasavoided detection for so long.

This mass is just high enough to be out of reach of earlier, lower-energy particleaccelerators, such as the LHC's predecessor, the Large Electron-Positron Collider, whichcould probe to only about 115 GeV.

At the same time 125 GeV is not so massive that it produces decay products so unusualthat their detection would be clear proof of the Higgs's existence.

In reality the Higgs appears to transform into relatively commonplace decay productssuch as quarks, which are produced by the millions at the LHC.

"It just so happens that nature is really nasty to us, and the range that we've narrowed [theHiggs] down to is the range that makes it most difficult to find," ALICE's Evans said.

Despite the challenges, ATLAS's Gianotti said, it's fortunate that the Higgs has the massthat it does.

"It's very nice for the standard-model Higgs boson to be at that mass," she said. "Because

at that mass we can measure it at the LHC in a huge number of final states. So, thanksNature."

Going for the Gold

While the search for the Higgs was a primary motivation for the construction of the LHC,activity at the world's largest atom smasher won't stop if the Higgs boson is confirmed.

For one thing, the two teams will be busy preparing the data they presented today forsubmission to scientific journals for publication.

There are also lingering questions that will require years of follow-up work, such as whatthe God particle's "decay channels" arethat is, what particles the Higgs transforms intoas it sheds energy.

The answer to that question will allow physicists to determine whether the particle theyhave discovered is the one predicted from theory or something more exotic, ColumbiaUniversity's Tuts said.
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"Does it really smell and taste like a Higgs? Is it being produced at the rate that astandard model Higgs would predict? That's the work that's going to go on over thecourse of this year at least," he added.

Something the public often forgets, too, is that ATLAS and CMS make up only two of

the LHC's four major experiments, Evans said. The other twotheLHCb Collaborationand Evan's own ALICEare investigating other physics arcana, such as why theuniverse contains so little antimatter.

(See"Antimatter Atoms Trapped for First Time'A Big Deal.'")

"If you want to compare it to the Olympics, finding the Higgs would be like winning justone gold medal," Evans said.

"I'm sure most countries would like to win more than one gold medal. And I think CERNis going to deliver a lot more gold medals over the years."

Higgs boson-like particle discovery

claimed at LHC

Cern scientists reporting from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have claimed the

discovery of a new particle consistent with the Higgs boson.

The particle has been the subject of a 45-year hunt to explain how matter attains its mass.

Both of the Higgs boson-hunting experiments at the LHC see a level of certainty in theirdata worthy of a "discovery".

More work will be needed to be certain that what they see is a Higgs, however.
http://lhcb.web.cern.ch/lhcb/http://lhcb.web.cern.ch/lhcb/http://lhcb.web.cern.ch/lhcb/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/http://lhcb.web.cern.ch/lhcb/


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Prof Stephen Hawking tells the BBC's Pallab Ghosh the discovery has cost him $100

The results announced atCern (European Organization for Nuclear Research), home ofthe LHC in Geneva, were met with loud applause and cheering.

Prof Peter Higgs, after whom the particle is named, wiped a tear from his eye as theteams finished their presentations in the Cern auditorium.

"I would like to add my congratulations to everyone involved in this achievement," headded later.

"It's really an incredible thing that it's happened in my lifetime."

Prof Stephen Hawking joined in with an opinion on a topic often discussed in hushedtones.

"This is an important result and should earn Peter Higgs the Nobel Prize," he told BBCNews.

"But it is a pity in a way because the great advances in physics have come fromexperiments that gave results we didn't expect."

'Dramatic'

The CMS team claimed they had seen a "bump" in their data corresponding to a particleweighing in at 125.3 gigaelectronvolts (GeV) - about 133 times heavier than the protonsthat lie at the heart of every atom.

The BBC's George Alagiah explains the Higgs boson

They claimed that by combining two data sets, they had attained a confidence level just atthe "five-sigma" point - about a one-in-3.5 million chance that the signal they see wouldappear if there were no Higgs particle.
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However, a full combination of the CMS data brings that number just back to 4.9 sigma -a one-in-two million chance.

Prof Joe Incandela, spokesman for the CMS, was unequivocal: "The results arepreliminary but the five-sigma signal at around 125 GeV we're seeing is dramatic. This is

indeed a new particle," he told the Geneva meeting.

Atlas results were even more promising, at a slightly higher mass: "We observe in ourdata clear signs of a new particle, at the level of five sigma, in the mass region around126 GeV," said Dr Fabiola Gianotti, spokeswoman for the Atlas experiment at the LHC.

Peter Higgs joined three of the sixtheoreticians who first predicted the Higgs at the conference

Prof Rolf Heuer, director-general of Cern, commented: "As a layman I would now say Ithink we have it."

"We have a discovery - we have observed a new particle consistent with a Higgs boson.But which one? That remains open.

"It is a historic milestone but it is only the beginning."

Commenting on the emotions of the scientists involved in the discovery, Prof Incandelasaid: "It didn't really hit me emotionally until today because we have to be so focussedbut I'm super-proud."

Dr Gianotti echoed his thoughts, adding: "The last few days have been extremely intense,full of work, lots of emotions."

A confirmation that this is the Higgs boson would be one of the biggest scientificdiscoveries of the century; the hunt for the Higgs has been compared by some physiciststo the Apollo programme that reached the Moon in the 1960s.

Continue reading the main story
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Statist ics of a 'disc overy '

Particle physics has an accepted definition for a discovery: a "five-sigma" (or fivestandard-deviation) level of certainty

The number of sigmas measures how unlikely it is to get a certain experimentalresult as a matter of chance rather than due to a real effect

Similarly, tossing a coin and getting a number of heads in a row may just bechance, rather than a sign of a "loaded" coin

A "three-sigma" level represents about the same likelihood as tossing eight headsin a row

Five sigma, on the other hand, would correspond to tossing more than 20 in a row Independent confirmation by other experiments turns five-sigma findings into

accepted discoveries

BBC: Higgs boson collectionScientists would then have to assess whether the particle they see behaves like the versionof the Higgs particle predicted by the Standard Model, the current best theory to explain

how the Universe works. However, it might also be something more exotic.

All the matter we can see appears to comprise just 4% of the Universe, the rest beingmade up by mysterious dark matter and dark energy.

A more exotic version of the Higgs could be a bridge to understanding the 96% of theUniverse that remains obscure.

Scientists will have to look at how the Higgs decays - or transforms - into other, morestable particles after being produced in collisions at the LHC.

Dr Pippa Wells, a member of the Atlas experiment, said that several of the decay pathsalready showed deviations from what one would expect of the Standard Model Higgs.

For example, a decay path where the Higgs transforms into two photon particles was "abit on the high side", she explained.

These could get back into line as more statistics are added, but on the other hand, theymay not.
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"We're reaching into the fabric of the Universe at a level we've never done before," saidProf Incandela.

"We're on the frontier now, on the edge of a new exploration. This could be the only partof the story that's left, or we could open a whole new realm of discovery."

Continue reading the main story

The Standard Model and the Higgs b oson

The Standard Model is the simplest set of ingredients - elementary particles - neededto make up the world we see in the heavens and in the laboratory

Quarks combine together to make, for example, the proton and neutron - which makeup the nuclei of atoms today - though more exotic combinations were around in theUniverse's early days

Leptons come in charged and uncharged versions; electrons - the most familiar chargedlepton - together with quarks make up all the matter we can see; the uncharged leptonsare neutrinos, which rarely interact with matter
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The "force carriers" are particles whose movements are observed as familiar forcessuch as those behind electricity and light (electromagnetism) and radioactive decay (theweak nuclear force)

The Higgs boson came about because although the Standard Model holds together

neatly, nothing requires the particles to have mass; for a fuller theory, the Higgs - orsomething else - must fill in that gap

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Clue To The Universe? Q&A On The Higgs Boson

Updated: 9:13am UK, Wednesday 04 July 2012

By Thomas Moore, science correspondent

Scientists have revealed tantalising evidence of a mysterious force that binds the universetogetherthe Higgs boson.

:: What is a Higgs boson?

Physicists have tried to explain how the universe works in mathematical equations. Butthe sums just do not add up.

According to the maths, the building blocks, or particles, that make up the universeshould be whizzing around at the speed of light. In that scenario the planets, people andobjects around us simply couldn't exist.


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So British physicist Peter Higgs proposed that there was an invisible force field thatpermeates the universe, gluing together the particles, giving them mass.

This is the Higgs field and it has an associated 'boson', a go-between that governs howsub-atomic particles react to the force field. Together they are called the Higgs boson -

and they make the maths work.

:: So is that the 'God' particle?

The Higgs boson is popularly known as the God particle because it is invisible; its effectscan be felt everywhere and it gives substance to everything in the universe. Mostphysicists cringe at the name, though.

:: So they've found it?

Experts are now confident they have caught sight of the particle. Whilst it is a

preliminary result, it has been described as very strong and very solid.

:: How did they attempt to find it?

Scientists used the 6bn Large Hadron Collider, a 27km-long doughnut-shaped tunnelburied deep underground.

They fired proton beams (hadrons) at almost the speed of light in opposite directionsaround the tunnel until they collide.

These are conditions similar to the Big Bang theory of how the universe was created. In

the debris of the explosion they looked for evidence for the Higgs boson.

:: So this is all about the Big Bang?

All the particles in the universe would have been created in the aftermath of the BigBang. But so far scientists have only been able to get a handle on 4% of the universe.

The rest is made of dark matter and dark energy, which scientists can't see.

They know it exists, though, from its effects on other celestial bodies. If the Higgs bosondoes exist it could be the gateway to understanding how the Universe works.

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